WEBVTT

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>> The human brain, one of the last great frontiers.

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>> The brain is the most complicated device we've

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found in the universe.

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>> We've learned more about it in the last five years

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than in the last five thousand years.

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>> In the last few years we've come out of the

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Stone Age.

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>> For the first time, we're actually seeing what

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goes on in the brain during sex.

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>> Everybody knows sex is between the ears

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so there must be something very strong happening

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in the brain.

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>> What makes some brains evil.

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>> I wrote a list of things to do: Clean room,

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stop seeing girls, stop killing.

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>> And is there really such a thing as ESP?

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Technology is finally unlocking

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the secrets of the brain.

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It's explaining why we behave the way we do.

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It's helping experts develop new methods

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and machines to boost our brain power.

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And it's revealing the untapped abilities we all have

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inside our heads.

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The brain controls every aspect of our lives.

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As humans have evolved, it's doubled in size.

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It weighs only three pounds but it consumes

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20 percent of all the fuel our bodies take in.

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Generating enough energy

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to keep a light bulb burning.

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>> You have to consider the brain having evolved

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like an old house.

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Where we've just added different rooms

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so there's all these stairways and connections.

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>> In the basement is the oldest part called

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the brain stem.

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It is something we share with reptiles

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and other mammals.

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It's what keeps us alive.

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Governing vital functions like

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heart rate, respiration, digestion

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and blood pressure.

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Things that happen without having to

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think about them.

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The next level up, the first floor,

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more evolved.

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Hundreds of thousands of years later

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it is called the Limbic System.

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This is very important in the processing

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of emotions.

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>> Within the Limbic System are the amygdala -

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two nuggets of tissue, one in each half of the brain.

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They are no bigger than a fingernail yet they are

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the brain's central command center for our

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emotional reactions.

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One of the simplest and strongest of these is fear,

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a primal emotion we all share.

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>> If you had to pick one brain region that was

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most important in fear, it would be the amygdala.

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>> There's no better place to explore how fear

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affects the brain than here at the

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Navy Seals Special Warfare Command

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in San Diego, California.

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Recruits are put through specialized training

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to change the way their brains react to fear.

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>> We introduce our students almost from day one

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to absolute chaos.

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And they will struggle.

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When you look at historic mistakes on the battlefield,

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they're almost always associated with fear

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or with panic.

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So, the capacity to control these impulses

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is extremely important.

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>> Out of 140 candidates who start each class,

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on average only 36 make the final cut.

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Successful recruits seem better able to adapt

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their brains to the demands of the job.

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>> It's not really necessarily the physical people

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who get through there.

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There have been Olympic athletes

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who have drop out of training

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and there's this 140 pound farm kid from Nebraska

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who had never seen the ocean before

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and he graduated.

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Why is that?

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>> To answer that question,

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the Navy turned to neuroscience.

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When confronted with fear,

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it's the amygdala that responds to information

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from our senses and instinctively presses the

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body's panic button.

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>> The amygdala is actually one of the most

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interconnected regions of the brain.

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So it actually will both send signals to

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parts of the brain stem that now illicit a range

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of bodily responses as you start to sweat,

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your heart races, you might freeze for a while,

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you might run away.

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>> This exercise known as the Hooded Box Drill

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is part of the Close Quarters Defense System

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and is one of the ways the U.S. Navy conditions

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its recruits to control these amygdala signals.

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>> Our students are deaf and blind.

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Our instructors will set up a scenario.

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And then the hood comes off and the student

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has to respond.

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>> Well, when you're under that hood you have just

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a moment to gather your thoughts and think of

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scenarios that could come your way.

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>> Sometimes the correct response is swift and lethal.

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Sometimes it's nonviolent.

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>> It's supposed to simulate those quick snapshot

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situations, those high risk situations that just

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happen in an instant.

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>> They're trying to introduce you to the fact

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that panic is going to be less and less an option

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throughout your career.

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>> So, the right way to do training is to

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expose people to scary situations where they can

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get used to them and know how to react

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when they're confronted with it.

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>> Through constant exposure to fearful situations,

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recruits learn to suppress fear

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that could otherwise make them react the wrong way

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and get them killed.

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But how do their brains do that?

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What scientists discovered is that as humans

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evolved, another part of the brain called

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the Cortex, also become involved in processing fear.

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>> The part that makes us most human

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about the brain is our frontal cortex.

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>> If the amygdala is the first floor,

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the cortex is the second floor of the brain.

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It's the brain's thin, wrinkly outer layer that's

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divided into four sets of lobes.

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>> If you unfolded the cortex of a monkey,

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it would be about the size of the piece of paper.

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If you unfolded our cortex, it is about four sheets

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of paper - large - and the reason it is wrinkly is

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because you have to squish that all inside

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of the skull.

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>> The Frontal Lobes comprise the area just above

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our eyes and these are the newest rooms

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of the brain.

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As humans evolved, the frontal lobes became the

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place where conscious rational thought

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is processed.

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It's where we do our problem solving.

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>> The frontal lobes are so interesting

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because they're really the conductor of the brain.

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They synchronize all activity.

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>> Scientists made a major breakthrough

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in fear research when they found that information

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from our senses reaches the amygdala almost

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twice as fast as it takes to get to our frontal lobes.

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The speed of the different brain signals means

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unless we instinctively know how to react

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to a potential threat, we may freeze in fear

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waiting for the frontal lobes to catch up

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to figure out the right response.

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>> Part of what happens with fear and panic is

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the unknown, is the not knowing what to do next

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and so your brain essentially freezes

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the way a deer freezes in a headlight.

NOTE Paragraph

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>> So, the amygdala may get very fast signals

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about fear but sometimes they're wrong

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and quickly the situation may say to you,

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no it's not a fear situation and you're not afraid.

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So, these very quick amygdala signals that you get

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can be controlled in sort of a top down way.

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>> This is where the Navy's training comes in.

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It teaches recruits to minimize that delay by

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generating fast, accurate reactions to situations.

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With demand for special forces increasing,

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the Navy continues to develop

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brain training techniques to see if they can

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improve the pass rate.

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But there are some fears that scientists

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believe are pre-programmed into our brains,

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primal fears or super fears that few

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people can overcome.

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The Navy makes its trainees tackle these

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head on.

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It's why their most dreaded exercise happens

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under water.

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As recruits face the fear of drowning.

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>> There's almost nothing more scary

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than not being able to breathe.

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>> We are learning more now about the brain

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than at any other time in history.

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How it's put together and how it operates.

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Breakthroughs in brain science are helping

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the Navy to rethink how they train Seal recruits.

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Specialized exercises can improve their brains'

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reactions in fearful combat situations.

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But the candidates need something more to cope

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with a super fear like drowning.

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Experts believe evolution has hard-wired

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our brains to dread being trapped under water.

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As a result, it's almost impossible to control

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the brain's overwhelming impulse to surface for air.

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And it is why recruits struggle so much to pass

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the Underwater Pool Competency Test.

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>> Pool Comp is a very important milestone

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in their career here.

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They're being tested how they can deal with

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fear under water.

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And there is controlled harassment,

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planned harassment projected at them

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under water and we see how they can cope with that.

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>> Students must spend up to 20 minutes under water

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enduring repeated attacks on their breathing

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equipment by an instructor.

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Half of the time they are without air.

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>> Their air is shut off,

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their breathing hoses are wrapped around in

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difficult positions and they need to respond

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to those problems with a series

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of emergency procedures.

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>> Step by step instructions for untangling their gear

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are drilled into the recruits' heads beforehand.

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They must follow these to the letter.

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But putting theory into practice isn't easy.

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>> You go down to the bottom and the instructors

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they come down and will start attacking you,

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taking your mask off,

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just creating all this stress

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and the more the stress builds up,

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they want to see how you'll handle it.

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>> As the trainee begins running out of air,

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his brain's amygdala pushes the panic button

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that urges him to surface.

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His frontal lobes must win this battle in the brain

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if he is to stay in control.

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>> Physically it is very challenging.

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You have to hold your breath for longer than

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you normally would.

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The instructors just take you kind of to that

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breaking point to see how you'll respond.

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>> No sooner has the candidate untied one set of

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knots then his instructor is back attacking

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him again and again.

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>> The more the stress builds up they want to see

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how you'll handle it.

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Will you want to go to the surface and get air,

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which you want to do,

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or will you take the little air you have

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and all the problems and solve them and do

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what's necessary to pass the test?

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>> More Seals fail Pool Comp

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at this stage in their training than anything else.

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The Navy wanted to know what was going on

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inside their recruits' heads to cause this.

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>> And there's almost nothing more scary

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than not being able to breathe.

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That creates a tremendous stress response.

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You have this huge release of stress hormones

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that make controlling things with thought

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more difficult.

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>> Under normal conditions, the brain communicates

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with the body using minute electrical signals.

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The brain sends out electrical impulses

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from its nerve cells to others that travel at over

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270 miles per hour.

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This is one way your brain can tell your body

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to do something.

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But under extreme duress,

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the brain releases chemical hormones.

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The part of the brain that senses fear,

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the amygdala,

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triggers a chain reaction that sends

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adrenaline and cortisol hormones

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into the body's blood stream.

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These stress hormones act as a SWAT team,

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quickly preparing the body for action.

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They increase breathing, heart rate,

00:13:21.143 --> 00:13:23.172
and blood pressure.

00:13:23.172 --> 00:13:25.136
Senses become keener,

00:13:25.136 --> 00:13:26.638
memory sharper,

00:13:26.638 --> 00:13:29.376
and the body becomes less sensitive to pain.

00:13:29.376 --> 00:13:29.996


00:13:29.996 --> 00:13:32.218
But even in this heightened state of alertness,

00:13:32.218 --> 00:13:35.585
Pool Comp is still too challenging for many trainees.

00:13:35.585 --> 00:13:37.778


00:13:37.778 --> 00:13:39.673
>> Your mind is going everywhere and you're seeing

00:13:39.673 --> 00:13:41.274
your friends swim up from up the water -

00:13:41.274 --> 00:13:42.757
they've passed or they've failed.

00:13:42.757 --> 00:13:44.455
And you're kind of sizing yourself up

00:13:44.455 --> 00:13:46.046
saying, well he failed can I pass?

00:13:46.046 --> 00:13:47.279
And vice versa.

00:13:47.279 --> 00:13:48.974
So, your mind goes everywhere and it is key

00:13:48.974 --> 00:13:51.140
just to stay focused on what you have to do.

00:13:52.064 --> 00:13:55.356
>> Eventually, the student completes the series of tasks

00:13:55.356 --> 00:13:57.593
and can touch the bottom and then surface

00:13:57.593 --> 00:13:58.993
to learn from the instructor

00:13:58.993 --> 00:14:00.729
whether he's passed the test.

00:14:00.729 --> 00:14:07.353


00:14:07.353 --> 00:14:08.870
>> I feel fine!

00:14:08.870 --> 00:14:11.193
>> Few Seal candidates succeed at Pool Comp

00:14:11.193 --> 00:14:12.439
the first time.

00:14:12.439 --> 00:14:14.181
They get four attempts and there's more

00:14:14.181 --> 00:14:15.798
at stake with each try.

00:14:17.322 --> 00:14:21.151
>> The most common reason for failing Pool Comp

00:14:21.151 --> 00:14:26.256
is panic, losing composure under water.

00:14:26.256 --> 00:14:28.496
Some of our students, that's it,

00:14:28.496 --> 00:14:32.260
we will performance drop them from training.

00:14:32.813 --> 00:14:34.690
>> The Navy wanted to help borderline

00:14:34.690 --> 00:14:36.976
candidates who had the potential to pass

00:14:36.976 --> 00:14:39.171
these crucial phases in training.

00:14:39.171 --> 00:14:41.604


00:14:41.604 --> 00:14:43.322
After consulting with experts,

00:14:43.322 --> 00:14:45.149
they came up with a ground-breaking

00:14:45.149 --> 00:14:47.007
mental toughness program.

00:14:47.007 --> 00:14:48.936
A set of techniques to boost the trainees'

00:14:48.936 --> 00:14:50.740
ability to control fear.

00:14:50.740 --> 00:14:52.338


00:14:52.338 --> 00:14:54.672
Even in the most extreme situations.

00:14:54.672 --> 00:14:56.367


00:14:56.367 --> 00:14:57.742
>> You guys need to stay fired up while

00:14:57.742 --> 00:14:58.754
you're out there.

00:14:58.754 --> 00:15:00.743
The pain, the cold, and all that stuff

00:15:00.743 --> 00:15:01.966
it's going to eat away at you

00:15:01.966 --> 00:15:03.529
but you got to keep going.

00:15:03.529 --> 00:15:05.279
>> The techniques that we're most interested in

00:15:05.279 --> 00:15:07.071
are what I call the Big Four:

00:15:07.071 --> 00:15:07.826
Goal Setting,

00:15:07.826 --> 00:15:08.791
Mental Rehearsal,

00:15:08.791 --> 00:15:09.823
Self Talk,

00:15:09.823 --> 00:15:11.071
and Arousal Control.

00:15:11.071 --> 00:15:13.852


00:15:13.852 --> 00:15:16.030
>> Scientists think goal setting works by

00:15:16.030 --> 00:15:17.970
assisting the frontal lobes.

00:15:17.970 --> 00:15:20.800
As the brain's supervisor, the frontal lobes

00:15:20.800 --> 00:15:23.148
are responsible for reasoning and planning.

00:15:23.148 --> 00:15:24.010


00:15:24.010 --> 00:15:25.826
Concentrating on specific goals,

00:15:25.826 --> 00:15:28.511
let's the brain bring structure to chaos

00:15:28.511 --> 00:15:31.167
and keeps the amygdala, the emotional center

00:15:31.167 --> 00:15:32.977
of the brain, in check.

00:15:32.977 --> 00:15:39.755


00:15:39.755 --> 00:15:41.245
>> I got up every morning and I said,

00:15:41.245 --> 00:15:43.121
I'm going to make it to breakfast.

00:15:43.121 --> 00:15:44.251
And then at breakfast I said,

00:15:44.251 --> 00:15:45.678
OK, I'm going to make it to lunch.

00:15:45.678 --> 00:15:47.957
And then I'm going to make it through

00:15:47.957 --> 00:15:49.188
the run this afternoon.

00:15:49.188 --> 00:15:53.564
And then you take it in these little sort of chunks.

00:15:55.240 --> 00:15:57.296
>> The second technique, Mental Rehearsal,

00:15:57.296 --> 00:15:58.630
or Visualization,

00:15:58.630 --> 00:16:00.589
is continually running through

00:16:00.589 --> 00:16:01.780
an activity in your mind.

00:16:01.780 --> 00:16:04.947
So when you try it for real, it comes more naturally.

00:16:04.947 --> 00:16:07.842


00:16:10.737 --> 00:16:13.633
>> If you practice in your mind first

00:16:13.633 --> 00:16:15.992
and imagine and rehearse how you might do

00:16:15.992 --> 00:16:17.431
in these stressful situations,

00:16:17.431 --> 00:16:19.098
the next time in reality you're faced with

00:16:19.098 --> 00:16:21.497
these situations is actually in effect,

00:16:21.497 --> 00:16:23.917
the second time you've faced it so you'll have

00:16:23.917 --> 00:16:25.534
less of a stressful reaction.

00:16:25.534 --> 00:16:26.782


00:16:26.782 --> 00:16:29.093
>> The third technique, Self Talk,

00:16:29.093 --> 00:16:30.973
helps focus the trainees' thoughts.

00:16:32.481 --> 00:16:35.013
The average person speaks to themselves at a

00:16:35.013 --> 00:16:38.122
rate of 300 to 1000 words a minute.

00:16:38.122 --> 00:16:40.944


00:16:40.944 --> 00:16:44.062
If these words are positive instead of negative,

00:16:44.062 --> 00:16:46.640
'can do' instead of 'can't',

00:16:46.640 --> 00:16:48.887
they help override the fear signal

00:16:48.887 --> 00:16:51.027
coming from the amygdala.

00:16:51.857 --> 00:16:55.193
>> The frontal lobes are always on so it is very easy

00:16:55.193 --> 00:16:57.519
to think about something difficult, something bad,

00:16:57.519 --> 00:17:00.654
like I'm going to fail, what am I doing here?

00:17:00.654 --> 00:17:03.024
I didn't practice enough.

00:17:03.024 --> 00:17:04.653
What you're trying to do is you're trying to replace

00:17:04.653 --> 00:17:07.348
those bad thoughts with good thoughts.

00:17:07.348 --> 00:17:09.435


00:17:11.927 --> 00:17:14.619
>> The final technique, Arousal Control,

00:17:14.619 --> 00:17:16.774
is centered on breathing.

00:17:16.774 --> 00:17:19.590
Deliberate slow breathing helps combat some of the

00:17:19.590 --> 00:17:21.181
effects of panic.

00:17:22.518 --> 00:17:25.598
Long exhales in particular, mimic the body's

00:17:25.598 --> 00:17:28.326
relaxation process and get more oxygen to the

00:17:28.326 --> 00:17:30.430
brain so it can perform better.

00:17:30.430 --> 00:17:32.300


00:17:32.300 --> 00:17:34.459
>> Breathing is a great focusing strategy

00:17:34.459 --> 00:17:37.123
but you can only do it so much because

00:17:37.123 --> 00:17:38.612
in a response to fear,

00:17:38.612 --> 00:17:40.906
your brain will get jacked up.

00:17:40.906 --> 00:17:43.963


00:17:43.963 --> 00:17:46.923
>> On it's own, arousal control wouldn't work.

00:17:46.923 --> 00:17:49.405
The amygdala sends out such a powerful signal

00:17:49.405 --> 00:17:53.211
it's tough to suppress if we're still feeling fearful

00:17:53.211 --> 00:17:55.618
but combing the four techniques

00:17:55.618 --> 00:17:57.509
made a big difference to the trainee Seals

00:17:57.509 --> 00:17:59.816
pass rate, increasing it from a quarter

00:17:59.816 --> 00:18:01.163
to a third.

00:18:01.163 --> 00:18:04.172
The idea of pushing boundaries may not be new

00:18:04.172 --> 00:18:07.169
but here is positive proof that you can train

00:18:07.169 --> 00:18:10.399
your brain and now science knows how.

00:18:10.399 --> 00:18:14.855


00:18:14.855 --> 00:18:17.321
>> It goes back to a lot of much earlier sort of

00:18:17.321 --> 00:18:20.192
warrior traditions where you're sort of transcending

00:18:20.192 --> 00:18:23.622
whatever it is you thought your limitations were.

00:18:23.622 --> 00:18:26.171


00:18:26.171 --> 00:18:27.849
>> I am a different person, actually.

00:18:27.849 --> 00:18:30.236
Your confidence goes through the roof.

00:18:30.236 --> 00:18:32.502
You see things and do things that you wouldn't

00:18:32.502 --> 00:18:34.480
have imagined before.

00:18:34.480 --> 00:18:37.042
>> But it's not just the battlefield where brain science

00:18:37.042 --> 00:18:38.993
is having a big impact.

00:18:38.993 --> 00:18:42.061
It's also unlocking some tantalizing secrets about

00:18:42.061 --> 00:18:44.910
what happens in the bedroom.

00:18:44.910 --> 00:18:47.399
>> Everybody knows sex is between the ears

00:18:47.399 --> 00:18:49.646
and we wanted to find out what is really going on.

