[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.56,0:00:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The human brain, one of the last great frontiers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.01,0:00:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The brain is the most complicated device we've
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.18,0:00:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found in the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.22,0:00:12.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We've learned more about it in the last five years
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.67,0:00:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than in the last five thousand years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.81,0:00:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.88,0:00:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In the last few years we've come out of the
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.86,0:00:20.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stone Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.12,0:00:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> For the first time, we're actually seeing what
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.13,0:00:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goes on in the brain during sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.13,0:00:26.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Everybody knows sex is between the ears
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.63,0:00:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there must be something very strong happening
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.56,0:00:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.47,0:00:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.70,0:00:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What makes some brains evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.48,0:00:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I wrote a list of things to do: Clean room,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.13,0:00:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stop seeing girls, stop killing.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.98,0:00:39.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.25,0:00:41.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And is there really such a thing as ESP?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.72,0:00:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.52,0:00:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Technology is finally unlocking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.14,0:00:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the secrets of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.20,0:00:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's explaining why we behave the way we do.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.58,0:00:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's helping experts develop new methods
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.06,0:00:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and machines to boost our brain power.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.23,0:00:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's revealing the untapped abilities we all have
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.75,0:01:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside our heads.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.90,0:01:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.94,0:01:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain controls every aspect of our lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.65,0:01:20.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.65,0:01:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As humans have evolved, it's doubled in size.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.58,0:01:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It weighs only three pounds but it consumes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.36,0:01:31.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,20 percent of all the fuel our bodies take in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.23,0:01:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Generating enough energy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.59,0:01:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep a light bulb burning.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.60,0:01:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.63,0:01:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> You have to consider the brain having evolved
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.10,0:01:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like an old house.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.44,0:01:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where we've just added different rooms
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.21,0:01:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there's all these stairways and connections.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.70,0:01:47.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In the basement is the oldest part called
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.98,0:01:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain stem.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.27,0:01:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is something we share with reptiles
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.05,0:01:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other mammals.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.93,0:01:54.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's what keeps us alive.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.89,0:01:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Governing vital functions like
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.32,0:01:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heart rate, respiration, digestion
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.84,0:02:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and blood pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.85,0:02:02.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things that happen without having to
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.41,0:02:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think about them.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.07,0:02:08.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next level up, the first floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.26,0:02:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more evolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.88,0:02:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hundreds of thousands of years later
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.96,0:02:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is called the Limbic System.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.68,0:02:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.44,0:02:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is very important in the processing
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.29,0:02:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of emotions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.18,0:02:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.91,0:02:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Within the Limbic System are the amygdala -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.71,0:02:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two nuggets of tissue, one in each half of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.74,0:02:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are no bigger than a fingernail yet they are
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.42,0:02:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain's central command center for our
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.72,0:02:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emotional reactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.33,0:02:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.94,0:02:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the simplest and strongest of these is fear,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.24,0:02:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a primal emotion we all share.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.36,0:02:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> If you had to pick one brain region that was
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.70,0:02:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most important in fear, it would be the amygdala.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.06,0:02:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.95,0:02:50.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There's no better place to explore how fear
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.89,0:02:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,affects the brain than here at the
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.42,0:02:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Navy Seals Special Warfare Command
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.92,0:02:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in San Diego, California.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.85,0:03:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Recruits are put through specialized training
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.38,0:03:04.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to change the way their brains react to fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.27,0:03:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.96,0:03:14.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We introduce our students almost from day one
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.81,0:03:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to absolute chaos.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.45,0:03:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.50,0:03:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they will struggle.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.96,0:03:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you look at historic mistakes on the battlefield,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.10,0:03:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're almost always associated with fear
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.67,0:03:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or with panic.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.20,0:03:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the capacity to control these impulses
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.70,0:03:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is extremely important.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.00,0:03:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.06,0:03:41.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Out of 140 candidates who start each class,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.49,0:03:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on average only 36 make the final cut.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.78,0:03:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Successful recruits seem better able to adapt
