[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.36,0:00:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Voiceover: In the last\Nvideo, we saw an egg
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.60,0:00:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from our mothers fuse with\Na sperm from our fathers
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.12,0:00:09.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form a zygote that\Nwould keep replicating
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.41,0:00:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turn into us, if this...
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.28,0:00:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's say this was the\Nsperm from my father
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.87,0:00:18.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fuses with the egg from my mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.17,0:00:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then this zygote will keep replicating
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.50,0:00:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually turn into Sal,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.24,0:00:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make a video about fertilization.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.81,0:00:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does that actually happen?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.31,0:00:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now that this zygote has the diploid
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.78,0:00:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,number of chromosomes, and once again
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.48,0:00:36.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're referring to that as 2N,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.38,0:00:38.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where N would be the haploid number,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.07,0:00:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2N would be the diploid number,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.96,0:00:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the case of human beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.54,0:00:45.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,N is 23, so in the case of human beings,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.29,0:00:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,N is 23 and two times N of course
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.28,0:00:49.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be 46 chromosomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.66,0:00:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have my full contingency\Nof chromosomes here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.98,0:00:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got a Y sex chromosome from my father,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.98,0:00:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,X of course from my mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.41,0:00:59.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so I'm going to be a male.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.59,0:01:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so what then happens?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.53,0:01:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well now, through mitosis, this zygote
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.26,0:01:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going to keep replicating.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.62,0:01:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it will, you know, after one,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.13,0:01:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so after one, and we're\Ngoing to go into the details
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.07,0:01:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the mechanics of mitosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.45,0:01:20.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but after one round of\Nmitosis, it is now two cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.73,0:01:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is now two cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.66,0:01:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm going to draw it, once again,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.73,0:01:24.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to draw it at scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.67,0:01:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's now two cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.14,0:01:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to make sure I have enough space
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.13,0:01:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on my little chalkboard here.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.99,0:01:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has two cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.77,0:01:31.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of drawing all of the chromosomes,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.34,0:01:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me just say that each of these,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.82,0:01:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in my nucleus, I still have 2N.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.84,0:01:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have the diploid number.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.43,0:01:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So each of these two cells
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.36,0:01:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it has differentiated to
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.58,0:01:44.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still have the full contingency.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.42,0:01:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what mitosis does.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.70,0:01:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It essentially replicates\Nthe entire cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.36,0:01:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have the same number of chromosomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.81,0:01:51.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then this process is
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.84,0:01:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just going to keep happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.01,0:01:57.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These two characters\Nare going to replicate,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.13,0:02:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to replicate, and so then
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.32,0:02:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're going to have, through mitosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.03,0:02:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and now you're going...
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.85,0:02:06.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is another round\Nof mitosis right over here.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.92,0:02:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mitsosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.85,0:02:09.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they just keep duplicating themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.52,0:02:13.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And each of these cells\Nhave the full contingency.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.57,0:02:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,2N, the diploid number of chromosomes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.66,0:02:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for, well, in this case\Nit's going to be 46
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.02,0:02:19.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.90,0:02:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then this process
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.61,0:02:22.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is just going to keep happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.49,0:02:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this process is\Ngoing to keep happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.99,0:02:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll do dot dot dot to\Nshow that, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.05,0:02:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of this has been going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.93,0:02:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So mitosis is just\Ngoing to keep happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.25,0:02:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so eventually you're going to have
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.82,0:02:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of these cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.88,0:02:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually as we'll\Nsee, you're going to have
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.21,0:02:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millions and ten millions of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.30,0:02:41.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me draw them really\Nreally really small.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.85,0:02:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a bunch of them there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.96,0:02:50.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And each of them, each\Nof them are going to have
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.34,0:02:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the diploid number of chromosomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.46,0:02:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're going to have 46 chromosomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.89,0:03:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,23 pair of homologous chromosomes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.40,0:03:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we now have a big ball of these here.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.64,0:03:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these cells, some\Nof them are going to,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.68,0:03:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're going to differentiate into me.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.05,0:03:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're going to differentiate into
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.06,0:03:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the different parts of my body.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.83,0:03:14.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, these\Ncells right over here
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.55,0:03:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might eventually,\Nthey'll keep replicating,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.45,0:03:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then it's them and their offspring
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.47,0:03:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might eventually differentiate\Ninto my brain cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.40,0:03:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These cells here will keep replicating,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.21,0:03:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and them and their offspring,\NI guess you could say,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.38,0:03:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the things that they replicate into,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.39,0:03:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might differentiate into my heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.69,0:03:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These right over here might differentiate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.06,0:03:40.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into my lungs, and of course
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.35,0:03:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these eventually will differentiate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.98,0:03:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into all the different, and\Nthey and their offspring
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.96,0:03:47.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will differentiate into all of the things
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.27,0:03:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make me me.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.76,0:03:52.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you have a lot\Nmore of this mitosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.68,0:03:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're eventually going\Nto have a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.42,0:04:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me just say this\Nis more mitosis going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.71,0:04:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mitosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.65,0:04:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now let me make an attempt
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.28,0:04:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to draw a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.94,0:04:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That doesn't really look like me, but...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.17,0:04:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I have a lot of\Nhair, so that's my...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.80,0:04:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have big eyebrows as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.43,0:04:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Still doesn't look like me, but anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.26,0:04:18.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get the point.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.61,0:04:25.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, and I'll try\Nto draw fairly quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.78,0:04:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is obviously not my best