00:18:49.646 --> 00:18:55.866


00:18:55.866 --> 00:18:58.458
>> While the brain has evolved a fear response

00:18:58.458 --> 00:19:00.467
to keep us out of danger,

00:19:00.467 --> 00:19:03.984
it is also equipped with a strong sexual impulse

00:19:03.984 --> 00:19:07.382
to ensure the survival of the species.

00:19:07.382 --> 00:19:09.735
>> Having an orgasm is one of the most powerful

00:19:09.735 --> 00:19:13.308
human experiences so begin to creep into the mind

00:19:13.308 --> 00:19:16.372
and find out exactly how the brain is producing

00:19:16.372 --> 00:19:19.618
this overwhelming ecstasy is exciting.

00:19:20.402 --> 00:19:22.426
>> In the Netherlands neuroscientist,

00:19:22.426 --> 00:19:23.954
Dr. Gert Holstege,

00:19:23.954 --> 00:19:27.807
is blazing a trail in sex research by revealing

00:19:27.807 --> 00:19:30.517
for the first time what happens in the brains

00:19:30.517 --> 00:19:32.688
of men and women during orgasm.

00:19:32.688 --> 00:19:33.556


00:19:33.556 --> 00:19:35.200
>> 15 years ago it was not possible

00:19:35.200 --> 00:19:37.799
but now with newer imaging techniques,

00:19:37.799 --> 00:19:40.791
it is very well possible to see what's happening.

00:19:40.791 --> 00:19:43.780
>> To find out, he needs volunteer couples.

00:19:43.780 --> 00:19:46.026
The man or woman agrees to be injected

00:19:46.026 --> 00:19:49.410
with a radioactive oxygen tracer and then stimulated

00:19:49.410 --> 00:19:51.046
to orgasm by their partner.

00:19:52.738 --> 00:19:54.946
While this happens, they lie with their head

00:19:54.946 --> 00:19:58.084
in a 3D imaging machine called a PET scanner.

00:19:58.084 --> 00:20:02.351


00:20:02.351 --> 00:20:05.229
>> The PET scanner is measured in only blood flow.

00:20:05.229 --> 00:20:08.229
It is measuring the amount blood going to different

00:20:08.229 --> 00:20:09.949
parts of the brain.

00:20:10.549 --> 00:20:13.782
>> The brain has many miles of blood vessels.

00:20:13.782 --> 00:20:16.133
When nerve cells are busy firing,

00:20:16.133 --> 00:20:18.305
they need lots of energy-laden

00:20:18.305 --> 00:20:20.425
and oxygen-rich blood.

00:20:20.425 --> 00:20:22.870
When they're not, they need very little.

00:20:22.870 --> 00:20:23.853


00:20:23.853 --> 00:20:28.103
>> So you see what brain regions take part

00:20:28.103 --> 00:20:31.009
in this whole thing of ejaculation or orgasm.

00:20:31.009 --> 00:20:34.463


00:20:34.463 --> 00:20:36.007
>> Aside from the obvious challenge

00:20:36.007 --> 00:20:38.881
facing the volunteers to reach orgasm in a laboratory

00:20:38.881 --> 00:20:41.687
setting, there is a time constraint, too.

00:20:42.517 --> 00:20:46.120
The oxygen tracer has a half-life of just two minutes.

00:20:46.120 --> 00:20:48.258


00:20:48.258 --> 00:20:50.061
>> I think would be tough to have an orgasm

00:20:50.061 --> 00:20:51.143
under these circumstances,

00:20:51.143 --> 00:20:52.760
under any of these circumstances.

00:20:52.760 --> 00:20:55.378
Everywhere in the world we have the vast majority

00:20:55.378 --> 00:20:59.348
of our sex in private unlike almost all other animals.

00:20:59.348 --> 00:21:00.158


00:21:00.158 --> 00:21:03.253
>> Fortunately, 11 men and 13 women did manage

00:21:03.253 --> 00:21:05.599
to get the timing just right.

00:21:06.307 --> 00:21:08.231
And what this ground-breaking experiment

00:21:08.231 --> 00:21:10.804
revealed was a startling difference between

00:21:10.804 --> 00:21:13.743
male and female brain activity during sex.

00:21:14.404 --> 00:21:16.350
>> The outcome was very surprising.

00:21:16.350 --> 00:21:20.365
When you look at the male brain during ejaculation

00:21:20.365 --> 00:21:24.213
or orgasm then you see several parts activate.

00:21:24.890 --> 00:21:27.974
>> During male orgasm, blood gushes to the top

00:21:27.974 --> 00:21:29.418
of the brain stem.

00:21:29.772 --> 00:21:31.758
As well as being one of the oldest parts

00:21:31.758 --> 00:21:34.132
of the human brain, it's the area that controls

00:21:34.132 --> 00:21:36.721
the release of dopamine across the brain.

00:21:37.397 --> 00:21:39.281
Dopamine is a type of hormone

00:21:39.281 --> 00:21:41.443
called a neurotransmitter.

00:21:41.443 --> 00:21:44.045
Scientists know dopamine generates very strong

00:21:44.045 --> 00:21:46.311
feelings we associate with pleasure.

00:21:46.311 --> 00:21:47.797


00:21:47.797 --> 00:21:49.633
>> What became clear is that the dopamine

00:21:49.633 --> 00:21:53.338
is released a little bit in advance of these things

00:21:53.338 --> 00:21:55.694
like food and sex and drugs.

00:21:55.694 --> 00:21:58.017
So it's not strictly speaking of a chemical

00:21:58.017 --> 00:22:00.657
of pleasure, it's a chemical of anticipation.

00:22:00.657 --> 00:22:01.927


00:22:01.927 --> 00:22:04.854
>> So, you're getting a flood of dopamine.

00:22:04.854 --> 00:22:06.857
Dopamine is the same chemical that becomes

00:22:06.857 --> 00:22:09.166
active when you feel the rush of cocaine

00:22:09.166 --> 00:22:11.187
and the other stimulant drugs so it is an

00:22:11.187 --> 00:22:15.171
overwhelming experience of ecstasy and energy.

00:22:15.878 --> 00:22:18.193
>> The experiment showed that in men,

00:22:18.193 --> 00:22:20.659
blood was flowing away from areas of the brain

00:22:20.659 --> 00:22:23.861
that had to do with anxiety but other areas

00:22:23.861 --> 00:22:25.290
remained alert.

00:22:25.290 --> 00:22:25.876


00:22:25.876 --> 00:22:29.822
>> In men, you will find deactivation of the amygdala

00:22:29.822 --> 00:22:33.689
and the region that has to do with anxiety

00:22:33.689 --> 00:22:34.818
or fear.

00:22:34.818 --> 00:22:37.574
>> It is not surprising that other parts of the brain

00:22:37.574 --> 00:22:40.630
become deactivated so that you don't feel

00:22:40.630 --> 00:22:42.211
anxious, you don't feel scared,

00:22:42.211 --> 00:22:43.968
you're not thinking about anything

00:22:43.968 --> 00:22:45.405
except the orgasm.

00:22:45.928 --> 00:22:48.681
>> Dr. Holstege found that women enjoy a similar

00:22:48.681 --> 00:22:51.926
dopamine experience to men but what surprises

00:22:51.926 --> 00:22:54.899
him the most is how much a woman's brain shuts

00:22:54.899 --> 00:22:56.567
down during orgasm.

00:22:56.567 --> 00:22:59.443
>> The deactivation was the most important finding.

00:22:59.443 --> 00:23:03.002
In women there was an enormous deactivation

00:23:03.002 --> 00:23:06.227
of all the centers of the brain that had to do with

00:23:06.227 --> 00:23:09.088
anxiety and fear, alertness.

00:23:09.350 --> 00:23:12.287
Apparently, women let it go.

00:23:12.287 --> 00:23:15.380
>> Women can even go unconscious during orgasm

00:23:15.380 --> 00:23:17.499
whereas men don't.

00:23:17.499 --> 00:23:19.380
Experts believe the difference between men and

00:23:19.380 --> 00:23:22.129
women may date back to prehistoric times

00:23:22.129 --> 00:23:24.868
when we were hunter-gatherers.

00:23:24.868 --> 00:23:28.316
>> This may have an evolutionary purpose.

00:23:28.316 --> 00:23:30.299
For millions of years we had our sex

00:23:30.299 --> 00:23:32.417
on the grasslands of Africa where there were

00:23:32.417 --> 00:23:34.177
dangerous animals roaming around.

00:23:34.177 --> 00:23:36.927
Somebody had to be alert enough to jump up

00:23:36.927 --> 00:23:39.661
and run or defend the group and it's logical that

00:23:39.661 --> 00:23:40.687
that would be men.

00:23:40.687 --> 00:23:43.470
So the female brain tends to shut down

00:23:43.470 --> 00:23:45.153
more than the male brain does.

00:23:45.153 --> 00:23:47.669


00:23:47.669 --> 00:23:49.333
>> In a future set of tests,

00:23:49.333 --> 00:23:52.050
Dr. Holstege hopes to increase the time he can

00:23:52.050 --> 00:23:54.632
monitor what happens in our brains during sex.

00:23:54.632 --> 00:23:56.284


00:23:56.284 --> 00:23:58.478
He's intrigued to see how rapidly the

00:23:58.478 --> 00:24:01.415
dopamine-induced feeling of euphoria drops away

00:24:01.415 --> 00:24:02.713
after orgasm.

00:24:03.251 --> 00:24:05.223
>> I still think that there will be big differences

00:24:05.223 --> 00:24:08.235
between men and women just before, during,

00:24:08.235 --> 00:24:10.610
and after orgasm.

00:24:10.610 --> 00:24:12.930
What exactly then is the difference in the brain?

00:24:12.930 --> 00:24:14.502
And that is what I want to know.

00:24:14.502 --> 00:24:16.616


00:24:16.616 --> 00:24:19.480
>> Aside from sex, dopamine plays a major role

00:24:19.480 --> 00:24:22.230
in motivating our brains to do all kinds of things.

00:24:22.230 --> 00:24:25.218
Even something that seems the opposite of sex,

00:24:25.218 --> 00:24:26.899
not furthering life,

00:24:26.899 --> 00:24:30.508


00:24:30.508 --> 00:24:31.887
but risking it.

00:24:31.887 --> 00:24:38.041


00:24:38.041 --> 00:24:40.591
What is it about the pursuit of pleasure that would

00:24:40.591 --> 00:24:43.428
make these base jumpers in Moab, Utah

00:24:43.428 --> 00:24:45.608
want to throw themselves off of a cliff?

00:24:45.608 --> 00:24:48.510
>> Pretty much all the cliffs out here have a pretty

00:24:48.510 --> 00:24:50.557
high danger scale.

00:24:50.557 --> 00:24:53.473
On a one to ten, they're all about an eight.

00:24:53.473 --> 00:24:55.613
>> Mistakes can be fatal.

00:24:55.613 --> 00:24:57.576


00:24:57.576 --> 00:24:59.054
>> When you run off a 500 foot rock,

00:24:59.054 --> 00:25:01.326
you've got about six seconds to live

00:25:01.326 --> 00:25:02.486
and is that extreme?

00:25:02.486 --> 00:25:04.745
Yeah, you're darned right that's extreme.

00:25:05.669 --> 00:25:07.480
>> And if this is the ultimate thrill for some

00:25:07.480 --> 00:25:10.511
people's brains, why not for everyone's?

00:25:11.218 --> 00:25:14.071
>> This thrill is just basically essential

00:25:14.071 --> 00:25:15.806
for us to be happy.

00:25:15.806 --> 00:25:19.407
To have that feeling alive inside of you

00:25:19.407 --> 00:25:21.632
so then life is worth it.

00:25:21.632 --> 00:25:26.719


00:25:26.719 --> 00:25:29.984
>> Science tells us that as a base jumper is thinking

00:25:29.984 --> 00:25:32.405
about the jump their brain begins releasing

00:25:32.405 --> 00:25:33.736
dopamine.

00:25:33.736 --> 00:25:36.402
As with sex, dopamine plays the role of building

00:25:36.402 --> 00:25:37.879
anticipation.

00:25:37.879 --> 00:25:38.993
But unlike sex,

00:25:38.993 --> 00:25:41.437
the amygdala doesn't shut down.

00:25:41.437 --> 00:25:44.008
Instead, it is sending out fear signals.

00:25:44.008 --> 00:25:46.016


00:25:46.016 --> 00:25:48.161
>> Before a jump I'll get the jitters and I will get

00:25:48.161 --> 00:25:49.834
nervous and palms might get sweaty,

00:25:49.834 --> 00:25:51.821
and a million thoughts race into my mind.

00:25:51.821 --> 00:25:53.817


00:25:53.817 --> 00:25:56.321
>> Most of your mental preparation is,

00:25:56.321 --> 00:25:58.770
OK, what if my parachute opens backwards?

00:25:58.770 --> 00:26:01.224
What if I have a problem with one of my toggles?

00:26:01.224 --> 00:26:04.098


00:26:04.098 --> 00:26:06.439
>> Even though the jumpers are focused on the jump

00:26:06.439 --> 00:26:09.613
itself, you know, what they might not realize

00:26:09.613 --> 00:26:12.074
is that the dopamine kick is happening all along

00:26:12.074 --> 00:26:13.655
during this process.

00:26:13.655 --> 00:26:17.710


00:26:17.710 --> 00:26:20.609
>> Kresta Christensen is a newcomer to base jumping.

00:26:21.101 --> 00:26:23.652
>> I'm feeling excited.

00:26:23.652 --> 00:26:26.156
My heart is going a little bit faster

00:26:26.156 --> 00:26:27.598
because I know that the gear check means

00:26:27.598 --> 00:26:29.516
that it's getting a little bit closer.

00:26:29.516 --> 00:26:32.263


00:26:32.263 --> 00:26:32.911
Three.

00:26:32.911 --> 00:26:33.673
Two.

00:26:33.673 --> 00:26:34.413
One.

00:26:34.413 --> 00:26:35.350
See ya.

00:26:35.350 --> 00:26:36.836
Ohh, I get so nervous!

00:26:36.836 --> 00:26:37.745
(laughing)

00:26:39.361 --> 00:26:42.992
It is unlike anything else that I've ever done.

00:26:42.992 --> 00:26:45.245
Especially for someone that's scared of heights.

00:26:46.337 --> 00:26:49.057
>> Kresta is nervous because her amygdala,

00:26:49.057 --> 00:26:50.980
where she harbors her fear of heights,

00:26:50.980 --> 00:26:53.296
is pressing the panic button at the site of a

00:26:53.296 --> 00:26:55.105
400 foot drop.

00:26:56.151 --> 00:26:58.220
>> Ahh! OK!

00:26:58.220 --> 00:27:01.157


00:27:01.157 --> 00:27:03.924
>> It's about as physiologically aroused as a person

00:27:03.924 --> 00:27:04.979
can be.

00:27:04.979 --> 00:27:07.502
You've got the stress system going so you've got

00:27:07.502 --> 00:27:11.516
adrenaline being released, that gets the heart going.

00:27:11.516 --> 00:27:13.834
You've got hormones being released.

00:27:13.834 --> 00:27:16.886
You've got stress hormones like cortisol going.

00:27:16.886 --> 00:27:19.147
You've got neurotransmitters like dopamine

00:27:19.147 --> 00:27:21.524
being released in anticipation of the euphoria.

00:27:21.524 --> 00:27:23.447


00:27:23.447 --> 00:27:25.724
But at the same time, Kresta's frontal lobes

00:27:25.724 --> 00:27:27.128
weigh in.

00:27:28.113 --> 00:27:30.547
Making her question if she is doing the right thing.

00:27:30.547 --> 00:27:32.818


00:27:32.818 --> 00:27:36.068
The fear, the pleasure, the potential risks -

00:27:36.068 --> 00:27:38.423
all these competing signals get processed

00:27:38.423 --> 00:27:41.593
into action, experts believe, in the striatum,

00:27:41.593 --> 00:27:43.360
in the middle of the brain.

00:27:44.084 --> 00:27:46.938
>> And the striatum is kind of like a switching center.

00:27:46.938 --> 00:27:49.323
It is also the part of the brain that has the densest

00:27:49.323 --> 00:27:51.938
concentration of dopamine receptors.

00:27:51.938 --> 00:27:54.226
>> As Kresta's dopamine rush bombards her

00:27:54.226 --> 00:27:56.900
striatum, her motivation for pleasure

00:27:56.900 --> 00:28:00.303
battles the other impulses but will it be enough

00:28:00.303 --> 00:28:01.783
to make her jump?

00:28:07.460 --> 00:28:10.258
Inside the brain of a novice base jumper,

00:28:10.258 --> 00:28:12.334
there's a battle waging as she makes

00:28:12.334 --> 00:28:14.263
a life-threatening decision.

00:28:14.263 --> 00:28:17.105
Will Kresta risk everything for pleasure?

00:28:17.105 --> 00:28:19.530
>> And just launch? OK.

00:28:19.530 --> 00:28:21.018
(laughing)

00:28:21.018 --> 00:28:23.207


00:28:23.207 --> 00:28:23.730
OK.

00:28:23.730 --> 00:28:31.808


00:28:31.808 --> 00:28:32.457
OK.

00:28:42.380 --> 00:28:44.630
>> Clearly the decision to jump means that the

00:28:44.630 --> 00:28:48.415
anticipated reward has won the battle between

00:28:48.415 --> 00:28:51.463
the good outcome and the potentially bad outcome.

00:28:51.463 --> 00:28:52.656
If it was the other way around,

00:28:52.656 --> 00:28:53.853
they would back away from the cliff

00:28:53.853 --> 00:28:54.820
and call it a day.

00:28:59.156 --> 00:29:00.244
>> Ah, it was awesome!

00:29:00.244 --> 00:29:01.191
It was great!

00:29:01.191 --> 00:29:02.541
I'm ready to go up and do it again!

00:29:02.541 --> 00:29:03.737
Gotta back first, thought!

00:29:03.737 --> 00:29:04.620
(Laughing)

00:29:04.620 --> 00:29:16.325


00:29:16.325 --> 00:29:18.387
>> No sooner have these jumpers survived

00:29:18.387 --> 00:29:21.331
one death wish then their getting ready for the next.

00:29:22.624 --> 00:29:25.024
They seem addicted to finding new locations

00:29:25.024 --> 00:29:28.056
with fresh dangers and more challenging conditions.

00:29:29.317 --> 00:29:31.536
Scientists say there's a reason for this.

00:29:31.536 --> 00:29:32.861


00:29:32.861 --> 00:29:34.784
>> When we look at what happens in the brain,

00:29:34.784 --> 00:29:37.766
we see that on repeated exposures to pleasures

00:29:37.766 --> 00:29:40.591
whether it's food or drink, whatever, or sex even,

00:29:40.591 --> 00:29:43.706
that we see the dopamine response gets a little bit

00:29:43.706 --> 00:29:45.357
less each time.

00:29:45.357 --> 00:29:47.963
You get a little less bang for the buck.

00:29:48.948 --> 00:29:50.491
>> Which for thrill seekers means

00:29:50.491 --> 00:29:53.012
either doing an entirely new activity

00:29:53.012 --> 00:29:55.198
or taking bigger and bigger risks

00:29:55.198 --> 00:29:56.574
with the familiar one.