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.66,0:03:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their brains to the demands of the job.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.26,0:03:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.96,0:03:56.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It's not really necessarily the physical people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.45,0:03:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who get through there.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.65,0:03:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There have been Olympic athletes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.01,0:04:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have drop out of training
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.64,0:04:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's this 140 pound farm kid from Nebraska
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.59,0:04:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who had never seen the ocean before
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.25,0:04:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he graduated.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.65,0:04:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.93,0:04:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.24,0:04:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> To answer that question,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.41,0:04:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Navy turned to neuroscience.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.57,0:04:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.42,0:04:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When confronted with fear,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.01,0:04:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the amygdala that responds to information
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.48,0:04:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from our senses and instinctively presses the
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.98,0:04:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,body's panic button.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.56,0:04:26.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.68,0:04:28.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The amygdala is actually one of the most
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.27,0:04:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,interconnected regions of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.51,0:04:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it actually will both send signals to
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.37,0:04:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parts of the brain stem that now illicit a range
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.11,0:04:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of bodily responses as you start to sweat,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.45,0:04:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your heart races, you might freeze for a while,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.18,0:04:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might run away.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.95,0:04:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> This exercise known as the Hooded Box Drill
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.61,0:04:51.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is part of the Close Quarters Defense System
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.27,0:04:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is one of the ways the U.S. Navy conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.36,0:04:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its recruits to control these amygdala signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.31,0:04:57.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.55,0:05:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Our students are deaf and blind.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.22,0:05:06.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our instructors will set up a scenario.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.23,0:05:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the hood comes off and the student
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.90,0:05:11.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to respond.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.65,0:05:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Well, when you're under that hood you have just
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.06,0:05:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a moment to gather your thoughts and think of
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.30,0:05:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scenarios that could come your way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.80,0:05:22.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Sometimes the correct response is swift and lethal.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.32,0:05:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.49,0:05:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes it's nonviolent.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.12,0:05:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.02,0:05:39.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It's supposed to simulate those quick snapshot
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.03,0:05:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,situations, those high risk situations that just
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.56,0:05:43.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happen in an instant.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.70,0:05:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.05,0:05:56.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> They're trying to introduce you to the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.60,0:06:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that panic is going to be less and less an option
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.61,0:06:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout your career.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.10,0:06:10.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.28,0:06:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So, the right way to do training is to
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.34,0:06:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,expose people to scary situations where they can
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.69,0:06:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get used to them and know how to react
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.59,0:06:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they're confronted with it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.88,0:06:19.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.94,0:06:23.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Through constant exposure to fearful situations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.39,0:06:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recruits learn to suppress fear
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.54,0:06:27.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could otherwise make them react the wrong way
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.79,0:06:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get them killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.90,0:06:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how do their brains do that?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.61,0:06:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.24,0:06:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What scientists discovered is that as humans
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.08,0:06:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evolved, another part of the brain called
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.71,0:06:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Cortex, also become involved in processing fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.95,0:06:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The part that makes us most human
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.60,0:06:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the brain is our frontal cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.50,0:06:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> If the amygdala is the first floor,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.60,0:06:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the cortex is the second floor of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.70,0:06:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the brain's thin, wrinkly outer layer that's
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.81,0:07:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,divided into four sets of lobes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.32,0:07:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> If you unfolded the cortex of a monkey,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.98,0:07:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be about the size of the piece of paper.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.86,0:07:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you unfolded our cortex, it is about four sheets
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.62,0:07:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of paper - large - and the reason it is wrinkly is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.68,0:07:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because you have to squish that all inside
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.45,0:07:12.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the skull.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.73,0:07:15.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The Frontal Lobes comprise the area just above
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.41,0:07:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our eyes and these are the newest rooms
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.99,0:07:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.02,0:07:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.70,0:07:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As humans evolved, the frontal lobes became the
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.39,0:07:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,place where conscious rational thought
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.32,0:07:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is processed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.86,0:07:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's where we do our problem solving.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.29,0:07:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The frontal lobes are so interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.41,0:07:34.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they're really the conductor of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.87,0:07:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They synchronize all activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.65,0:07:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Scientists made a major breakthrough
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.78,0:07:43.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fear research when they found that information