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.77,0:04:31.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rendering of a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.10,0:04:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you get the general idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.08,0:04:37.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nice broad shoulders, that's nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.44,0:04:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, so let me, let me...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.31,0:04:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm focusing too much on\Ndrawing this human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.00,0:04:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway, you get the general idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.72,0:04:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My stomach isn't quite that flat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.17,0:04:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but anyway, you get the general idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.40,0:04:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this, it'll eventually differentiate
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.22,0:04:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a human being.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.70,0:05:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These cells here in pink\Neventually differentiate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.77,0:05:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the cells in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.98,0:05:07.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These cells here eventually differentiate
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.77,0:05:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the cells into the lungs,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.27,0:05:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and obviously at this scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.67,0:05:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cells are way too small to even see.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.22,0:05:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These cells differentiate into the cells
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.50,0:05:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the heart.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.44,0:05:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I want to draw an\Nimportant distinction here.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.19,0:05:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because most of the cells that I've just
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.40,0:05:26.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depicted here that are\Njust a product of mitosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.53,0:05:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are your, I guess you could say
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.34,0:05:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are your body cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.61,0:05:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or these are your somatic cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.59,0:05:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these, all of these\Ncells that I'm pointing out
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.85,0:05:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in your heart, your lung, your brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.27,0:05:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are somatic cells, or body cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.63,0:05:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somatic cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.43,0:05:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so you're probably wondering,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.43,0:05:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well how do I eventually get these
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.69,0:05:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,haploid number cells?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.09,0:05:48.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do I eventually get,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.63,0:05:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if I'm talking about a male,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.04,0:05:52.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do I eventually get\Nthese haploid sex cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.63,0:05:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these gametes, these sperm cells?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.41,0:05:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm talking about a\Nfemale, how do I eventually
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.38,0:05:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get these ova, these egg cells
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.44,0:06:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have a haploid number?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.27,0:06:03.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the way that happens\Nis some of these cells
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.07,0:06:07.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up here are going to\Ndifferentiate into germ cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.64,0:06:10.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they're going to\Ndifferentiate into germ cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.18,0:06:14.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of, and they're\Ngoing to differentiate
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.97,0:06:16.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I say into germ cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.52,0:06:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're going to differentiate\Ninto your gonads.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.46,0:06:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the case of a female,\Nthe gonads are the ovaries.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.04,0:06:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the case of a male,\Nthe gonads are the testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.31,0:06:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The gonads are the testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.48,0:06:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the germ cells in the gonads
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.37,0:06:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the cells that have differentiated into
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.52,0:06:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being part of the testes and ovaries,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.77,0:06:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those germ cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.40,0:06:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we differentiate\Nthem from somatic cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.20,0:06:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there are germ cells there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.98,0:06:56.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germ cells in your ovaries and testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.63,0:07:00.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They, through the process of meiosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.32,0:07:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they through the process of meiosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.66,0:07:05.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can produce the gametes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.07,0:07:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you're female you're\Ngoing to produce eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.78,0:07:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you're male you're\Ngoing to produce sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.86,0:07:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is through\Nthe process of meiosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.32,0:07:18.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Meiosis you're going to produce sperm
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.52,0:07:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the case of a man,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.91,0:07:23.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're going to produce ova
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.05,0:07:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the case of a female.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.91,0:07:27.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this brings up a\Nreally interesting thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.57,0:07:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because throughout biology\Nwe talk about mutations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.08,0:07:33.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and natural selection and whatever else.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.73,0:07:37.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's important to\Nrealize how mutations
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.67,0:07:41.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may affect you and your offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.29,0:07:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if you have a mutation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.58,0:07:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one of the somatic cells here,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.48,0:07:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's say in a skin cell, or in you brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.63,0:07:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or in the heart,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.42,0:07:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that may affect your ability to, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.89,0:07:55.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially if God forbid it's a really
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.45,0:07:57.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dangerous thing like cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.03,0:07:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it happens when you're young,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.61,0:08:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before you've had a chance to reproduce
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.19,0:08:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you're not able to survive,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.36,0:08:05.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might affect your\Nability to reproduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.65,0:08:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if this is happening\Nin a somatic cell,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.74,0:08:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not going to affect the DNA make-up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.44,0:08:12.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what you pass on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.52,0:08:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The DNA make-up of what you pass on,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.95,0:08:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's determined by what's going on
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.13,0:08:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the gametes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.97,0:08:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a mutation, if on the\Nway to differentiating
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.02,0:08:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into gametes a mutation happens,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.47,0:08:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if one of these mutate
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.12,0:08:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then keep replicating,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.45,0:08:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so let's say there's a mutation here,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.56,0:08:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they keep replicating and
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.82,0:08:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they differentiate into the germ cells
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.60,0:08:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mutation is right over there,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.96,0:08:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then through meiosis that produces
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.15,0:08:42.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some mutated sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.09,0:08:46.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then that would pass on to your, well,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.00,0:08:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has a chance of\Npassing on to your children.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.54,0:08:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because once again, it might not be
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.18,0:08:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the sperm cells\Nthat have that mutation.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.27,0:08:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could be only a handful of the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.50,0:08:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two to three hundred\Nmillion of the sperm cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.41,0:09:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so if that mutation\Nsomehow makes it harder
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.54,0:09:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for some of the sperm cells
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.34,0:09:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to kind of function,\Neither fuse with an egg
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.30,0:09:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even potentailly\Ndevelop and kind of swim
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.39,0:09:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through fluid, then it still might not be
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.92,0:09:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thing that makes it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.91,0:09:19.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So mutations only affect your offspring
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.73,0:09:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the situation where those, the cells
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.20,0:09:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which they happen are\Neventually differentiated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.50,0:09:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into things, into gametes that you will
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.75,0:09:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pass on to your children.