00:29:57.143 --> 00:30:01.394
>> Novelty is really big jolt for the dopamine system

00:30:01.394 --> 00:30:03.564
and so when we look at base jumping,

00:30:03.564 --> 00:30:05.595
it kind of mixes both of these things

00:30:05.595 --> 00:30:08.329
and really maximizes the pleasure response

00:30:08.329 --> 00:30:10.525
and that's what keeps it addictive.

00:30:11.094 --> 00:30:13.358
>> The base jumpers would appear to agree.

00:30:13.358 --> 00:30:17.119
>> By keeping things new and different,

00:30:17.119 --> 00:30:19.115
it keeps the excitement there.

00:30:19.884 --> 00:30:21.879
>> There's people who do it one time and decide

00:30:21.879 --> 00:30:24.321
that it's too risky to do it so they stop.

00:30:24.321 --> 00:30:26.443
Most people continue to do it and they'll

00:30:26.443 --> 00:30:29.825
do it at least once a week if not more than that.

00:30:30.655 --> 00:30:33.604
There's very few people who dabble in base jumping.

00:30:33.604 --> 00:30:35.195
Three, two, one!

00:30:35.195 --> 00:30:36.115
See ya!

00:30:39.698 --> 00:30:41.969
>> Scientists think we find danger seeking

00:30:41.969 --> 00:30:43.799
pleasurable because it's been necessary

00:30:43.799 --> 00:30:45.153
to our evolution.

00:30:45.583 --> 00:30:47.770
If humans didn't take risks, they say,

00:30:47.770 --> 00:30:50.310
we'd still be living in caves.

00:30:50.310 --> 00:30:52.718
But they're fascinated to know why some people

00:30:52.718 --> 00:30:54.539
will risk more than others.

00:30:54.539 --> 00:30:56.480


00:30:56.480 --> 00:30:59.109
Even in an every day situation like a restaurant,

00:30:59.109 --> 00:31:00.897
there are some people who will always order

00:31:00.897 --> 00:31:02.064
the same thing.

00:31:03.003 --> 00:31:05.135
And others who will try a new dish each time

00:31:05.135 --> 00:31:07.370
and gamble on it tasting good.

00:31:07.370 --> 00:31:11.126


00:31:11.126 --> 00:31:13.508
Experts at Emory University in Georgia

00:31:13.508 --> 00:31:15.986
wonder if some people's brains are preprogrammed

00:31:15.986 --> 00:31:18.473
to gamble or take bigger risks than others.

00:31:18.473 --> 00:31:22.102


00:31:22.102 --> 00:31:26.037
They asked volunteers to play a gambling game.

00:31:26.037 --> 00:31:28.986
The object is to avoid receiving a shock to the foot.

00:31:28.986 --> 00:31:29.776


00:31:29.776 --> 00:31:31.605
>> Oh, that one hurt.

00:31:32.236 --> 00:31:34.846
>> Each time they play, the volunteer must choose

00:31:34.846 --> 00:31:36.245
between two options.

00:31:37.199 --> 00:31:40.696
>> So, I'm gonna try the first option because

00:31:40.696 --> 00:31:41.831
I really don't want to get a shock.

00:31:41.831 --> 00:31:44.122


00:31:44.122 --> 00:31:44.896
Ah!

00:31:46.220 --> 00:31:48.032
Got shocked that time.

00:31:48.032 --> 00:31:49.405


00:31:49.405 --> 00:31:51.777
>> When this test is carried out in a scanner,

00:31:51.777 --> 00:31:54.470
Dr. Greg Burns can monitor brain activity

00:31:54.470 --> 00:31:56.739
to see how much dopamine is released before

00:31:56.739 --> 00:31:58.059
each decision.

00:31:58.382 --> 00:31:59.172


00:31:59.172 --> 00:32:02.184
>> What we're seeing are traits that are probably

00:32:02.184 --> 00:32:05.517
genetically coded and people just have a biological

00:32:05.517 --> 00:32:07.948
tendency to release more or less dopamine

00:32:07.948 --> 00:32:09.923
in response to risk.

00:32:10.446 --> 00:32:12.890
>> And his experiment suggests people's brains

00:32:12.890 --> 00:32:14.981
are consistent in their decision making.

00:32:15.797 --> 00:32:18.090
He's even perfected a computer program

00:32:18.090 --> 00:32:20.394
to the point that it can predict which option

00:32:20.394 --> 00:32:22.938
people will choose before they make it.

00:32:23.323 --> 00:32:26.453
>> We can take a template of their brain response

00:32:26.453 --> 00:32:27.996
to these different gambles,

00:32:27.996 --> 00:32:29.470
we call it neural fingerprint,

00:32:29.470 --> 00:32:31.416
and put it into a computer algorithm

00:32:31.416 --> 00:32:34.095
and then predict with a high degree of accuracy

00:32:34.095 --> 00:32:35.298
what they'll choose.

00:32:35.714 --> 00:32:37.303
Although people are different,

00:32:37.303 --> 00:32:39.432
it seems like people do have a fingerprint

00:32:39.432 --> 00:32:40.714
for decision making.

00:32:41.199 --> 00:32:43.486
>> But Dr. Burns says we're a long way from

00:32:43.486 --> 00:32:45.943
predicting anything complicated.

00:32:46.296 --> 00:32:48.541
>> The great thing about neuroscience is that

00:32:48.541 --> 00:32:51.087
the deeper that we dig in terms of decision making,

00:32:51.087 --> 00:32:52.747
the more questions that come up.

00:32:53.948 --> 00:32:56.086
>> One of the being questions that scientists are

00:32:56.086 --> 00:32:58.585
studying is how particular personality types

00:32:58.585 --> 00:33:00.855
make moral decisions.

00:33:00.855 --> 00:33:03.164
New discoveries are offering clues

00:33:03.164 --> 00:33:05.848
to understanding why psychopathic brains

00:33:05.848 --> 00:33:07.751
let them do evil things.

00:33:07.751 --> 00:33:08.301


00:33:08.301 --> 00:33:11.003
>> We all do something wrong once in a while.

00:33:11.003 --> 00:33:13.493
Most of the times when we do something wrong

00:33:13.493 --> 00:33:16.289
we not just know it but we feel it.

00:33:16.289 --> 00:33:18.958
We feel bad, we feel guilty,

00:33:18.958 --> 00:33:21.917
we feel remorse and it is the feeling of what's wrong

00:33:21.917 --> 00:33:26.653
that stops most of us from misbehaving in the future.

00:33:26.653 --> 00:33:27.758


00:33:27.758 --> 00:33:29.702
>> But what happens when someone doesn't feel

00:33:29.702 --> 00:33:31.550
any guilt or remorse?

00:33:31.550 --> 00:33:33.116


00:33:33.116 --> 00:33:35.551
And there's no battle happening in their brains

00:33:35.551 --> 00:33:37.904
to prevent them from committing, repeating,

00:33:37.904 --> 00:33:40.199
and even enjoying what are unspeakable

00:33:40.199 --> 00:33:42.581
acts of horror for the rest of us.

00:33:42.581 --> 00:33:44.336


00:33:44.336 --> 00:33:46.835
Men like Ted Bundy who murdered at least

00:33:46.835 --> 00:33:48.123
35 women.

00:33:48.522 --> 00:33:51.997
Jeffrey Dahmer who tortured 17 men and boys

00:33:51.997 --> 00:33:52.915
to death.

00:33:53.930 --> 00:33:58.183
And Joel Rifkin who beat and strangled 17 women.

00:33:58.183 --> 00:33:59.861


00:33:59.861 --> 00:34:02.555
Scientists are fascinated by these real life

00:34:02.555 --> 00:34:04.420
archetypes of evil.

00:34:05.466 --> 00:34:07.663
>> Ted Bundy was, if you will, the motivation that

00:34:07.663 --> 00:34:10.102
got me interested in this career.

00:34:10.102 --> 00:34:12.393
Ted Bundy actually grew up down the street.

00:34:12.393 --> 00:34:13.956
So when I was growing up I was hearing

00:34:13.956 --> 00:34:16.043
these stories of how he ended up like this,

00:34:16.043 --> 00:34:17.464
it just mystified everybody.

00:34:17.464 --> 00:34:19.314
>> Surprised? I don't know, I didn't know what to expect.

00:34:19.314 --> 00:34:20.281
I've never been in a jail before.

00:34:20.281 --> 00:34:21.651
I've never been arrested before.

00:34:21.651 --> 00:34:24.695


00:34:24.695 --> 00:34:26.999
>> I just combined the two things I wanted to

00:34:26.999 --> 00:34:27.840
understand the most

00:34:27.840 --> 00:34:29.068
and one was how the brain works

00:34:29.068 --> 00:34:30.736
and how does it work in the people

00:34:30.736 --> 00:34:32.776
who do these bad things, in psychopaths?

00:34:32.776 --> 00:34:34.753


00:34:34.753 --> 00:34:36.655
>> Research suggests as many as

00:34:36.655 --> 00:34:39.652
one person in 100 is a psychopath.

00:34:39.652 --> 00:34:41.877
Most are not the violent kind.

00:34:41.877 --> 00:34:45.694
Rarer still are those who turn into serial killers.

00:34:45.694 --> 00:34:47.955
But they all share common traits.

00:34:48.524 --> 00:34:50.448
>> Ted Bundy actually exemplified almost all of the

00:34:50.448 --> 00:34:52.527
characteristics of the psychopath.

00:34:52.527 --> 00:34:54.205
He was very glib and superficial.

00:34:54.205 --> 00:34:55.554
He was very charming.

00:34:55.554 --> 00:34:56.238
He convinced many people.

00:34:56.238 --> 00:34:59.299
He even got married in prison when he was older.

00:34:59.299 --> 00:35:01.621
>> No one imagined he was capable of being

00:35:01.621 --> 00:35:03.287
a cold-blooded killer.

00:35:04.134 --> 00:35:06.002
According to Dr. Kent Kiehl,

00:35:06.002 --> 00:35:08.505
the overriding characteristic of a psychopath

00:35:08.505 --> 00:35:10.229
is that they lack conscience.

00:35:11.676 --> 00:35:13.301
>> They often say, I just don't understand

00:35:13.301 --> 00:35:15.392
why there's such a big fuss about all of this.

00:35:15.392 --> 00:35:18.042


00:35:18.042 --> 00:35:20.708
>> Bundy and Dahmer are dead but Joel Rifkin

00:35:20.708 --> 00:35:24.352
is still alive and behind bars in upstate New York.

00:35:25.228 --> 00:35:28.098
>> Did you feel guilty after any of these homicides?

00:35:28.098 --> 00:35:31.769


00:35:31.769 --> 00:35:33.447
>> No, not really.

00:35:33.447 --> 00:35:34.644
Um.

00:35:36.660 --> 00:35:39.172
There were one or two maybe I felt bad about

00:35:39.172 --> 00:35:42.101
but, no not really guilty, guilty about it.

00:35:42.101 --> 00:35:44.399


00:35:44.399 --> 00:35:45.468
I would have had to care.

00:35:45.468 --> 00:35:46.014
(Laughing)

00:35:46.014 --> 00:35:48.224
I didn't care then, that's the sad thing.

00:35:49.451 --> 00:35:50.396
>> What we really want to understand is why

00:35:50.396 --> 00:35:52.361
they don't ever appreciate why

00:35:52.361 --> 00:35:53.834
they're doing these bad things

00:35:53.834 --> 00:35:55.554
and how these things impact other people.

00:35:55.554 --> 00:36:00.838


00:36:00.838 --> 00:36:03.747
>> Scientists hope that by looking inside the brains

00:36:03.747 --> 00:36:06.700
of psychopaths they might finally identify the

00:36:06.700 --> 00:36:08.901
reason for their twisted thoughts.

00:36:09.225 --> 00:36:12.281
>> Once upon a time Joel Rifkin was this innocent

00:36:12.281 --> 00:36:16.639
little baby with this beautiful smile on his face.

00:36:16.639 --> 00:36:20.176
He didn't have one sense of evil in him.

00:36:20.812 --> 00:36:22.019
Or did he?

00:36:22.019 --> 00:36:29.852


00:36:29.852 --> 00:36:32.791
>> What makes some brains evil?

00:36:32.791 --> 00:36:34.537
The answer may lie in ground breaking

00:36:34.537 --> 00:36:36.775
experiments being carried out at

00:36:36.775 --> 00:36:38.475
New Mexico prisons.

00:36:38.475 --> 00:36:40.873
Scientists estimate one in 20 inmates

00:36:40.873 --> 00:36:43.056
has a personality disorder that could be

00:36:43.056 --> 00:36:44.248
psychopathic.

00:36:44.248 --> 00:36:45.071


00:36:45.071 --> 00:36:47.778
So, there's no shortage of potential test subjects

00:36:47.778 --> 00:36:50.645
where Dr. Kiehl carries out his research.

00:36:50.645 --> 00:36:53.574
His aim is to develop new treatments

00:36:53.574 --> 00:36:55.774
but to do that he needs to find out what's

00:36:55.774 --> 00:36:57.698
different about their brains.

00:36:58.406 --> 00:37:02.106
>> The ideal goal is to be able to help us reduce

00:37:02.106 --> 00:37:04.314
the impact the disorder has not only on the individual

00:37:04.314 --> 00:37:05.636
but also on society.

00:37:06.082 --> 00:37:08.657
>> First he interviews the prisoners to identify

00:37:08.657 --> 00:37:11.265
those that exhibit psychopathic tendencies.

00:37:11.265 --> 00:37:11.856


00:37:11.856 --> 00:37:13.372
>> So this is going to be an interview that we kind of

00:37:13.372 --> 00:37:15.041
cover different aspects of your life.

00:37:15.041 --> 00:37:16.341
So, we're going to start out with like school history,

00:37:16.341 --> 00:37:18.440
we'll talk about employment history,

00:37:18.440 --> 00:37:19.524
we talk about your family,

00:37:19.524 --> 00:37:21.177
we'll talk about criminal activity,

00:37:21.177 --> 00:37:23.000
things that you've done, things like that.

00:37:23.000 --> 00:37:25.480
>> Psychopaths have remarkably similar patterns

00:37:25.480 --> 00:37:26.503
of behavior.

00:37:26.503 --> 00:37:27.202


00:37:27.202 --> 00:37:29.195
>> Did you ever get in trouble when you were a kid?

00:37:29.195 --> 00:37:30.571
>> All the time.

00:37:30.571 --> 00:37:33.183
>> They have an impulsive nomadic lifestyle.

00:37:33.183 --> 00:37:34.575
They move from place to place.

00:37:34.575 --> 00:37:36.075
Relationship to relationship.

00:37:36.075 --> 00:37:37.836
They're very sexually promiscuous.

00:37:37.836 --> 00:37:39.305
They tend to get themselves in trouble.

00:37:39.305 --> 00:37:48.341


00:37:48.341 --> 00:37:50.701
>> Dr. Kiehl sends the prisoners he's diagnosed

00:37:50.701 --> 00:37:53.145
as psychopathic for brain scans.

00:37:54.145 --> 00:37:56.794
In the first test he wants to see how they react

00:37:56.794 --> 00:37:58.077
to making mistakes.

00:37:58.077 --> 00:37:58.793


00:37:58.793 --> 00:38:02.227
>> I've scanned over 300 inmates so we've actually

00:38:02.227 --> 00:38:03.988
collected one of the largest brain imaging data

00:38:03.988 --> 00:38:06.011
sets in the world and by far and away the largest

00:38:06.011 --> 00:38:07.941
brain imaging data set that's ever been

00:38:07.941 --> 00:38:09.734
collected in psychopaths.

00:38:09.734 --> 00:38:10.879


00:38:10.879 --> 00:38:13.056
>> All right, this is obviously the magnet.

00:38:13.056 --> 00:38:15.002
It doesn't sound like much now but it will get

00:38:15.002 --> 00:38:16.117
very, very loud.

00:38:16.117 --> 00:38:19.547


00:38:19.547 --> 00:38:22.063
>> The scanner uses magnetic fields and radio

00:38:22.063 --> 00:38:24.814
energy to monitor blood flow in the brain while

00:38:24.814 --> 00:38:27.430
the inmate is thinking and reacting.

00:38:28.693 --> 00:38:30.507
>> During this test you are going to see a series of

00:38:30.507 --> 00:38:32.083
X's and K's on the screen.

00:38:32.083 --> 00:38:34.260
What I want you to do is press the first button

00:38:34.260 --> 00:38:36.532
with your first index finger whenever an X appears

00:38:36.532 --> 00:38:38.339
on the screen but do not press

00:38:38.339 --> 00:38:40.300
when a K appears on the screen.

00:38:40.300 --> 00:38:41.353
>> All right.

00:38:41.353 --> 00:38:47.095


00:38:47.095 --> 00:38:49.224
>> The two letters flash by so quickly

00:38:49.224 --> 00:38:51.529
that the challenge is near impossible for anyone

00:38:51.529 --> 00:38:52.613
to get right.

00:38:52.613 --> 00:38:53.451


00:38:53.451 --> 00:38:55.043
>> It is very difficult, people tend to make a lot

00:38:55.043 --> 00:38:55.758
of mistakes.

00:38:55.758 --> 00:38:56.688
They tend to press buttons when they're not

00:38:56.688 --> 00:38:58.650
supposed to and what we want to know is how does

00:38:58.650 --> 00:39:00.549
their brain learn to appreciate a mistake

00:39:00.549 --> 00:39:03.573
and does it recover from that mistake?

00:39:03.573 --> 00:39:05.922
>> By observing brain activity during this test,

00:39:05.922 --> 00:39:08.702
Dr. Kiehl can see that psychopaths don't care

00:39:08.702 --> 00:39:10.694
as much as normal individuals when they

00:39:10.694 --> 00:39:11.594
make a mistake.

00:39:11.594 --> 00:39:14.637


00:39:14.637 --> 00:39:17.229
But that doesn't mean they're unintelligent.

00:39:19.319 --> 00:39:21.650
Serial killer, Joel Rifkin for example,

00:39:21.650 --> 00:39:24.841
has an IQ of 128 which places him in the

00:39:24.841 --> 00:39:27.065
top three percent of the population.

00:39:28.200 --> 00:39:30.038
>> What's really kind of dumbfounding is that

00:39:30.038 --> 00:39:32.699
they're above average intelligence compared

00:39:32.699 --> 00:39:34.552
to the rest of the inmate population.

00:39:34.552 --> 00:39:35.959
They're very hot headed and impulsive

00:39:35.959 --> 00:39:38.234
but they are very manipulative and conning.

00:39:38.234 --> 00:39:39.687


00:39:39.687 --> 00:39:42.901
>> There were times I got pulled over with bodies

00:39:42.901 --> 00:39:44.831
in the vehicle and I would lie

00:39:44.831 --> 00:39:46.807
my way out of the situation.

00:39:46.807 --> 00:39:50.232
I was basically looking for a place to dump

00:39:50.232 --> 00:39:51.808
my little package and he's -

00:39:51.808 --> 00:39:54.193
why are you wandering around suburbia?

00:39:54.193 --> 00:39:56.499
And I'm like, well I'm lost how do I get on this road?

00:39:56.499 --> 00:39:59.151
I had no idea what road I was pointing to but

00:39:59.151 --> 00:40:01.035
I had the map and I was very convincing.