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.38,0:07:46.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from our senses reaches the amygdala almost
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.16,0:07:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twice as fast as it takes to get to our frontal lobes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.32,0:07:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.29,0:07:53.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The speed of the different brain signals means
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.15,0:07:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unless we instinctively know how to react
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.55,0:07:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a potential threat, we may freeze in fear
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.49,0:08:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,waiting for the frontal lobes to catch up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.97,0:08:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to figure out the right response.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.18,0:08:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Part of what happens with fear and panic is
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.46,0:08:07.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the unknown, is the not knowing what to do next
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.53,0:08:09.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so your brain essentially freezes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.01,0:08:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way a deer freezes in a headlight.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.21,0:08:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So, the amygdala may get very fast signals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.24,0:08:15.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about fear but sometimes they're wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.100,0:08:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and quickly the situation may say to you,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.33,0:08:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no it's not a fear situation and you're not afraid.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.78,0:08:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, these very quick amygdala signals that you get
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.18,0:08:26.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be controlled in sort of a top down way.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.60,0:08:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> This is where the Navy's training comes in.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.21,0:08:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It teaches recruits to minimize that delay by
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.00,0:08:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,generating fast, accurate reactions to situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.25,0:08:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.63,0:08:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With demand for special forces increasing,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.28,0:08:51.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Navy continues to develop
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.97,0:08:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain training techniques to see if they can
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.98,0:08:57.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,improve the pass rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.71,0:08:59.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are some fears that scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.95,0:09:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe are pre-programmed into our brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.82,0:09:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,primal fears or super fears that few
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.14,0:09:08.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people can overcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.29,0:09:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Navy makes its trainees tackle these
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.35,0:09:11.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,head on.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.57,0:09:14.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's why their most dreaded exercise happens
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.19,0:09:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under water.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.46,0:09:16.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.18,0:09:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As recruits face the fear of drowning.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.45,0:09:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There's almost nothing more scary
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.98,0:09:22.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than not being able to breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.75,0:09:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.88,0:09:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We are learning more now about the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.40,0:09:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than at any other time in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.70,0:09:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How it's put together and how it operates.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.14,0:09:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breakthroughs in brain science are helping
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.07,0:09:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Navy to rethink how they train Seal recruits.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.32,0:09:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.56,0:09:51.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Specialized exercises can improve their brains'
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.19,0:09:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reactions in fearful combat situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.12,0:09:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.100,0:09:57.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the candidates need something more to cope
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.19,0:09:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a super fear like drowning.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.41,0:10:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.70,0:10:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Experts believe evolution has hard-wired
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.47,0:10:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our brains to dread being trapped under water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.05,0:10:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a result, it's almost impossible to control
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.14,0:10:16.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain's overwhelming impulse to surface for air.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.27,0:10:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.10,0:10:21.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it is why recruits struggle so much to pass
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.81,0:10:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Underwater Pool Competency Test.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.13,0:10:30.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.42,0:10:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Pool Comp is a very important milestone
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.84,0:10:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their career here.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.18,0:10:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're being tested how they can deal with
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.80,0:10:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fear under water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.01,0:10:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there is controlled harassment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.03,0:10:42.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,planned harassment projected at them
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.24,0:10:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under water and we see how they can cope with that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.98,0:10:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Students must spend up to 20 minutes under water
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.96,0:10:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enduring repeated attacks on their breathing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.15,0:10:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equipment by an instructor.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.33,0:10:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Half of the time they are without air.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.36,0:10:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Their air is shut off,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.08,0:11:00.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their breathing hoses are wrapped around in
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.11,0:11:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,difficult positions and they need to respond
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.49,0:11:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to those problems with a series
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.83,0:11:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of emergency procedures.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.12,0:11:12.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Step by step instructions for untangling their gear
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.00,0:11:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are drilled into the recruits' heads beforehand.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.41,0:11:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They must follow these to the letter.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.71,0:11:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.47,0:11:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But putting theory into practice isn't easy.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.36,0:11:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.94,0:11:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> You go down to the bottom and the instructors
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.67,0:11:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they come down and will start attacking you,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.38,0:11:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taking your mask off,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.66,0:11:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just creating all this stress