00:40:01.035 --> 00:40:08.044


00:40:08.044 --> 00:40:10.288
>> In a second test, the New Mexico inmates

00:40:10.288 --> 00:40:12.341
are asked to rate photos on whether they are

00:40:12.341 --> 00:40:14.424
morally objectionable.

00:40:14.840 --> 00:40:17.105
>> A moral volition is an action or an attitude

00:40:17.105 --> 00:40:19.051
that is considered to be wrong.

00:40:19.051 --> 00:40:20.597
You should make your decision based on your own

00:40:20.597 --> 00:40:22.640
system of moral values not what you think

00:40:22.640 --> 00:40:24.779
others or society would consider to be wrong.

00:40:24.779 --> 00:40:26.125
Does that make sense so far?

00:40:26.125 --> 00:40:26.855
>> Yeah.

00:40:26.855 --> 00:40:27.785
>> OK.

00:40:27.785 --> 00:40:31.121


00:40:31.121 --> 00:40:32.606
>> We're trying to understand how inmates

00:40:32.606 --> 00:40:35.278
process information that has a moral value.

00:40:35.278 --> 00:40:36.962
And there are different brain systems that we

00:40:36.962 --> 00:40:38.800
believe are deciding whether or not something

00:40:38.800 --> 00:40:41.039
is a moral violation or not and whether or not

00:40:41.039 --> 00:40:43.031
those systems have not developed normally

00:40:43.031 --> 00:40:44.391
in a psychopathic inmate.

00:40:44.684 --> 00:40:46.815
>> This pioneering research is proving what

00:40:46.815 --> 00:40:48.791
scientists have wondered for years.

00:40:48.791 --> 00:40:49.105


00:40:49.105 --> 00:40:51.893
Whether psychopaths have an impaired ability

00:40:51.893 --> 00:40:53.608
to reason.

00:40:53.608 --> 00:40:56.182
What they found is that their frontal lobes,

00:40:56.182 --> 00:40:58.066
the brain's most recent addition,

00:40:58.066 --> 00:40:59.504
and the amygdala,

00:40:59.504 --> 00:41:01.388
one of the more primal parts of the brain,

00:41:01.388 --> 00:41:03.257
are not communicating properly.

00:41:03.257 --> 00:41:04.279


00:41:04.279 --> 00:41:06.010
What's more, in a recent study,

00:41:06.010 --> 00:41:08.492
Dr. Adrain Raine found that the brains

00:41:08.492 --> 00:41:11.003
of psychopaths are physically different.

00:41:11.003 --> 00:41:14.035
He was able to show for the first time that they have

00:41:14.035 --> 00:41:15.427
a shrunken amygdala.

00:41:15.427 --> 00:41:18.768
On average, 17 percent smaller than most people's.

00:41:20.215 --> 00:41:22.707
And this is another crucial piece of the puzzle

00:41:22.707 --> 00:41:24.867
in understanding why psychopaths are not

00:41:24.867 --> 00:41:26.828
afraid to commit evil acts.

00:41:26.828 --> 00:41:28.158


00:41:28.158 --> 00:41:30.836
>> Psychopaths know it's wrong to kill someone

00:41:31.512 --> 00:41:32.780
but why do they do it?

00:41:32.780 --> 00:41:36.080
They don't have the feeling of what's moral.

00:41:36.080 --> 00:41:37.980
I'm not going to stick a knife in you

00:41:37.980 --> 00:41:40.287
because I'll feel the pain myself.

00:41:40.287 --> 00:41:41.510
I'll experience the pain.

00:41:41.510 --> 00:41:42.517
I've got empathy.

00:41:42.517 --> 00:41:44.617
I can put myself into your shoes.

00:41:44.617 --> 00:41:48.667


00:41:48.667 --> 00:41:51.366
Murderers like Joel Rifkin can't do that.

00:41:51.366 --> 00:41:54.162
He killed those prostitutes because he didn't

00:41:54.162 --> 00:41:59.007
care about what it might feel like to be strangled.

00:41:59.640 --> 00:42:02.739
>> How did you feel while you were strangling them?

00:42:02.739 --> 00:42:05.686


00:42:05.686 --> 00:42:08.730
>> Uh, just intensely focused on that.

00:42:08.730 --> 00:42:11.870


00:42:11.870 --> 00:42:16.893
And, uh, not thinking about much or much else.

00:42:17.708 --> 00:42:20.240
>> Rifkin committed so many murders he was bound

00:42:20.240 --> 00:42:22.429
to get caught eventually.

00:42:22.429 --> 00:42:24.563
But what about all those other psychopaths,

00:42:24.563 --> 00:42:25.939
that one in one hundred,

00:42:25.939 --> 00:42:27.977
why don't they end up in jail?

00:42:27.977 --> 00:42:31.755


00:42:31.755 --> 00:42:34.130
Dr. Raine's research has pinpointed the difference

00:42:34.130 --> 00:42:36.809
in the brains of white collar psychopaths.

00:42:37.372 --> 00:42:39.431
The kind who think nothing of swindling people

00:42:39.431 --> 00:42:40.961
out of their life's savings.

00:42:40.961 --> 00:42:41.891


00:42:41.891 --> 00:42:44.028
Yes, they have the smaller amygdala but it

00:42:44.028 --> 00:42:46.051
appears to communicate with their frontal lobes

00:42:46.051 --> 00:42:47.180
normally.

00:42:47.180 --> 00:42:49.692


00:42:49.692 --> 00:42:51.928
They have less capacity for empathy but

00:42:51.928 --> 00:42:55.695
have the brainpower to be a good liar and a cheat.

00:42:55.695 --> 00:42:58.297
Successful psychopaths showed very good

00:42:58.297 --> 00:42:59.889
executive functions.

00:42:59.889 --> 00:43:01.819
Very good planning ability.

00:43:01.819 --> 00:43:04.640
Very good ability to regulate and control.

00:43:04.640 --> 00:43:07.503
They have good awareness of themselves.

00:43:07.503 --> 00:43:10.431
They have very good stress reactivity.

00:43:10.431 --> 00:43:13.244
And frankly, you need these executive functions

00:43:13.244 --> 00:43:16.708
to successfully con and manipulate individuals.

00:43:16.708 --> 00:43:17.868


00:43:17.868 --> 00:43:20.076
With scientists now sure that psychopaths

00:43:20.076 --> 00:43:23.842
have impaired brains, it begs the question of

00:43:23.842 --> 00:43:25.218
when they go wrong?

00:43:25.218 --> 00:43:28.697


00:43:28.697 --> 00:43:31.257
>> We believe that in large part the feeling

00:43:31.257 --> 00:43:34.392
of what's right and wrong is wired into the brain.

00:43:34.392 --> 00:43:37.586
The brain is set to be somewhat less moral

00:43:37.586 --> 00:43:42.222
or more moral depending on your genetic

00:43:42.222 --> 00:43:44.821
and your biological background.

00:43:44.821 --> 00:43:47.198
>> In other words, it's in our genes.

00:43:47.198 --> 00:43:49.530
And it's how our brain grows in the womb.

00:43:49.530 --> 00:43:51.460
But according to Dr. Raine,

00:43:51.460 --> 00:43:53.396
that's still only half the story.

00:43:53.847 --> 00:43:55.823
>> Of course you can't rule out the environment,

00:43:55.823 --> 00:43:58.648
that's 50 percent of the equation.

00:43:58.648 --> 00:44:00.178
It's like two sides of a coin,

00:44:00.178 --> 00:44:03.031
it's both genetic and environmental.

00:44:03.830 --> 00:44:06.230
>> If finding the location of good and evil

00:44:06.230 --> 00:44:08.584
in the brain has been a challenge for scientists,

00:44:08.584 --> 00:44:11.012
there is an even bigger mystery waiting

00:44:11.012 --> 00:44:14.228
to be unlocked - memory.

00:44:14.228 --> 00:44:15.389
Thanks to memory,

00:44:15.389 --> 00:44:17.618
the brain is constantly traveling through

00:44:17.618 --> 00:44:19.533
time, pulling fragments of the past

00:44:19.533 --> 00:44:21.494
into the present.

00:44:21.494 --> 00:44:24.434
This ability is key to a human's existence.

00:44:24.434 --> 00:44:26.557
>> The reason we have memory is so that you can

00:44:26.557 --> 00:44:29.565
make better decisions the next time around.

00:44:29.565 --> 00:44:32.690
So, all of your thinking and your future planning

00:44:32.690 --> 00:44:34.865
is dictated by your memory.

00:44:35.818 --> 00:44:37.708
>> While the workings of an organ like the heart

00:44:37.708 --> 00:44:41.162
are well understood, scientists are still figuring out

00:44:41.162 --> 00:44:43.431
memory in the brain.

00:44:43.431 --> 00:44:46.278
The big breakthrough came 80 years ago.

00:44:46.278 --> 00:44:47.854


00:44:47.854 --> 00:44:48.969
>> So in the 1920's,

00:44:48.969 --> 00:44:51.195
a neuroscientist named Karl Lashley,

00:44:51.195 --> 00:44:52.864
taught rats to run a maze.

00:44:52.864 --> 00:44:55.769
And then he damaged parts of their brains

00:44:55.769 --> 00:44:58.277
selectively to see where the memory of how to

00:44:58.277 --> 00:45:00.084
run the maze was stored.

00:45:00.084 --> 00:45:03.076
Now what he found is that it is not stored

00:45:03.076 --> 00:45:04.514
in any particular place.

00:45:05.128 --> 00:45:06.858
And you have an extremely complicated,

00:45:06.858 --> 00:45:08.388
very networked system.

00:45:08.388 --> 00:45:09.257


00:45:09.257 --> 00:45:11.049
>> The system is so complex in fact,

00:45:11.049 --> 00:45:12.918
the most advanced super computers don't

00:45:12.918 --> 00:45:15.758
even come close to the storage capacity of the brain.

00:45:15.758 --> 00:45:16.965


00:45:16.965 --> 00:45:20.131
10 trillion bytes of memory.

00:45:20.131 --> 00:45:21.954
>> The brain is the most complicated device

00:45:21.954 --> 00:45:23.592
we've found in the universe.

00:45:23.592 --> 00:45:27.941
It has 10 billion cells just in the cortex

00:45:27.941 --> 00:45:31.577
which is the outer part and in a single tiny

00:45:31.577 --> 00:45:33.886
piece of cortex, a cubic millimeter,

00:45:33.886 --> 00:45:36.402
you have more connections than you have stars

00:45:36.402 --> 00:45:38.543
in the Milky Way Galaxy.

00:45:38.543 --> 00:45:40.631
>> All those connections make the brain capable

00:45:40.631 --> 00:45:42.577
of storing and retrieving massive amounts

00:45:42.577 --> 00:45:44.707
of data in some amazing ways.

00:45:44.707 --> 00:45:46.391


00:45:46.391 --> 00:45:48.460
Perhaps none more incredible and extreme

00:45:48.460 --> 00:45:51.031
than what's called photographic memory or

00:45:51.031 --> 00:45:52.300
mnemonism.

00:45:52.300 --> 00:45:53.646


00:45:53.646 --> 00:45:55.730
>> As we try to understand vision and memory

00:45:55.730 --> 00:45:58.834
in neuroscience, we're really fascinated by people

00:45:58.834 --> 00:45:59.995
who are mnemonists.

00:45:59.995 --> 00:46:02.485
They have a untaxable memory that can remember

00:46:02.485 --> 00:46:03.754
everything going in.

00:46:03.754 --> 00:46:04.761


00:46:04.761 --> 00:46:06.461
>> British artist Stephen Wiltshire,

00:46:06.461 --> 00:46:08.775
has this extraordinary ability.

00:46:08.775 --> 00:46:11.518
He can remember complicated cityscapes

00:46:11.518 --> 00:46:15.306
and reproduce them in staggering detail.

00:46:15.306 --> 00:46:18.023
For his latest sketch, he's climbing to the top

00:46:18.023 --> 00:46:20.969
of Tower Bridge for a bird's eye view of London.

00:46:20.969 --> 00:46:23.498


00:46:23.498 --> 00:46:25.624
He need only stay a few minutes since he claims

00:46:25.624 --> 00:46:28.408
his visual memory of the scene will never fade.

00:46:28.408 --> 00:46:31.684


00:46:31.684 --> 00:46:35.545
>> I'm just looking at the buildings and skyscrapers.

00:46:35.545 --> 00:46:38.559
Usually I like to take about 20 minutes

00:46:38.559 --> 00:46:40.969
and then do it from memory.

00:46:41.530 --> 00:46:44.373
>> To appreciate how incredible Stephen's skill is,

00:46:44.373 --> 00:46:47.360
it helps to understand how vision works.

00:46:47.360 --> 00:46:49.999


00:46:49.999 --> 00:46:52.175
Sight is processed at the back of the brain

00:46:52.175 --> 00:46:55.069
in the occipital lobes or visual cortex.

00:46:55.069 --> 00:46:55.983


00:46:55.983 --> 00:47:00.327
Two eyes give a field of vision of about 200 degrees.

00:47:00.327 --> 00:47:03.187
They can detect 2.3 million different shades

00:47:03.187 --> 00:47:04.517
of color.

00:47:04.517 --> 00:47:07.781
And experts estimate they send 72 gigabytes

00:47:07.781 --> 00:47:10.198
of information to the brain every second.

00:47:10.198 --> 00:47:11.851


00:47:11.851 --> 00:47:15.060
That's like 18,000 songs on an IPod.

00:47:15.060 --> 00:47:17.181


00:47:17.181 --> 00:47:19.326
Back at his gallery, Stephen begins to draw

00:47:19.326 --> 00:47:20.995
what he saw.

00:47:20.995 --> 00:47:23.156
He's using several areas of his brain.

00:47:23.156 --> 00:47:26.535
His parietal lobes in particular are working to

00:47:26.535 --> 00:47:28.450
control his spacial manipulation

00:47:28.450 --> 00:47:30.150
and hand-eye coordination.

00:47:30.150 --> 00:47:31.865


00:47:31.865 --> 00:47:33.703
Cross-checking his sketch with the view

00:47:33.703 --> 00:47:36.883
reveals just how uncannily accurate it is.

00:47:36.883 --> 00:47:39.150


00:47:39.150 --> 00:47:41.455
In little more than an hour he's recreated

00:47:41.455 --> 00:47:42.985
the panorama.

00:47:42.985 --> 00:47:45.997


00:47:45.997 --> 00:47:48.759
This picture will sell for $4,000.

00:47:48.759 --> 00:47:51.329


00:47:51.329 --> 00:47:54.530
Stephen's talent is almost super human.

00:47:54.530 --> 00:47:56.824
But his skill comes at a cost.

00:47:56.824 --> 00:47:58.724
He is an autistic savant

00:47:58.724 --> 00:48:01.194
which means his brain has developed differently.

00:48:01.485 --> 00:48:04.715
>> Most of us don't have the capacities he does

00:48:04.715 --> 00:48:08.162
because our brains are doing 57 other things.

00:48:08.162 --> 00:48:10.367
We're thinking about our careers, our mortgages,

00:48:10.367 --> 00:48:11.743
our futures, and what we're doing at the

00:48:11.743 --> 00:48:13.443
grocery store later on, and so on,

00:48:13.443 --> 00:48:16.487
and as a result, the neural real estate

00:48:16.487 --> 00:48:18.448
is divided up among lots of different tasks.

00:48:18.448 --> 00:48:21.075
In a savant's brain, essentially all of that

00:48:21.075 --> 00:48:23.204
real estate is devoted towards one thing like

00:48:23.204 --> 00:48:25.580
solving that Rubik's Cube or playing the piano

00:48:25.580 --> 00:48:27.587
and as a result they have they deficits in

00:48:27.587 --> 00:48:28.886
other aspects of their life.

00:48:28.886 --> 00:48:31.799
For example, in their capacity to socialize.

00:48:31.799 --> 00:48:33.067


00:48:33.067 --> 00:48:35.075
>> Geniuses like Leonardo Da Vinci,

00:48:35.075 --> 00:48:38.709
Mozart, and Monet all had incredible memories

00:48:38.709 --> 00:48:40.716
and there is speculation they may have been

00:48:40.716 --> 00:48:42.246
autistic, too.

00:48:42.246 --> 00:48:47.414


00:48:47.414 --> 00:48:49.771
While some brains can remember nearly everything

00:48:49.771 --> 00:48:52.297
they see, other brains can barely remember

00:48:52.297 --> 00:48:53.720
anything at all.

00:48:53.720 --> 00:48:55.546


00:48:55.546 --> 00:48:57.646
Welcome to the life of Clive Wearing,

00:48:57.646 --> 00:49:00.737
a man with the worst case of amnesia

00:49:00.737 --> 00:49:01.975
in the world.

00:49:01.975 --> 00:49:03.736
>> What were we doing before we sat on the bench?

00:49:03.736 --> 00:49:04.774
>> No idea.

00:49:04.774 --> 00:49:13.108


00:49:13.108 --> 00:49:16.126
>> Well! Yay!

00:49:16.126 --> 00:49:16.826


00:49:16.826 --> 00:49:18.617
Even though Clive Wearing has seen his wife,

00:49:18.617 --> 00:49:20.425
Deborah, numerous times today,

00:49:20.425 --> 00:49:23.705
every time he meets her, it's like he's seeing her

00:49:23.705 --> 00:49:24.958
for the first time.

00:49:24.958 --> 00:49:26.365


00:49:26.365 --> 00:49:29.613
Clive has the worst case of amnesia in the world.

00:49:30.404 --> 00:49:33.923
His memory span is at most 30 seconds long.

00:49:33.923 --> 00:49:35.592


00:49:35.592 --> 00:49:37.492
>> What were we doing before we sat on the bench?

00:49:37.492 --> 00:49:38.592
>> No idea.

00:49:39.791 --> 00:49:41.552
>> Do you know what this building is?

00:49:41.552 --> 00:49:42.798
>> No.

00:49:42.802 --> 00:49:43.886
>> Have you seen it before?

00:49:43.886 --> 00:49:44.755
>> No.

00:49:44.755 --> 00:49:48.149
>> He said to me it's like between before waking up

00:49:48.149 --> 00:49:49.141
and waking up.

00:49:49.141 --> 00:49:50.641
It's like the in-between stage,

00:49:50.641 --> 00:49:52.770
you haven't yet grasped where you are.

00:49:53.523 --> 00:49:55.037
What do you know?

00:49:55.037 --> 00:49:56.368
>> Nothing at all.

00:49:56.368 --> 00:49:57.760
>> Nothing?

00:49:57.760 --> 00:49:58.582


00:49:58.582 --> 00:50:00.805
>> Never had a thought or a dream.

00:50:01.974 --> 00:50:03.520
Day and night the same.

00:50:03.520 --> 00:50:04.573
>> Day and night the same?

00:50:04.573 --> 00:50:06.473
>> Yeah, blank all the time.

00:50:06.473 --> 00:50:09.565


00:50:09.565 --> 00:50:11.603
>> Clive was an acclaimed British conductor

00:50:11.603 --> 00:50:14.216
and musicologist until a viral infection

00:50:14.216 --> 00:50:17.267
developed into encephalitis in his brain.

00:50:18.205 --> 00:50:20.448
When the acute inflammation subsided,

00:50:20.448 --> 00:50:23.011
his brain had been severely damaged.

00:50:23.011 --> 00:50:24.987


00:50:24.987 --> 00:50:26.840
It's left him with only a very limited

00:50:26.840 --> 00:50:28.340
short-term memory.

00:50:28.340 --> 00:50:29.747


00:50:29.747 --> 00:50:33.724
>> Clive has absolutely no memory of anything

00:50:33.724 --> 00:50:35.814
that's happened in his life since the ambulance

00:50:35.814 --> 00:50:38.891
took him away in March 1985.

00:50:38.891 --> 00:50:41.735
And his autobiographical memory is so vague

00:50:41.735 --> 00:50:43.588
it's to be almost not there.

00:50:43.588 --> 00:50:45.226


00:50:45.226 --> 00:50:46.572
Who's that?

00:50:46.572 --> 00:50:47.872
>> I can't remember.

00:50:48.979 --> 00:50:50.694
>> That's him.

00:50:50.694 --> 00:50:51.732
>> My son.

00:50:51.732 --> 00:50:53.262
>> Your son, that's right.

00:50:53.262 --> 00:50:57.140
That's Antony and that's his children.

00:50:57.140 --> 00:50:57.808
>> His children?

00:50:57.808 --> 00:50:58.415
>> Yeah.

00:50:58.415 --> 00:50:59.422
>> I see.

00:50:59.422 --> 00:51:00.645
>> Only they're much bigger now.

00:51:00.645 --> 00:51:03.156


00:51:03.156 --> 00:51:05.344
Although memories are spread across the entire

00:51:05.344 --> 00:51:08.358
brain, there is one part that acts like a key

00:51:08.358 --> 00:51:11.158
to the storage and retrieval process,

00:51:11.158 --> 00:51:13.863
the hippocampus within the limbic system.

00:51:13.863 --> 00:51:15.270


00:51:15.270 --> 00:51:17.632
We know this because without the hippocampus,

00:51:17.632 --> 00:51:19.948
new memories do not form.

00:51:19.948 --> 00:51:21.278
There are at least two types of memory

00:51:21.278 --> 00:51:23.208
in the brain and most generally we divide that

00:51:23.208 --> 00:51:24.369
into short and long-term memory.

00:51:24.369 --> 00:51:27.342
So, short-term memory is if I tell you my

00:51:27.342 --> 00:51:28.780
phone number and you have to remember that

00:51:28.780 --> 00:51:31.156
for a few seconds while you go over to dial it.

00:51:31.156 --> 00:51:33.409
Long-term memory involves things like

00:51:33.409 --> 00:51:36.108
where you grew up and where you went to school

00:51:36.108 --> 00:51:37.377
and what you did today.

00:51:37.377 --> 00:51:38.892
That's all stored in long-term memory.

00:51:38.892 --> 00:51:40.745
What's happening with Clive is that he has a very

00:51:40.745 --> 00:51:42.321
short-term window of memory.

00:51:42.321 --> 00:51:44.067
He is not able to translate the short-term

00:51:44.067 --> 00:51:45.274
into long-term.

00:51:45.274 --> 00:51:47.817
He's not able to cement down the activity in

00:51:47.817 --> 00:51:50.078
the short-term into something in the physical

00:51:50.078 --> 00:51:51.393
structure in his brain.

00:51:51.393 --> 00:51:52.107


00:51:52.107 --> 00:51:53.899
>> Neurologists who have examined Clive

00:51:53.899 --> 00:51:57.007
have found severe damage in his hippocampus

00:51:57.007 --> 00:51:59.692
and they think that's what preventing his brain

00:51:59.692 --> 00:52:01.622
from storing memories.

00:52:01.622 --> 00:52:03.568
>> Clive Wearing suffers from both

00:52:03.568 --> 00:52:05.668
anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

00:52:05.668 --> 00:52:08.622
That is he can't learn new things but he also

00:52:08.622 --> 00:52:10.950
has a hard time recollecting old things.

00:52:10.950 --> 00:52:15.205
And it primarily seems to be affecting his ability

00:52:15.205 --> 00:52:16.843
to recollect information at will.

00:52:17.458 --> 00:52:19.746
>> Watch what happens when Clive's wife asks

00:52:19.746 --> 00:52:21.799
him what his son does for a living.

00:52:22.552 --> 00:52:25.925
>> Do you know what Antony's profession is?

00:52:25.925 --> 00:52:27.301


00:52:27.301 --> 00:52:28.677
>> He's an electrical engineer.

00:52:28.677 --> 00:52:29.407
>> Oh, is he?

00:52:29.407 --> 00:52:31.606
>> Yes. And do you know what he designs?

00:52:31.606 --> 00:52:32.644
>> No.

00:52:33.582 --> 00:52:34.774
>> Have a guess.

00:52:34.774 --> 00:52:35.335


00:52:35.335 --> 00:52:37.349
>> No idea. Not the faintest idea.

00:52:37.851 --> 00:52:38.843
>> Car motors.

00:52:38.843 --> 00:52:39.943
>> Oh, car motors!

00:52:39.943 --> 00:52:41.889
>> Yes, electrical car motors.

00:52:41.889 --> 00:52:43.358
>> What a good idea that is.

00:52:43.358 --> 00:52:44.642
>> Yeah, yeah.

00:52:44.642 --> 00:52:45.834
>> Stop the poisonous gas coming out

00:52:45.834 --> 00:52:46.980
the petrol engine.

00:52:46.980 --> 00:52:48.664
>> That's right. It does, doesn't it?

00:52:48.664 --> 00:52:50.133
>> Yeah, that was a very disastrous idea -

00:52:50.133 --> 00:52:51.094
>> That's right.

00:52:51.094 --> 00:52:52.955


00:52:52.955 --> 00:52:54.947
Do you know anyone who designs

00:52:54.947 --> 00:52:56.385
electrical car motors?

00:52:56.385 --> 00:52:57.084
>> No, I don't.

00:52:57.084 --> 00:52:58.153
>> Do you know anyone who does that?

00:52:58.153 --> 00:52:59.306
>> No.

00:52:59.595 --> 00:53:00.525
>> Your son does.

00:53:00.525 --> 00:53:01.778
>> Oh, I see!

00:53:01.778 --> 00:53:02.831
>> Antony does.

00:53:03.877 --> 00:53:06.144
He's actually got his own business.

00:53:06.144 --> 00:53:07.213
>> Oh, well done!

00:53:07.213 --> 00:53:08.082
>> Yeah.

00:53:08.082 --> 00:53:09.551
>> Oh.

00:53:10.812 --> 00:53:13.812
>> Do you remember what Antony's doing

00:53:13.812 --> 00:53:14.358
these days?

00:53:14.358 --> 00:53:17.029
>> No idea. Still at school last time I was conscious.

00:53:17.029 --> 00:53:19.664


00:53:19.664 --> 00:53:22.381
>> What makes Clive such a unique case is that while

00:53:22.381 --> 00:53:24.796
he can't remember details about his family,

00:53:24.796 --> 00:53:27.326
he can recall other things.

00:53:27.326 --> 00:53:29.595
>> The fact that his language is preserved so well

00:53:29.595 --> 00:53:32.590
and he is articulate illustrates the procedural

00:53:32.590 --> 00:53:34.950
memory for how to speak and how to construct

00:53:34.950 --> 00:53:37.961
words is stored separately than the issues

00:53:37.961 --> 00:53:41.004
about episodic memory, what you did, the facts

00:53:41.004 --> 00:53:41.950
about your life.

00:53:41.950 --> 00:53:42.973


00:53:42.973 --> 00:53:45.039
>> Different types of memories are stored very

00:53:45.039 --> 00:53:47.015
differently in the brain.

00:53:47.015 --> 00:53:49.607
Experts believe language memory could live

00:53:49.607 --> 00:53:51.557
in one of the temporal lobes,

00:53:51.557 --> 00:53:53.364
the one responsible for sound and speech

00:53:53.364 --> 00:53:55.604
on the left side of the brain.

00:53:55.604 --> 00:53:58.777
What's even more amazing is that Clive can still

00:53:58.777 --> 00:54:00.169
play the piano.

00:54:00.169 --> 00:54:01.684


00:54:01.684 --> 00:54:03.678
His procedural memory for playing the piano,

00:54:03.678 --> 00:54:05.515
on the right side of his brain,

00:54:05.515 --> 00:54:07.091
is undamaged.

00:54:07.091 --> 00:54:15.199


00:54:15.199 --> 00:54:17.719
>> When he is performing music,

00:54:17.719 --> 00:54:21.732
that is where Clive finds a continuum.

00:54:21.732 --> 00:54:25.658
He has a momentum that kind of carries him

00:54:25.658 --> 00:54:26.850
through time.

00:54:26.850 --> 00:54:28.611


00:54:28.611 --> 00:54:30.610
>> It's a great illustration of the way that these

00:54:30.610 --> 00:54:33.110
different types of memory can be separated out.

00:54:33.494 --> 00:54:34.886
>> Do you know what month this is?

00:54:34.886 --> 00:54:35.662
>> No.

00:54:37.215 --> 00:54:38.206
>> It's April.

00:54:38.206 --> 00:54:38.828
>> April?

00:54:38.828 --> 00:54:39.774
>> Mm-hmm.

00:54:40.327 --> 00:54:41.364
It's your birthday next month.

00:54:41.364 --> 00:54:42.449
>> Yes.

00:54:42.449 --> 00:54:45.252
>> Clive today appears upbeat but that was not

00:54:45.252 --> 00:54:46.275
always the case.

00:54:46.275 --> 00:54:50.588


00:54:50.588 --> 00:54:53.511
This was Clive in 1988, three years into his

00:54:53.511 --> 00:54:56.210
amnesia when he was frustrated and angry.

00:54:56.210 --> 00:54:58.079


00:54:58.079 --> 00:55:01.134
>> For the first ten years, Clive lived in a world

00:55:01.134 --> 00:55:04.088
where he said the same few things over and

00:55:04.088 --> 00:55:08.844
over again because of the anxiety,

00:55:08.844 --> 00:55:10.205
the fear,

00:55:10.205 --> 00:55:11.166
the terror,

00:55:11.166 --> 00:55:13.600
the horror of his situation.

00:55:13.600 --> 00:55:15.768
>> Each new moment he felt he was awake

00:55:15.768 --> 00:55:17.498
he wanted to write it down.

00:55:17.498 --> 00:55:19.213
>> Well, it was such a compulsion that he would

00:55:19.213 --> 00:55:21.189
have written it on the table,

00:55:21.189 --> 00:55:22.427
on the wall,

00:55:22.427 --> 00:55:24.080
on any available surface.

00:55:24.080 --> 00:55:25.010


00:55:25.010 --> 00:55:26.402
>> So how do you think you got there?

00:55:26.402 --> 00:55:27.640
>> I don't know.

00:55:27.640 --> 00:55:28.786
I presume the doctors don't know.

00:55:28.786 --> 00:55:29.177
>> But you must have -

00:55:29.177 --> 00:55:30.293
>> No! I haven't!

00:55:30.293 --> 00:55:32.116
You listen to me please for Heaven's sake!

00:55:32.116 --> 00:55:32.585
>> Sorry.

00:55:32.585 --> 00:55:33.946
When I say no, I mean exactly that!

00:55:33.946 --> 00:55:36.479


00:55:36.479 --> 00:55:37.963
>> The pages of his diary are filled with

00:55:37.963 --> 00:55:40.823
exclamations and words crossed out.

00:55:40.823 --> 00:55:44.109
Eventually though, his anger subsided.

00:55:45.001 --> 00:55:47.070
>> He started to change

00:55:47.070 --> 00:55:50.364
after about the first 14 to 15 years.

00:55:50.364 --> 00:55:52.402
He began to remember things for longer.

00:55:52.402 --> 00:55:53.625
His mood changed.

00:55:53.625 --> 00:55:54.740


00:55:54.740 --> 00:55:56.824
>> Deborah attributes this change to her faith

00:55:56.824 --> 00:55:58.216
and her prayers.

00:55:58.216 --> 00:56:00.525
Scientists have their own explanation.

00:56:00.525 --> 00:56:02.847
>> We do know that your brain physically changes

00:56:02.847 --> 00:56:05.474
and that's what we mean by plasticity.

00:56:05.474 --> 00:56:07.574
It's always rewriting it's own circuitry.

00:56:07.574 --> 00:56:10.297
With children the brains are extremely plastic.

00:56:10.297 --> 00:56:13.023
That's why children can learn language

00:56:13.023 --> 00:56:14.491
so much more easily or learn how to play

00:56:14.491 --> 00:56:15.729
a new instrument.

00:56:15.729 --> 00:56:17.090
What we are now discovering is that the

00:56:17.090 --> 00:56:19.542
adult human brain is much more plastic than

00:56:19.542 --> 00:56:21.657
we previously thought so when people get

00:56:21.657 --> 00:56:23.982
brain damage, other parts of their brain can

00:56:23.982 --> 00:56:27.724
shift around and take over the missing functions.

00:56:27.724 --> 00:56:29.731
>> This year, Deborah wondered whether Clive

00:56:29.731 --> 00:56:31.831
still needed his diary.

00:56:31.831 --> 00:56:33.992
>> When he looks through the previous

00:56:33.992 --> 00:56:37.461
days and weeks and months and saw that he'd

00:56:37.461 --> 00:56:39.845
just written the same thing over and over again,

00:56:39.845 --> 00:56:43.198
it tended to upset him and we thought,

00:56:43.198 --> 00:56:44.990
well, let's just take it away and see whether

00:56:44.990 --> 00:56:46.058
he misses it.

00:56:46.058 --> 00:56:48.545
>> To everyone's surprise, after writing in his

00:56:48.545 --> 00:56:51.150
diary every single day for 23 years,

00:56:51.150 --> 00:56:53.925
Clive didn't ask for it back.

00:56:53.925 --> 00:56:56.085
That compulsive need to record each moment

00:56:56.085 --> 00:56:58.292
of awakening must have passed.

00:56:58.292 --> 00:57:01.391


00:57:01.391 --> 00:57:03.522
Scientists have learned a lot about memory by

00:57:03.522 --> 00:57:04.991
studying Clive.

00:57:04.991 --> 00:57:05.891


00:57:05.891 --> 00:57:07.714
But they've also gained valuable insight on

00:57:07.714 --> 00:57:09.275
other brain functions that contribute

00:57:09.275 --> 00:57:10.775
to a person's identity.

00:57:10.775 --> 00:57:12.228


00:57:12.228 --> 00:57:14.851
>> A lot of people say memory makes us who we are

00:57:14.851 --> 00:57:18.853
and boy did I find out how wrong that was.

00:57:18.853 --> 00:57:21.320
Clive's personality, thank God,

00:57:21.320 --> 00:57:22.758
is intact.

00:57:22.758 --> 00:57:23.765
>> Fancy a cup of coffee?

00:57:23.765 --> 00:57:26.729
>> Oh, I'd love it! That would be marvelous!

00:57:26.729 --> 00:57:28.044
>> I thought you'd be pleased.

00:57:28.044 --> 00:57:30.036
He's funny.

00:57:30.036 --> 00:57:31.951
He's also very compassionate.

00:57:31.951 --> 00:57:33.881
>> Lead the way to Heaven on earth.

00:57:33.881 --> 00:57:35.596
He has no knowledge about himself.

00:57:35.596 --> 00:57:37.753
But he is who he is.

00:57:37.753 --> 00:57:39.406
Unchanged.

00:57:39.406 --> 00:57:40.706
Pure Clive.

00:57:40.706 --> 00:57:42.206


00:57:42.206 --> 00:57:45.246
>> Memory plays a pivotal role in everything we do

00:57:45.246 --> 00:57:47.130
including sports.

00:57:47.130 --> 00:57:50.312
It's finally dawning on athletes that it's not only

00:57:50.312 --> 00:57:53.588
brawn but also brain that makes a champion.

00:57:53.588 --> 00:57:54.364


00:57:54.364 --> 00:57:56.660
>> Well, in the 80's we developed a lot of muscle

00:57:56.660 --> 00:57:59.328
training methods to increase sports performance.

00:57:59.328 --> 00:58:01.411
And now, in the 21st Century,

00:58:01.411 --> 00:58:03.658
we're taking the brain to the weight room.

00:58:03.658 --> 00:58:09.099


00:58:09.099 --> 00:58:13.166
(Commercials)

00:58:13.166 --> 01:01:25.996


01:01:25.996 --> 01:01:28.003
>> The more we learn about the brain,

01:01:28.003 --> 01:01:30.987
the more it informs every aspect of our lives

01:01:30.987 --> 01:01:33.565
including professional sports.

01:01:33.565 --> 01:01:39.793


01:01:39.793 --> 01:01:41.800
>> Sports performance is all about the brain

01:01:41.800 --> 01:01:43.823
but it wasn't like that all that time.

01:01:43.823 --> 01:01:46.596
For a long part of history of sports,

01:01:46.596 --> 01:01:48.249
people didn't care about the brain.

01:01:48.249 --> 01:01:50.272
They would consider an athlete a good player

01:01:50.272 --> 01:01:53.444
if they had good muscle definition and they were

01:01:53.444 --> 01:01:55.625
very coordinated.

01:01:55.625 --> 01:01:56.848
Just within the last ten years,

01:01:56.848 --> 01:02:00.963
we think that about 50% of all sports performance,

01:02:00.963 --> 01:02:02.647
and sometimes the most important part,

01:02:02.647 --> 01:02:04.885
that elite performance,

01:02:04.885 --> 01:02:07.331
is related to brain functioning.

01:02:07.331 --> 01:02:09.596
>> Now, athletes have caught on to how important

01:02:09.596 --> 01:02:12.420
the brain is to their performance on the field.

01:02:12.774 --> 01:02:16.324
>> 90% is mental, it's a tough game, ya know?

01:02:16.324 --> 01:02:18.224
You really have to have control of your mind

01:02:18.224 --> 01:02:19.462
to play this game.

01:02:19.462 --> 01:02:20.300


01:02:20.300 --> 01:02:22.580
>> So, how does the brain improve the game?

01:02:22.580 --> 01:02:25.841
>> Almost all of sports is dynamic and requires

01:02:25.841 --> 01:02:28.351
millisecond to millisecond decision making

01:02:28.351 --> 01:02:31.566
and if you miss it by a small percentage,

01:02:31.566 --> 01:02:33.791
you miss the put.

01:02:33.791 --> 01:02:36.541
You're a tenth of a second too slow.

01:02:36.541 --> 01:02:39.651
Your shot falls off the rim.

01:02:39.651 --> 01:02:42.040
That's that little differentiation between

01:02:42.040 --> 01:02:45.098
super world class and good.

01:02:45.098 --> 01:02:48.135
>> At a basic level, it's about hand-eye coordination

01:02:48.135 --> 01:02:50.711
and practice, practice, practice.

01:02:50.711 --> 01:02:51.595


01:02:51.595 --> 01:02:53.838
And there's no better place to see this than at the

01:02:53.838 --> 01:02:55.814
Cirque du Soleil where performers

NOTE Paragraph

01:02:55.814 --> 01:02:57.944
must practice constantly.

01:02:57.944 --> 01:03:03.856


01:03:03.856 --> 01:03:06.077
We use our frontal lobes to learn how to carry

01:03:06.077 --> 01:03:08.688
out an activity but the area of the brain that

01:03:08.688 --> 01:03:11.880
benefits most from practice is the cerebellum,

01:03:11.880 --> 01:03:13.487
at the back of the brain.

01:03:13.487 --> 01:03:16.980


01:03:16.980 --> 01:03:19.134
It helps to think of the brain as an old house

01:03:19.134 --> 01:03:22.846
with new rooms slowly added over time.

01:03:22.846 --> 01:03:24.992
The brain stem is the basement because

01:03:24.992 --> 01:03:26.738
it evolved first.

01:03:26.738 --> 01:03:28.591
The cerebellum came next.

01:03:28.591 --> 01:03:30.121
>> It's an old part of the brain,

01:03:30.121 --> 01:03:31.682
it's sort of set off, off the first floor

01:03:31.682 --> 01:03:33.012
in the basement.

01:03:33.012 --> 01:03:35.705
It's almost entirely responsible for movement,

01:03:35.705 --> 01:03:38.417
complicated sequencing of movements.

01:03:38.417 --> 01:03:40.409
>> The cerebellum sends out signals to the

01:03:40.409 --> 01:03:43.130
100 billion nerve cells in our bodies

01:03:43.130 --> 01:03:45.316
which in turn tell the muscles what we want

01:03:45.316 --> 01:03:46.262
them to do.

01:03:46.262 --> 01:03:48.946


01:03:48.946 --> 01:03:51.199
>> The frontal lobe is monitoring the activity

01:03:51.199 --> 01:03:53.898
but most of the time gets out of the way

01:03:53.898 --> 01:03:56.790
and allows the cerebellum and the rest of brain

01:03:56.790 --> 01:03:59.889
to engage in this behavior that's been practiced

01:03:59.889 --> 01:04:02.012
over and over and over again.

01:04:02.012 --> 01:04:03.619
>> Scientists think that the frontal lobe

01:04:03.619 --> 01:04:05.334
simply cannot keep up with the speed

01:04:05.334 --> 01:04:07.855
of information processing necessary to perform a

01:04:07.855 --> 01:04:09.539
high level skill.

01:04:09.539 --> 01:04:11.873


01:04:11.873 --> 01:04:14.222
Which is why the cerebellum takes over.

01:04:14.222 --> 01:04:16.291
Its procedural memory, the same kind

01:04:16.291 --> 01:04:19.658
Clive Wearing uses to play the piano.

01:04:19.658 --> 01:04:22.848
>> It's the idea that you can go into a filing cabinet

01:04:22.848 --> 01:04:24.855
and pick out a motor memory that you've

01:04:24.855 --> 01:04:26.278
already practiced.

01:04:26.278 --> 01:04:29.926
>> And experts now know why practice makes perfect.

01:04:29.926 --> 01:04:32.273
The more you practice, the better the cerebellum

01:04:32.273 --> 01:04:34.326
becomes at knowing exactly which nerves

01:04:34.326 --> 01:04:36.644
and muscles to trigger each time.

01:04:36.644 --> 01:04:38.436


01:04:38.436 --> 01:04:40.597
>> In sports psychology there's suggestions that it

01:04:40.597 --> 01:04:44.050
takes 10,000 hours of deliberate practice

01:04:44.050 --> 01:04:46.858
in order to achieve the level of expertise.

01:04:46.858 --> 01:04:48.019


01:04:48.019 --> 01:04:49.984
>> Such extreme levels of ability may actually

01:04:49.984 --> 01:04:52.718
lead to memory within the muscle itself

01:04:52.718 --> 01:04:56.036
guiding a sequence of contractions and relaxations

01:04:56.036 --> 01:04:59.295
but the brain is still essential.

01:04:59.295 --> 01:05:02.588
>> You damage your brain, there is very little activity.

01:05:02.588 --> 01:05:04.800
Of course you need an intact body.

01:05:04.800 --> 01:05:07.052
You need physiology that works.

01:05:08.867 --> 01:05:10.967
In basketball it helps to be tall.

01:05:10.967 --> 01:05:13.381
In racing horses it helps to be small.

01:05:13.381 --> 01:05:15.861
But every of those athletes has a brain

01:05:15.861 --> 01:05:17.130
that has to be synchronized

01:05:17.130 --> 01:05:19.106
with their athletic activity.

01:05:19.106 --> 01:05:20.021


01:05:20.021 --> 01:05:21.936
>> But beyond practice and having the right body

01:05:21.936 --> 01:05:25.183
type, the brain plays another vital role in sports.

01:05:25.183 --> 01:05:29.642


01:05:29.642 --> 01:05:33.171
Just imagine a weight lifter who's trying to lift

01:05:33.171 --> 01:05:35.849
an amazing amount of weights.

01:05:35.849 --> 01:05:38.178
They have to be extremely pumped up.

01:05:39.039 --> 01:05:41.062
>> The navy seals use a breathing technique

01:05:41.062 --> 01:05:43.773
to calm down whereas athletes need to vary

01:05:43.773 --> 01:05:45.811
their level of excitement.

01:05:45.811 --> 01:05:47.880
Sports scientists call this process

01:05:47.880 --> 01:05:50.152
arousal modulation.

01:05:51.014 --> 01:05:54.341
>> We think of arousal modulation as the volume button

01:05:54.341 --> 01:05:55.948
of the brain.

01:05:55.948 --> 01:05:58.703
>> Once again, it's the amygdala in the limbic system

01:05:58.703 --> 01:06:02.120
that controls our emotional response.

01:06:02.120 --> 01:06:05.148
In this instance, it gets us psyched up to compete.

01:06:05.148 --> 01:06:06.955


01:06:06.955 --> 01:06:08.685
Back when the brain was evolving,

01:06:08.685 --> 01:06:11.303
it's how early man would get ready for the hunt.

01:06:11.303 --> 01:06:15.064


01:06:15.064 --> 01:06:18.056
But the amygdala needs to be triggered.

01:06:18.056 --> 01:06:20.542
One simple way is by using sensory stimulation

01:06:20.542 --> 01:06:22.821
such as cheering and clapping.

01:06:22.821 --> 01:06:25.719


01:06:25.719 --> 01:06:29.176
>> You can control it externally through loud noises,

01:06:29.176 --> 01:06:30.829
by slapping a person.

01:06:30.829 --> 01:06:31.529
Why?

01:06:31.529 --> 01:06:35.282
Because those sensory mechanisms go into the

01:06:35.282 --> 01:06:37.535
first floor of the brain.

01:06:37.535 --> 01:06:39.296


01:06:39.296 --> 01:06:42.157
So, you'll see in sports a lot of times people using

01:06:42.157 --> 01:06:44.602
this intuitively, a lot of noise -

01:06:44.602 --> 01:06:46.686
C'mon! C'mon! C'mon! Go! Go! Go!

01:06:46.686 --> 01:06:50.011


01:06:50.011 --> 01:06:51.880
Athletes need to get themselves into a position

01:06:51.880 --> 01:06:53.733
where when the game starts,

01:06:53.733 --> 01:06:56.989
they're at the right level of arousal because

01:06:56.989 --> 01:06:59.325
basketball is a contact sport.

01:07:00.140 --> 01:07:01.932
You gotta push out.

01:07:01.932 --> 01:07:05.248
You have to fight for the rebounds.

01:07:05.248 --> 01:07:07.443


01:07:07.443 --> 01:07:09.527
And it's almost this simulated war.

01:07:09.527 --> 01:07:18.852


01:07:18.852 --> 01:07:20.490
Once you're in a higher arousal level and you

01:07:20.490 --> 01:07:24.112
gotta come down, it's just as difficult as it is

01:07:24.112 --> 01:07:25.150
to go up.

01:07:25.150 --> 01:07:26.696
It might even be more difficult.

01:07:26.696 --> 01:07:28.334


01:07:28.334 --> 01:07:30.147
All of a sudden the game stops and they have to

01:07:30.147 --> 01:07:31.447
shoot a free throw.

01:07:31.447 --> 01:07:32.685


01:07:32.685 --> 01:07:34.431
>> The player needs to turn from pumped

01:07:34.431 --> 01:07:37.386
to quietly focused in seconds.

01:07:37.386 --> 01:07:39.859
Inside the player's brain the frontal lobes

01:07:39.859 --> 01:07:42.663
must quickly muffle the amygdala response

01:07:42.663 --> 01:07:47.010
to calm emotions, relax the body, breathe slower,

01:07:47.010 --> 01:07:49.510
and lower heart rate so that he stands a better

01:07:49.510 --> 01:07:52.111
chance at making the shot.

01:07:52.111 --> 01:07:54.392
This is tough because the player's body

01:07:54.392 --> 01:07:55.830
might be too pumped.

01:07:55.830 --> 01:07:58.302


01:07:58.302 --> 01:08:00.355
Or the frontal lobes might be distracted by

01:08:00.355 --> 01:08:03.254
other nervous thoughts like the fear of failure.

01:08:03.254 --> 01:08:04.276


01:08:04.276 --> 01:08:06.206
If these thoughts are strong enough,

01:08:06.206 --> 01:08:08.182
they could feed back to the limbic system

01:08:08.182 --> 01:08:10.970
and trigger the fear response.

01:08:10.970 --> 01:08:13.146
This would then make it extremely difficult to

01:08:13.146 --> 01:08:17.037
focus on performing a complicated action well.

01:08:17.037 --> 01:08:21.119
It's a situation experts call performance anxiety.

01:08:21.119 --> 01:08:27.782


01:08:27.782 --> 01:08:30.078
>> Performance anxiety is the largest culprit

01:08:30.078 --> 01:08:33.486
of poor athletic performance and the successful

01:08:33.486 --> 01:08:36.000
athlete has complete control over that.

01:08:36.000 --> 01:08:39.188


01:08:39.188 --> 01:08:41.041
>> It is tough to get your heart rate down

01:08:41.041 --> 01:08:42.756
and get focused

01:08:42.756 --> 01:08:44.944
and get concentrated on what you have to do

01:08:44.944 --> 01:08:46.367
because everything is so chaotic

01:08:46.367 --> 01:08:48.447
that all you want to do is go as fast as you can

01:08:48.447 --> 01:08:51.241
and you just need to relax and just try to stay cool.

01:08:51.241 --> 01:08:54.128


01:08:54.128 --> 01:08:56.239
>> Stay away from that white line, Graham.

01:08:56.239 --> 01:08:58.062
Stay way from that white line.

01:08:58.062 --> 01:08:58.684


01:08:58.684 --> 01:09:02.082
>> Get it wrong and the consequences can be fatal.

01:09:02.082 --> 01:09:03.843


01:09:03.843 --> 01:09:05.544
>> If you're concentration slips

01:09:05.544 --> 01:09:08.169
for any moment of time

01:09:08.169 --> 01:09:10.564
most often it would result in a crash.

01:09:10.564 --> 01:09:13.423
Top speeds can be up around 230 miles an hour

01:09:13.423 --> 01:09:15.230
and at those speeds anything can happen

01:09:15.230 --> 01:09:17.951
and when you hit the wall, you hit it hard.

01:09:17.951 --> 01:09:22.471


01:09:22.471 --> 01:09:24.944
>> Few sports demonstrate performance anxiety

01:09:24.944 --> 01:09:26.828
better than golf.

01:09:26.828 --> 01:09:29.347
>> People love golf because you'll see a

01:09:29.347 --> 01:09:33.296
world class athlete miss a two foot put to win a

01:09:33.296 --> 01:09:35.969
major tournament and lose hundreds of thousands

01:09:35.969 --> 01:09:37.407
of dollars.

01:09:37.407 --> 01:09:40.650
Putting requires a very low volume of activity.

01:09:40.650 --> 01:09:43.432
It's a small motor movement and the frontal lobes

01:09:43.432 --> 01:09:45.085
should probably be turned off.

01:09:45.085 --> 01:09:47.661
We know that Tiger Woods can do this because

01:09:47.661 --> 01:09:51.155
he's done it many times but what is it about his

01:09:51.155 --> 01:09:53.935
brain that he's able to put the ball into the hole?

01:09:53.935 --> 01:10:06.769


01:10:06.769 --> 01:10:09.052
What we found is that the brain can either

01:10:09.052 --> 01:10:11.889
help you succeed in this athletic activity

01:10:11.889 --> 01:10:13.989
or it can help you fail.

01:10:13.989 --> 01:10:16.110


01:10:16.110 --> 01:10:17.717
And we think Tiger Woods has found a way to

01:10:17.717 --> 01:10:21.147
succeed most of the time because of his ability

01:10:21.147 --> 01:10:23.814
to modulate his own brain functioning.

01:10:23.814 --> 01:10:25.912
>> Scientists can't scan Tiger Woods' brain

01:10:25.912 --> 01:10:27.012
in action.

01:10:27.012 --> 01:10:29.606
He would need to lie motionless which would

01:10:29.606 --> 01:10:31.982
make playing golf impossible.

01:10:32.519 --> 01:10:35.876
So instead, they must make an educated guess.

01:10:36.814 --> 01:10:39.949
>> Because he's blinking so little during a putt,

01:10:39.949 --> 01:10:43.440
we think that his anxiety is very low

01:10:43.440 --> 01:10:47.088
because eye blinking is usually related to anxiety.

01:10:47.088 --> 01:10:48.818
So he's very relaxed.

01:10:48.818 --> 01:10:52.259
Like a drowsy state, a drowsy sleepy level

01:10:52.259 --> 01:10:54.232
but yet enough concentration that you can

01:10:54.232 --> 01:10:55.608
focus on the task.

01:10:55.608 --> 01:11:01.698


01:11:01.698 --> 01:11:03.934
>> Athletes call this special feeling

01:11:03.934 --> 01:11:05.818
being in the zone

01:11:05.818 --> 01:11:07.840
when their movements seem to flow without

01:11:07.840 --> 01:11:09.309
conscious effort.

01:11:09.309 --> 01:11:10.270


01:11:10.270 --> 01:11:12.323
It is the supreme combination of practice

01:11:12.323 --> 01:11:14.253
involving the cerebellum,

01:11:14.253 --> 01:11:16.309
concentration in the frontal lobes,

01:11:16.309 --> 01:11:18.597
and low anxiety of the amygdala

01:11:18.597 --> 01:11:20.611
within the limbic system.

01:11:20.611 --> 01:11:22.705
>> Zone, it's very hard to get into.

01:11:22.705 --> 01:11:24.728
I really feel like if I can control my breath

01:11:24.728 --> 01:11:27.006
and I can get it as slow as possible,

01:11:27.006 --> 01:11:29.298
that will slow down my heart.

01:11:29.298 --> 01:11:31.744
As soon as that happens, I feel like I get total

01:11:31.744 --> 01:11:33.182
consciousness of everything.

01:11:33.182 --> 01:11:34.974
All five senses are working the best they can

01:11:34.974 --> 01:11:36.181
possibly work.

01:11:36.181 --> 01:11:37.111


01:11:37.111 --> 01:11:39.230
>> Experts think the brain gets so focused

01:11:39.230 --> 01:11:41.551
it's somehow able to block or ignore

01:11:41.551 --> 01:11:43.404
any irrelevant input.

01:11:43.988 --> 01:11:46.984
Brain and body begin working in perfect sync.

01:11:46.984 --> 01:11:49.904
>> Athletes and everybody else for that matter

01:11:49.904 --> 01:11:51.956
all want to be in that zone and there's something

01:11:51.956 --> 01:11:53.070
special about it.

01:11:53.070 --> 01:11:56.231
Everything gets aimed at the one task at hand

01:11:56.231 --> 01:11:59.211
and when you do that, incredible things can happen.

01:11:59.211 --> 01:12:02.835
You have real clarity of thought and decision making.

01:12:03.081 --> 01:12:05.358
>> When I'm in that moment, everything around

01:12:05.358 --> 01:12:07.196
me is slow and I can control what I'm thinking,

01:12:07.196 --> 01:12:08.511
I can control what I look at,

01:12:08.511 --> 01:12:11.071
I can control what thoughts enter my mind,

01:12:11.071 --> 01:12:13.859
and in turn that gives me the greatest chance

01:12:13.859 --> 01:12:15.066
for success.

01:12:15.066 --> 01:12:18.134


01:12:18.134 --> 01:12:19.957
>> Being in the zone could be the brain's

01:12:19.957 --> 01:12:22.456
ultimate control over the body.

01:12:22.456 --> 01:12:24.819
But there are some people who claim its

01:12:24.819 --> 01:12:27.217
ability extends even beyond that.

01:12:27.217 --> 01:12:28.840


01:12:28.840 --> 01:12:30.001
>> I am being pulled here.

01:12:30.308 --> 01:12:33.375
>> The notion that the brain has a sixth sense.

01:12:33.727 --> 01:12:35.364
>> He's also telling me to talk about -

01:12:36.348 --> 01:12:38.710
either Staten Island or -

01:12:38.710 --> 01:12:39.717
>> That's where we live.

01:12:39.717 --> 01:12:40.893
>> Okay, let me tell you exactly what he's showing

01:12:40.893 --> 01:12:42.300
me then so you know where.

01:12:42.300 --> 01:12:43.693
If you were to go over the bridge and through the

01:12:43.693 --> 01:12:45.658
toll and then take that first long road down the left -

01:12:45.658 --> 01:12:46.512
>> That's where I live.

01:12:46.512 --> 01:12:47.247
>> OK.

01:12:47.247 --> 01:12:49.693


01:12:49.693 --> 01:12:54.363


01:12:54.363 --> 01:12:57.256
>> Our five senses are the gateways between our

01:12:57.256 --> 01:13:00.340
brains and the outside world.

01:13:00.340 --> 01:13:04.129
We receive signals from our skin, eyes, nose,

01:13:04.129 --> 01:13:06.237
tongue, and ears.

01:13:06.237 --> 01:13:08.099


01:13:08.099 --> 01:13:10.350
The different areas of the brain interpret

01:13:10.350 --> 01:13:13.422
this sensory information as touch, sight, smell,

01:13:13.422 --> 01:13:15.168
taste and hearing.

01:13:15.168 --> 01:13:18.136


01:13:18.136 --> 01:13:21.777
But what if there were a sixth sense that enabled

01:13:21.777 --> 01:13:24.869
our brains to see into other people's minds,

01:13:24.869 --> 01:13:26.215
anticipate events

01:13:26.215 --> 01:13:28.566
or pass on messages from the dead?

01:13:28.566 --> 01:13:30.019


01:13:30.019 --> 01:13:32.150
Although one in four Americans say they believe

01:13:32.150 --> 01:13:34.387
in extrasensory perception,

01:13:34.387 --> 01:13:38.027
only a handful of scientists entertain this possibility.

01:13:39.436 --> 01:13:42.452
Dr. Dean Radin, researches psychic phenomena

01:13:42.452 --> 01:13:44.598
at the Institute of Noetic Sciences

01:13:44.598 --> 01:13:46.143
in northern California.

01:13:47.266 --> 01:13:50.064
His working theory is our brains might all have

01:13:50.064 --> 01:13:52.910
some extrasensory ability though we may call

01:13:52.910 --> 01:13:54.768
it something different.

01:13:54.768 --> 01:13:56.653
>> One thing that people commonly talk about is

01:13:56.653 --> 01:13:59.498
a gut feeling and a way it expresses itself

01:13:59.498 --> 01:14:01.342
often is while driving.

01:14:01.342 --> 01:14:03.895
They get a sense there's something wrong about

01:14:03.895 --> 01:14:05.810
this corner and more often than not,

01:14:05.810 --> 01:14:08.005
a car is coming from the other direction.

01:14:08.005 --> 01:14:11.196
So, I've learned to pay attention to my gut feelings.

01:14:11.196 --> 01:14:13.879
It's like pushing your attention a few seconds

01:14:13.879 --> 01:14:15.932
into the future.

01:14:15.932 --> 01:14:18.823
Other things are the feeling of being stared at

01:14:18.823 --> 01:14:22.442
which is very commonly reported effect

01:14:22.442 --> 01:14:25.377
typically by women feeling that a man somewhere

01:14:25.377 --> 01:14:26.753
is staring at them.

01:14:26.753 --> 01:14:29.448
There's also telephone telepathy without looking at

01:14:29.448 --> 01:14:32.236
your caller ID, sometimes people will hear the

01:14:32.236 --> 01:14:34.909
phone ring and immediately know who it is.

01:14:34.909 --> 01:14:37.574
And these are not cases where only one person

01:14:37.574 --> 01:14:40.636
ever calls but somebody unusual is calling.

01:14:40.636 --> 01:14:42.867
So, these are ways that these kinds of events

01:14:42.867 --> 01:14:46.062
appear in the every day world.

01:14:46.849 --> 01:14:48.672
>> Move your hand a little bit.

01:14:48.672 --> 01:14:51.796
Yes. Ooh, that's a very good signal.

01:14:51.796 --> 01:14:54.441
OK, I think we're ready to go!

01:14:54.441 --> 01:14:55.387


01:14:55.387 --> 01:14:58.494
>> Dr. Radin has tested more than 300 volunteers

01:14:58.494 --> 01:15:00.938
in electromagnetically shielded rooms.

01:15:00.938 --> 01:15:02.838


01:15:02.838 --> 01:15:04.933
He shows them a series of images and

01:15:04.933 --> 01:15:06.786
measures their reactions.

01:15:06.786 --> 01:15:09.501
We were sent in a random sequence,

01:15:09.501 --> 01:15:12.122
pictures which are calm or emotional.

01:15:12.122 --> 01:15:13.806
And also pictures in between.

01:15:14.606 --> 01:15:16.352
The more emotional pictures

01:15:16.352 --> 01:15:18.544
evoke a stronger response.

01:15:18.544 --> 01:15:20.930


01:15:20.930 --> 01:15:22.937
What Dr. Radin found is that

01:15:22.937 --> 01:15:25.563
while his pool of subjects is randomly chosen,

01:15:25.563 --> 01:15:27.555
he always finds people who respond

01:15:27.555 --> 01:15:30.254
accurately before they see the image.

01:15:31.069 --> 01:15:33.813
They seem to know ahead of time the kind of picture

01:15:33.813 --> 01:15:34.990
they'll see.

01:15:34.990 --> 01:15:36.182


01:15:36.182 --> 01:15:38.020
Though their degree of psychic ability appears

01:15:38.020 --> 01:15:39.120
to vary.

01:15:39.120 --> 01:15:40.081


01:15:40.081 --> 01:15:41.811
>> Not everybody is going to be able to play golf

01:15:41.811 --> 01:15:43.904
as good as Tiger Woods

01:15:43.904 --> 01:15:46.709
but everybody can play golf a little bit.

01:15:46.709 --> 01:15:48.455
So, what we tend to see in the laboratory

01:15:48.455 --> 01:15:50.627
is everybody playing golf a little bit.

01:15:50.627 --> 01:15:52.542
And occasionally we are lucky and we get

01:15:52.542 --> 01:15:54.411
the equivalent of Tiger Woods.

01:15:54.411 --> 01:15:56.264
>> Somebody is claiming they were buried with gum.

01:15:56.264 --> 01:15:59.061


01:15:59.061 --> 01:16:00.961
Somebody was buried with gum.

01:16:00.961 --> 01:16:02.890
You buried somebody with chewing gum?

01:16:02.890 --> 01:16:04.325
Take the mic, please.

01:16:04.881 --> 01:16:07.559
>> John Edwards' success as a TV medium

01:16:07.559 --> 01:16:11.231
would suggest he's in the Tiger Woods category.

01:16:11.231 --> 01:16:14.897
>> In the history of science, we've often been wrong.

01:16:14.897 --> 01:16:16.366
We used to think the earth was flat.

01:16:16.366 --> 01:16:17.450
We were wrong.

01:16:17.450 --> 01:16:19.350
We used to think the sun revolved around the earth.

01:16:19.350 --> 01:16:20.496
We were wrong.

01:16:21.172 --> 01:16:24.243
We used to think physical objects were solid

01:16:24.243 --> 01:16:25.589
and static.

01:16:25.589 --> 01:16:27.492
We now know that was wrong.

01:16:28.560 --> 01:16:31.806
So, I start from a point of view when anybody

01:16:31.806 --> 01:16:34.738
makes a claim whether it's a medium or a healer

01:16:34.738 --> 01:16:37.415
I approach it as I don't know.

01:16:37.415 --> 01:16:38.345
Could be yes.

01:16:38.345 --> 01:16:39.629
Could be no.

01:16:39.629 --> 01:16:40.959
Show me the data.

01:16:40.959 --> 01:16:42.059
I'm open.

01:16:42.059 --> 01:16:43.497
>> You only put a couple of sticks in?

01:16:43.497 --> 01:16:47.516
>> His old secretary, they used to chew

01:16:47.516 --> 01:16:50.419
the same gum and we put it in the casket with him.

01:16:50.419 --> 01:16:51.472
>> A couple of sticks?

01:16:51.472 --> 01:16:55.126
>> It was, I think they're like individual packet,

01:16:55.126 --> 01:16:57.504
like um, like the Bazooka,

01:16:57.504 --> 01:16:58.895
the one with the comics.

01:16:58.895 --> 01:16:59.934
>> OK, so that's why I'm feeling.

01:16:59.934 --> 01:17:00.772
>> They're individual.

01:17:00.772 --> 01:17:02.348
>> Right. Would this be like a father figure to you?

01:17:02.348 --> 01:17:03.293
>> It's my dad.

01:17:03.293 --> 01:17:04.108
>> OK.

01:17:04.478 --> 01:17:06.131
And do you still see his assistant?

01:17:06.131 --> 01:17:07.123
>> Yes.

01:17:08.399 --> 01:17:09.929
>> He wants you to tease her, like what she

01:17:09.929 --> 01:17:11.629
couldn't spare a few more slices or what?

01:17:12.321 --> 01:17:14.282
Like I couldn't have the whole pack?

01:17:14.282 --> 01:17:15.935
[Audience laughing]

01:17:15.935 --> 01:17:19.278
>> The way the process of mediumship typically

01:17:19.278 --> 01:17:23.769
operates is that the mediums get little pieces

01:17:23.769 --> 01:17:24.761
of information.

01:17:24.761 --> 01:17:25.999
>> Because he's making me feel like,

01:17:25.999 --> 01:17:27.329
wasn't he already kind of gone?

01:17:27.329 --> 01:17:28.490
>> Yes, he was.

01:17:28.490 --> 01:17:31.322
>> Not because the other side is fragmented

01:17:31.322 --> 01:17:33.838
but because they're just able to pick up little

01:17:33.838 --> 01:17:34.615
snippets.

01:17:34.615 --> 01:17:36.873
It's like you've got a semi-good connection

01:17:36.873 --> 01:17:38.557
on your cellphone and get a piece of information

01:17:38.557 --> 01:17:40.533
here and a piece of information there.

01:17:40.533 --> 01:17:42.487
>> People say well, where are they and how do you

01:17:42.487 --> 01:17:43.432
do this?

01:17:43.432 --> 01:17:44.808
It's like, well where's the Internet?

01:17:44.808 --> 01:17:46.897
It's a place that exists but you can't go there

01:17:46.897 --> 01:17:48.258
with a physical body.

01:17:48.258 --> 01:17:49.727
You have to have a conduit of some sort,

01:17:49.727 --> 01:17:52.031
some sort of connection to get to it.

01:17:52.031 --> 01:17:53.607
You've got to be plugged in somehow.

01:17:53.607 --> 01:17:55.799
>> Anybody have a plastic frog with them?

01:17:55.799 --> 01:17:57.883
I'm being pulled here.

01:17:57.883 --> 01:17:59.813
So like from here over, you guys are safe.

01:17:59.813 --> 01:18:02.191
Over here - no.

01:18:02.191 --> 01:18:04.707
When I've doing an event I will get a pull

01:18:04.707 --> 01:18:06.637
to the section of the room or specific area

01:18:06.637 --> 01:18:07.890
of the people.

01:18:07.890 --> 01:18:10.591
>> My nephew asked for Christmas a toy frog

01:18:10.591 --> 01:18:14.096
and it was his dad who passed away.

01:18:14.096 --> 01:18:16.141
>> And his dad passed before Christmas?

01:18:16.141 --> 01:18:17.441
>> Yes.

01:18:17.441 --> 01:18:20.198
>> When I'm hearing something I don't hear it in my ear.

01:18:20.198 --> 01:18:22.294
I fell like I'm hearing it outside of me but

01:18:22.294 --> 01:18:23.732
it's a thought that I'm hearing.

01:18:24.393 --> 01:18:26.976
>> John is one of several psychic mediums who

01:18:26.976 --> 01:18:29.283
agreed to undergo scientific testing

01:18:29.283 --> 01:18:31.479
at the University of Arizona.

01:18:31.758 --> 01:18:33.304
>> We're going to put a cap on you

01:18:33.304 --> 01:18:35.542
that has 19 electrodes.

01:18:35.542 --> 01:18:39.017
>> I did three experiments with John Edwards.

01:18:39.017 --> 01:18:42.812
Each one more controlled than the next.

01:18:42.812 --> 01:18:44.773
The most controlled of them involved fitting

01:18:44.773 --> 01:18:47.763
the mediums and the volunteers with EEGs

01:18:47.763 --> 01:18:51.222
on their heads and EKGs on their chests.

01:18:51.222 --> 01:18:53.075
One of the ways to address the question,

01:18:53.075 --> 01:18:56.307
is the medium reading the mind of the sitter

01:18:56.307 --> 01:18:59.381
versus reading the mind of the deceased

01:18:59.381 --> 01:19:03.504
is to record the brainwave activity and the

01:19:03.504 --> 01:19:06.242
cardiac activity, the heart and brain,

01:19:06.242 --> 01:19:08.822
of the medium and simultaneously record

01:19:08.822 --> 01:19:11.419
the brain and the heart of the sitter.

01:19:11.419 --> 01:19:13.925


01:19:13.925 --> 01:19:15.501
>> The medium never meets the subject

01:19:15.501 --> 01:19:18.298
and they sit separated by a screen.

01:19:18.298 --> 01:19:20.571
John and the other mediums have to get

01:19:20.571 --> 01:19:22.163
whatever information they can

01:19:22.163 --> 01:19:24.662
about the subject's deceased loved ones.

01:19:24.662 --> 01:19:25.576


01:19:25.576 --> 01:19:27.075
>> I'm going to tell you what I'm seeing, hearing,

01:19:27.075 --> 01:19:29.219
and feeling and basically ask you to confirm

01:19:29.219 --> 01:19:31.318
and verify simply by yes's and no's.

01:19:31.318 --> 01:19:31.741
>> OK.

01:19:31.741 --> 01:19:33.410
>> OK, the first thing that's coming through is

01:19:33.410 --> 01:19:34.479
they're telling me to talk to you about a male

01:19:34.479 --> 01:19:35.409
figure to your side.

01:19:35.409 --> 01:19:36.662
A male figure to your side would be

01:19:36.662 --> 01:19:38.285
a husband or a brother who has crossed over.

01:19:38.285 --> 01:19:39.154
Do you understand that?

01:19:39.154 --> 01:19:39.930
>> Yes.

01:19:39.930 --> 01:19:41.091
>> OK, actually there's two.

01:19:41.091 --> 01:19:42.006
There's three.

01:19:42.006 --> 01:19:43.598
There were a couple occasions that I sat

01:19:43.598 --> 01:19:45.421
with people and got nothing.

01:19:45.421 --> 01:19:47.929
You know, and like I got absolutely nothing.

01:19:47.929 --> 01:19:49.490
So, and they'd be like why is that happening?

01:19:49.490 --> 01:19:51.251
I'm like, I don't know.

01:19:51.251 --> 01:19:52.566
I'm like maybe it's me.

01:19:52.566 --> 01:19:53.589
I don't know.

01:19:53.589 --> 01:19:55.135
So I got zeroes for that.

01:19:55.135 --> 01:19:58.934
>> But sometimes John will get accurate information,

01:19:58.934 --> 01:20:02.062
the sitter will either think he's wrong and later

01:20:02.062 --> 01:20:05.395
discover he's correct, or the sitter won't know the

01:20:05.395 --> 01:20:07.664
answer and they'll have to then contact some

01:20:07.664 --> 01:20:09.533
of the family members and friends

01:20:09.533 --> 01:20:12.074
and low and behold discover that it was correct.

01:20:12.074 --> 01:20:14.375
And we found that in that experiment as well.

01:20:14.375 --> 01:20:16.246


01:20:16.246 --> 01:20:18.192
>> John's accuracy rate typically averaged

01:20:18.192 --> 01:20:20.136
80-90%.

01:20:21.705 --> 01:20:23.712
And the monitoring machinery showed his

01:20:23.712 --> 01:20:26.247
brainwaves and heart rate were not mimicking

01:20:26.247 --> 01:20:27.362
the subject's.

01:20:27.362 --> 01:20:29.031


01:20:29.031 --> 01:20:32.185
>> We discovered that John's heart actually went out

01:20:32.185 --> 01:20:36.737
of sync with the sitter which implied, of course

01:20:36.737 --> 01:20:39.282
that his attention was somewhere else.

01:20:39.282 --> 01:20:40.428
>> They're also telling me to talk about the dog

01:20:40.428 --> 01:20:41.958
that's named after a drink.

01:20:41.958 --> 01:20:43.058
So, I don't know if there's like a -

01:20:43.058 --> 01:20:44.173
>> My dog Jager.

01:20:44.173 --> 01:20:44.657
>> Jager?

01:20:44.657 --> 01:20:45.695
>> Yes!

01:20:45.695 --> 01:20:47.916


01:20:47.916 --> 01:20:49.539
>> By the way, apparently he needs a bath.

01:20:49.539 --> 01:20:52.308
>> Yes, he smells right now, he does.

01:20:52.308 --> 01:20:55.924
>> Based on the laboratory experiments

01:20:55.924 --> 01:20:58.531
that I've done with John,

01:20:58.531 --> 01:21:03.368
I am clearly led to the conclusion

01:21:03.368 --> 01:21:06.931
that John is a real medium.

01:21:06.931 --> 01:21:07.646


01:21:07.646 --> 01:21:09.860
>> The so-called Afterlife Experiments

01:21:09.860 --> 01:21:12.016
remain highly controversial within

01:21:12.016 --> 01:21:13.608
the scientific community

01:21:13.608 --> 01:21:15.952
in part, because they raise more questions

01:21:15.952 --> 01:21:17.790
than they answer.

01:21:17.790 --> 01:21:21.111
>> At the present time, scientifically, we don't

01:21:21.111 --> 01:21:24.596
know how real mediums like John Edwards

01:21:24.596 --> 01:21:26.909
do what they do.

01:21:26.909 --> 01:21:29.575
The working hypothesis that we entertain

01:21:29.575 --> 01:21:32.449
in our laboratory is that we all have energy.

01:21:32.449 --> 01:21:36.117
This energy continues like the light from

01:21:36.117 --> 01:21:37.278
distant stars.

01:21:37.278 --> 01:21:39.116
And what John does and others do

01:21:39.116 --> 01:21:41.149
is that their brains and consciousness

01:21:41.149 --> 01:21:43.317
serve as an antenna and receiver

01:21:43.332 --> 01:21:45.809
and what they do is they learn how to tune

01:21:45.809 --> 01:21:48.230
into the signals that are present and keep

01:21:48.230 --> 01:21:53.072
their noise low and then receive these subtle signals.

01:21:53.072 --> 01:21:57.165
>> The concept of a connected fabric of reality

01:21:57.165 --> 01:21:59.249
of which we are part of that,

01:21:59.249 --> 01:22:00.241
by virtue of being here,

01:22:00.241 --> 01:22:03.532
is similar to something like The Force from Star Wars.

01:22:05.438 --> 01:22:08.834
Obi-Wan at some point suddenly feels a disturbance

01:22:08.834 --> 01:22:11.263
in The Force when a planet is blown up.

01:22:11.263 --> 01:22:13.803


01:22:13.803 --> 01:22:16.988
And in a sense he's feeling ripples through this

01:22:16.988 --> 01:22:20.411
space time medium that he's able to sense directly.

01:22:21.933 --> 01:22:24.720
The phenomena that we call ESP,

01:22:24.720 --> 01:22:28.125
probably operate on something like that.

01:22:28.125 --> 01:22:29.638
>> Physics has a name for this

01:22:29.638 --> 01:22:31.089
distant connectedness,

01:22:31.089 --> 01:22:33.959
it's called the quantum entanglement.

01:22:33.959 --> 01:22:36.215
At the moment it's just a theory being applied

01:22:36.215 --> 01:22:38.819
to electrons and molecules.

01:22:38.819 --> 01:22:42.026
Scientists don't know yet if it could apply to the brain.

01:22:42.026 --> 01:22:43.234


01:22:43.234 --> 01:22:45.134
But the breakthrough that confirms

01:22:45.134 --> 01:22:47.516
extra sensory perception could come sooner

01:22:47.516 --> 01:22:49.339
than we think.

01:22:49.339 --> 01:22:50.639


01:22:50.639 --> 01:22:52.754
>> It's always very difficult predict.

01:22:52.754 --> 01:22:54.438
when such things happen.

01:22:54.438 --> 01:22:56.495


01:22:56.495 --> 01:22:59.105
I would guess maybe 20 years.

01:22:59.105 --> 01:23:04.196
Sometime between tomorrow and 20 years.

01:23:04.196 --> 01:23:06.713
>> The next two decades promise to unlock many

01:23:06.713 --> 01:23:09.208
mysteries about the brain.

01:23:09.208 --> 01:23:11.563
Neuroscientists are already working on smart

01:23:11.563 --> 01:23:13.803
technologies that could change our lives

01:23:13.803 --> 01:23:15.964
in ways we'd never imagine.

01:23:15.964 --> 01:23:18.247


01:23:18.247 --> 01:23:20.300
>> We will get to a point, I believe,

01:23:20.300 --> 01:23:23.463
when there will be instantaneous communication

01:23:23.463 --> 01:23:25.547
from the web to our brains.

01:23:25.547 --> 01:23:26.662
That I'm sure.

01:23:26.662 --> 01:23:31.146


01:23:31.146 --> 01:23:34.081
>> What if we could supercharge our brains using

01:23:34.081 --> 01:23:36.728
machines and take the next leap of evolution

01:23:36.728 --> 01:23:38.612
within a single lifetime

01:23:38.612 --> 01:23:41.155
instead of over many lifetimes?

01:23:41.155 --> 01:23:42.808


01:23:42.808 --> 01:23:45.155
Radical innovation is the goal of programs

01:23:45.155 --> 01:23:47.901
being funded by the semi-secret DARPA,

01:23:47.901 --> 01:23:51.306
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

01:23:51.306 --> 01:23:53.348


01:23:53.348 --> 01:23:56.935
Their mission is to be kind of the blue sky thinkers

01:23:56.935 --> 01:24:01.167
of science for the National Security Establishment.

01:24:01.167 --> 01:24:03.891
And they've produced some amazing technologies

01:24:03.891 --> 01:24:05.221
that we take for granted.

01:24:05.221 --> 01:24:06.874
Besides the Internet, the computer mouse,

01:24:06.874 --> 01:24:08.758
and of course the Stealth Bomber.

01:24:08.758 --> 01:24:10.811


01:24:10.811 --> 01:24:12.480
They take some of the smartest scientists

01:24:12.480 --> 01:24:16.040
in the country and they ask them to push

01:24:16.040 --> 01:24:19.071
current science 30, 40 years into the future.

01:24:19.071 --> 01:24:20.463
To take big leaps.

01:24:21.708 --> 01:24:23.768
>> DARPA is funding one such leap

01:24:23.768 --> 01:24:26.195
at Columbia University in New York.

01:24:26.195 --> 01:24:27.371


01:24:27.371 --> 01:24:30.130
Scientists there are developing a computer program

01:24:30.130 --> 01:24:32.699
that helps the brain process visual information

01:24:32.699 --> 01:24:35.223
at lightning speed.

01:24:35.223 --> 01:24:36.989
>> In our modern society

01:24:36.989 --> 01:24:38.859
we are bombarded with information.

01:24:38.859 --> 01:24:41.303
Whether it's images from television,

01:24:41.303 --> 01:24:43.018
images on the web,

01:24:43.018 --> 01:24:46.204
from one's job and it's starting to be overwhelming.

01:24:46.204 --> 01:24:48.435
And we need to figure which images we really

01:24:48.435 --> 01:24:49.765
need to spend time looking at

01:24:49.765 --> 01:24:51.864
and which we can ignore.

01:24:51.864 --> 01:24:54.878
The idea behind Cortically-Coupled Computer Vision

01:24:54.878 --> 01:24:57.267
is to create the best of both worlds.

01:24:57.267 --> 01:24:59.482
The versatility of the human brain

01:24:59.482 --> 01:25:02.343
enhanced by the speed of computer.

01:25:02.343 --> 01:25:02.919


01:25:02.919 --> 01:25:05.382
>> It's very hard to tell a computer vision system,

01:25:05.382 --> 01:25:08.029
find something that's funny or out of the ordinary

01:25:08.029 --> 01:25:09.159
or suspicious.

01:25:09.159 --> 01:25:11.783
It's much easier to have a person do that.

01:25:11.783 --> 01:25:14.097
Of course, computer vision systems are very fast

01:25:14.097 --> 01:25:16.287
so the question is, how can we actually make the

01:25:16.303 --> 01:25:18.971
human visual processor faster?

01:25:18.971 --> 01:25:21.674
>> In this example, the images are aerial shots

01:25:21.674 --> 01:25:23.650
of Seoul in South Korea.

01:25:24.957 --> 01:25:26.903
The analyst is looking for helipads.

01:25:26.903 --> 01:25:29.704


01:25:29.704 --> 01:25:32.448
The old slow method would require a methodical

01:25:32.448 --> 01:25:34.849
search of thousands of individual photos

01:25:34.849 --> 01:25:36.949
before marking each helipad.

01:25:36.949 --> 01:25:38.172


01:25:38.172 --> 01:25:40.364
The new method involves the analyst wearing

01:25:40.364 --> 01:25:42.016
an EEG cap.

01:25:43.246 --> 01:25:45.826
Dozens of electrodes can now detect electrical

01:25:45.826 --> 01:25:49.834
brain activity just below the surface of the skull.

01:25:49.834 --> 01:25:52.460
In normal brain processing, the visual cortex

01:25:52.460 --> 01:25:54.818
extracts detail from a scene.

01:25:54.818 --> 01:25:57.622
Information is sent forward to the frontal lobes

01:25:57.622 --> 01:25:59.649
for decision making.

01:25:59.649 --> 01:26:02.072
Then the motor cortex generates a response;

01:26:02.072 --> 01:26:05.372
the click of a mouse or the movement of the eyes.

01:26:06.079 --> 01:26:08.566
The prototype program intercepts the signals,

01:26:08.566 --> 01:26:11.563
filters out irrelevant brain activity,

01:26:11.563 --> 01:26:14.828
and focuses on the subliminal "aha" moment

01:26:14.828 --> 01:26:17.486
when the eyes spot a helipad.

01:26:17.486 --> 01:26:20.548
In just a few seconds, the analyst can sift through

01:26:20.548 --> 01:26:22.755
the thousands of images.

01:26:22.755 --> 01:26:25.545
Although he may not be consciously aware of it,

01:26:25.545 --> 01:26:28.482
his brain is remarkably accurate at identifying

01:26:28.482 --> 01:26:30.873
the few shots that have helipads in them

01:26:30.873 --> 01:26:32.865
so they can be marked up later.

01:26:32.865 --> 01:26:33.779


01:26:33.779 --> 01:26:36.210
So essentially we're going to tap into the signals

01:26:36.210 --> 01:26:39.563
that are involved in deciding whether there is

01:26:39.563 --> 01:26:42.279
something interesting and without having the subject

01:26:42.279 --> 01:26:46.050
having to make a response, use that to now reorder

01:26:46.050 --> 01:26:49.060
or resort image databases to improve search.

01:26:49.060 --> 01:26:53.975


01:26:53.975 --> 01:26:56.047
>> This boosted vision technology helps the

01:26:56.047 --> 01:26:58.928
image analyst work up to four times faster.

01:26:58.928 --> 01:27:01.055


01:27:01.055 --> 01:27:03.311
It could be adapted to help fighter pilots

01:27:03.311 --> 01:27:05.861
make better split second decisions

01:27:05.861 --> 01:27:08.167
or to improve the sifting of surveillance footage

01:27:08.167 --> 01:27:10.647
by police or security personnel.

01:27:10.647 --> 01:27:13.543


01:27:13.543 --> 01:27:15.612
And then there are possibilities beyond

01:27:15.612 --> 01:27:17.527
defense and intelligence.

01:27:17.527 --> 01:27:18.103


01:27:18.103 --> 01:27:20.099
>> One potential application that is of interest

01:27:20.099 --> 01:27:22.229
in which there's high-throughput of information

01:27:22.229 --> 01:27:24.928
might been in the stock market or in trading.

01:27:24.928 --> 01:27:28.160
Many times traders are assimilating this information

01:27:28.160 --> 01:27:29.890
across different screens,

01:27:29.890 --> 01:27:32.094
something might catch their eye but they can't

01:27:32.094 --> 01:27:34.259
actually act on that at that moment.

01:27:34.259 --> 01:27:36.938
So that information can be tagged that it grabbed

01:27:36.938 --> 01:27:39.435
the interest of the trader and processed by

01:27:39.435 --> 01:27:41.821
some other person down the line.

01:27:41.821 --> 01:27:42.613


01:27:42.613 --> 01:27:44.574
>> Medical research might be interested in these

01:27:44.574 --> 01:27:46.166
devices, too.

01:27:46.166 --> 01:27:48.230
And marketing teams could use them to record

01:27:48.230 --> 01:27:50.037
people's first reaction to a product

01:27:50.037 --> 01:27:52.198
or advertising campaign.

01:27:52.198 --> 01:27:54.589
A video game company in California

01:27:54.589 --> 01:27:57.166
is already ditching the joy stick in favor of

01:27:57.166 --> 01:27:58.958
brain power.

01:27:58.958 --> 01:28:01.611
A headset similar to an EEG picks up

01:28:01.611 --> 01:28:04.179
electrical activity from the brain as well as

01:28:04.179 --> 01:28:07.001
twitches from facial muscles.

01:28:07.001 --> 01:28:08.870
The signals get translated into onscreen

01:28:08.870 --> 01:28:10.354
commands.

01:28:10.354 --> 01:28:11.915


01:28:11.915 --> 01:28:14.392
Players raise rocks and vanquish villains

01:28:14.392 --> 01:28:16.844
not with a click but with a thought.

01:28:16.844 --> 01:28:20.325


01:28:20.325 --> 01:28:22.409
The future potential for implanted

01:28:22.409 --> 01:28:24.746
Personal Data Assistance or PDAs

01:28:24.746 --> 01:28:27.176
is almost mind-boggling.

01:28:28.145 --> 01:28:29.931
>> As we get older, we all worry about our

01:28:29.931 --> 01:28:31.969
inability to remember names and faces.

01:28:31.969 --> 01:28:34.088
We're going to find ways to compensate for that

01:28:34.088 --> 01:28:37.380
loss of natural evolved memory revolving in the

01:28:37.380 --> 01:28:38.941
direction where we will have devices

01:28:38.941 --> 01:28:40.625
that will do that for us.

01:28:40.625 --> 01:28:42.140
And I think ultimately we will have a Facebook

01:28:42.140 --> 01:28:43.347
in our heads.

01:28:43.347 --> 01:28:45.948
At that point, it's going to be pretty hard

01:28:45.948 --> 01:28:49.827
to see where we end and the technology begins.

01:28:49.827 --> 01:28:51.663


01:28:51.663 --> 01:28:53.839
At Duke University in North Carolina,

01:28:53.839 --> 01:28:57.668
neuroscientists are taking that next step already.

01:28:57.668 --> 01:29:00.257
They've implanted electrodes into a monkey's brain

01:29:00.257 --> 01:29:03.375
and isolated the brain signals for walking.

01:29:03.375 --> 01:29:04.998


01:29:04.998 --> 01:29:06.867
During one recent experiment,

01:29:06.867 --> 01:29:09.129
a monkey paced on a treadmill while her brain

01:29:09.129 --> 01:29:11.999
activity was sent via the Internet to Japan

01:29:11.999 --> 01:29:14.484
to instantly control the walking of a five foot

01:29:14.484 --> 01:29:16.276
humanoid robot.

01:29:16.276 --> 01:29:17.986


01:29:17.986 --> 01:29:19.762
The monkey got raisin treats for making

01:29:19.762 --> 01:29:21.646
the robot walk.

01:29:21.646 --> 01:29:24.461
Then her treadmill was switched off.

01:29:24.461 --> 01:29:24.975


01:29:24.975 --> 01:29:27.397
In her desire for more treats,

01:29:27.397 --> 01:29:29.497
the monkey kept the robot walking

01:29:29.497 --> 01:29:32.531
using only her thoughts.

01:29:32.531 --> 01:29:34.200
And there's been a similar breakthrough

01:29:34.200 --> 01:29:37.068
at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania.

01:29:37.641 --> 01:29:40.558
Monkeys fitted with tiny sensors in their brains

01:29:40.558 --> 01:29:42.853
have learned to control a mechanical arm

01:29:42.853 --> 01:29:45.169
and use it to reach for snacks.

01:29:45.169 --> 01:29:45.868


01:29:45.868 --> 01:29:48.013
It will have tremendous applications for medicine,

01:29:48.013 --> 01:29:49.959
for people who are amputees,

01:29:49.959 --> 01:29:51.935
for people who are quadriplegic;

01:29:51.935 --> 01:29:54.314
giving them the ability to move a robot

01:29:54.314 --> 01:29:57.273
prosthetic arms and legs in ways that will allow

01:29:57.273 --> 01:29:59.188
them to interact with their environments

01:29:59.188 --> 01:30:02.073
which they have not been able to do before.

01:30:02.073 --> 01:30:04.173
>> Could there be hope in the future for someone

01:30:04.173 --> 01:30:07.012
like Clive Waring whose brain damage means

01:30:07.012 --> 01:30:09.127
he can't process new memories?

01:30:09.127 --> 01:30:10.980
>> I don't remember sitting down on this seat.

01:30:10.980 --> 01:30:12.371
That was unknown to me.

01:30:12.371 --> 01:30:12.547


01:30:12.547 --> 01:30:15.035
>> There's work being done currently with rats

01:30:15.035 --> 01:30:16.965
that might one day create a synthetic

01:30:16.965 --> 01:30:19.191
hippocampus for humans.

01:30:19.191 --> 01:30:20.798
>> If you could do that in theory,

01:30:20.798 --> 01:30:23.655
you could actually introduce instantaneously

01:30:23.655 --> 01:30:26.743
new memories as we do in computer chips

01:30:26.743 --> 01:30:28.289
every day these days.

01:30:28.289 --> 01:30:30.578
But what if instead of taking months and months

01:30:30.578 --> 01:30:32.170
to learn a language we could download

01:30:32.170 --> 01:30:34.485
a basic dictionary of a language?

01:30:34.485 --> 01:30:36.308
Or what if having never been somewhere

01:30:36.308 --> 01:30:39.106
instead of having to carry that tour guide

01:30:39.106 --> 01:30:41.067
or book around, that clumsy book,

01:30:41.067 --> 01:30:42.259
and stopping in the middle of the sidewalk

01:30:42.259 --> 01:30:43.543
every few minutes to see where we were going,

01:30:43.543 --> 01:30:46.566
we actually had a rudimentary map that had been

01:30:46.566 --> 01:30:49.270
downloaded into our brains of that new city

01:30:49.270 --> 01:30:50.877
that we're visiting or those monuments

01:30:50.877 --> 01:30:51.977
that we're looking at?

01:30:51.977 --> 01:30:54.981


01:30:54.981 --> 01:30:57.417
>> Drugs are being developed for combat troops

01:30:57.417 --> 01:30:59.024
that would allow them to stay awake

01:30:59.024 --> 01:31:01.738
for two or three days with no ill effects.

01:31:01.738 --> 01:31:02.653


01:31:02.653 --> 01:31:04.905
A new class of chemicals called ampakines,

01:31:04.905 --> 01:31:07.453
are thought to help the neurotransmitter glutamate

01:31:07.453 --> 01:31:09.568
work better in a tired brain

01:31:09.568 --> 01:31:13.184
and so improve memory, learning, and cognition.

01:31:13.184 --> 01:31:14.591


01:31:14.591 --> 01:31:16.640
These could eventually find their way into

01:31:16.640 --> 01:31:18.537
everyday use.

01:31:18.537 --> 01:31:20.452
>> Lack of sleep historically has meant that you are

01:31:20.452 --> 01:31:22.105
inclined to make mistakes.

01:31:22.105 --> 01:31:23.528
I think we're going to be able to resolve

01:31:23.528 --> 01:31:24.335
that problem.

01:31:24.335 --> 01:31:26.250
Shift workers, people that have to work all night

01:31:26.250 --> 01:31:28.401
might be able to do without sleep and function

01:31:28.401 --> 01:31:29.362
very well.

01:31:29.362 --> 01:31:32.322
Students who are studying for exams,

01:31:32.322 --> 01:31:34.579
people who have to travel across time zones

01:31:34.579 --> 01:31:35.987
as part of their work.

01:31:35.987 --> 01:31:37.410


01:31:37.410 --> 01:31:40.238
>> In the near future, scientists expect to perfect

01:31:40.238 --> 01:31:42.414
portable brain scanners.

01:31:42.414 --> 01:31:45.180
Light-emitting diodes fitted in a headband

01:31:45.180 --> 01:31:47.627
would bounce light into the frontal lobes

01:31:47.627 --> 01:31:49.727
to detect brain activity.

01:31:49.727 --> 01:31:50.488


01:31:50.488 --> 01:31:52.234
That information would be fed into a unit

01:31:52.234 --> 01:31:55.263
no bigger than a pack of playing cards.

01:31:55.263 --> 01:31:58.832
Instead of lying motionless in a giant MRI machine,

01:31:58.832 --> 01:32:01.395
wearers could discover what's going on in their

01:32:01.395 --> 01:32:04.119
brains while, for example, playing sports.

01:32:04.119 --> 01:32:08.178


01:32:08.178 --> 01:32:10.355
>> We will be able to look into a super athlete's

01:32:10.355 --> 01:32:14.060
brain like Federeror or Agasi or Tiger Woods

01:32:14.060 --> 01:32:17.122
and see not that they're different anatomically

01:32:17.122 --> 01:32:20.106
necessarily, but functionally they are different

01:32:20.106 --> 01:32:22.481
in terms of how they process information.

01:32:22.481 --> 01:32:24.842
The second application is that you can use this

01:32:24.842 --> 01:32:27.936
new technology to help athletes perform better

01:32:27.936 --> 01:32:29.940
or perform up to their capacity.

01:32:29.940 --> 01:32:32.908
>> Imaging technology is still in its infancy.

01:32:32.908 --> 01:32:35.651
In widespread use for less than 20 years,

01:32:35.651 --> 01:32:38.523
compared with over 100 years for X-rays,

01:32:38.523 --> 01:32:41.389
it's limited only by our imagination.

NOTE Paragraph

01:32:41.389 --> 01:32:42.827
>> The pictures that we get of the brain right now

01:32:42.827 --> 01:32:44.803
though there are several amazing technologies

01:32:44.803 --> 01:32:47.194
are pretty gross, they're at a large level.

01:32:47.194 --> 01:32:49.240
Now people are saying, wow it would be really

01:32:49.240 --> 01:32:51.446
good if we could get a more granular,

01:32:51.446 --> 01:32:54.800
more fine grained deeper images of the brain,

01:32:54.800 --> 01:32:56.730
at the molecular level and I think that's the

01:32:56.730 --> 01:32:59.022
next frontier for brain imaging.

01:32:59.022 --> 01:33:01.820
>> For all that we have learned about the brain,

01:33:01.820 --> 01:33:04.865
we still have so much to discover.

01:33:04.865 --> 01:33:06.749
>> There are many unsolved questions that remain

01:33:06.749 --> 01:33:09.033
about the brain and they're surprisingly

01:33:09.033 --> 01:33:11.961
simple; how is memory actually stored and

01:33:11.961 --> 01:33:13.645
how does it get reconstructed?

01:33:13.645 --> 01:33:15.514
Why do brains sleep and dream?

01:33:15.514 --> 01:33:17.275
What is intelligence?

01:33:17.275 --> 01:33:19.375
Why do people have a variety of skills

01:33:19.375 --> 01:33:20.521
and talents?

01:33:20.521 --> 01:33:21.897
How do we perceive the world?

01:33:21.897 --> 01:33:23.458
How does the brain represent time?

01:33:23.458 --> 01:33:25.158
What is consciousness?

01:33:25.158 --> 01:33:27.701
>> If we do manage to answer these questions,

01:33:27.701 --> 01:33:30.412
over the course of perhaps one more lifetime,

01:33:30.412 --> 01:33:32.450
what will this mean for the brain?

01:33:32.450 --> 01:33:35.301
An organ that is so complicated and so often

01:33:35.301 --> 01:33:37.914
driven by primitive instincts.

01:33:37.914 --> 01:33:40.733
>> We evolved in a world very different than the

01:33:40.733 --> 01:33:45.354
world we live in today so we have to adapt - now.

01:33:45.354 --> 01:33:47.192
And this to me is the greatest mystery

01:33:47.192 --> 99:59:59.999
of neuroscience right now-