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.99,0:11:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the more the stress builds up,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.84,0:11:34.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they want to see how you'll handle it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.63,0:11:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> As the trainee begins running out of air,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.86,0:11:39.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his brain's amygdala pushes the panic button
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.33,0:11:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that urges him to surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.61,0:11:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His frontal lobes must win this battle in the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.57,0:11:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if he is to stay in control.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.82,0:11:48.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Physically it is very challenging.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.43,0:11:50.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to hold your breath for longer than
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.19,0:11:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you normally would.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.38,0:11:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The instructors just take you kind of to that
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.07,0:11:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,breaking point to see how you'll respond.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.81,0:11:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No sooner has the candidate untied one set of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.43,0:12:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knots then his instructor is back attacking
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.04,0:12:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,him again and again.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.94,0:12:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The more the stress builds up they want to see
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.65,0:12:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how you'll handle it.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.70,0:12:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will you want to go to the surface and get air,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.11,0:12:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you want to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.00,0:12:09.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or will you take the little air you have
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.91,0:12:11.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the problems and solve them and do
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.81,0:12:14.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's necessary to pass the test?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.20,0:12:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> More Seals fail Pool Comp
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.11,0:12:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at this stage in their training than anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.98,0:12:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Navy wanted to know what was going on
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.92,0:12:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside their recruits' heads to cause this.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.87,0:12:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And there's almost nothing more scary
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.45,0:12:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than not being able to breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.10,0:12:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That creates a tremendous stress response.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.62,0:12:32.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have this huge release of stress hormones
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.65,0:12:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that make controlling things with thought
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.21,0:12:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.53,0:12:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.83,0:12:41.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Under normal conditions, the brain communicates
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.23,0:12:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the body using minute electrical signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.83,0:12:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain sends out electrical impulses
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.44,0:12:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from its nerve cells to others that travel at over
Dialogue: 0,0:12:49.90,0:12:52.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,270 miles per hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.73,0:12:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one way your brain can tell your body
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.31,0:12:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do something.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.68,0:12:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.25,0:13:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But under extreme duress,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.04,0:13:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain releases chemical hormones.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.96,0:13:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The part of the brain that senses fear,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.28,0:13:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amygdala,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.26,0:13:09.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,triggers a chain reaction that sends
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.48,0:13:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adrenaline and cortisol hormones
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.60,0:13:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the body's blood stream.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.76,0:13:16.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These stress hormones act as a SWAT team,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.19,0:13:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quickly preparing the body for action.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.07,0:13:21.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They increase breathing, heart rate,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.14,0:13:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and blood pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.17,0:13:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Senses become keener,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.14,0:13:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,memory sharper,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.64,0:13:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the body becomes less sensitive to pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.38,0:13:29.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.100,0:13:32.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even in this heightened state of alertness,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.22,0:13:35.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pool Comp is still too challenging for many trainees.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.58,0:13:37.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.78,0:13:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Your mind is going everywhere and you're seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.67,0:13:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your friends swim up from up the water -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.27,0:13:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've passed or they've failed.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.76,0:13:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you're kind of sizing yourself up
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.46,0:13:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying, well he failed can I pass?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:46.05,0:13:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And vice versa.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.28,0:13:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, your mind goes everywhere and it is key
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.97,0:13:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to stay focused on what you have to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.06,0:13:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Eventually, the student completes the series of tasks
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.36,0:13:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can touch the bottom and then surface
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.59,0:13:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn from the instructor
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.99,0:14:00.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether he's passed the test.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.73,0:14:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.35,0:14:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I feel fine!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.87,0:14:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Few Seal candidates succeed at Pool Comp
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.19,0:14:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.44,0:14:14.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They get four attempts and there's more
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.18,0:14:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at stake with each try.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.32,0:14:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The most common reason for failing Pool Comp
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.15,0:14:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is panic, losing composure under water.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.26,0:14:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of our students, that's it,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.50,0:14:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will performance drop them from training.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.81,0:14:34.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The Navy wanted to help borderline
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.69,0:14:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,candidates who had the potential to pass
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.98,0:14:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these crucial phases in training.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.17,0:14:41.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.60,0:14:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After consulting with experts,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.32,0:14:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they came up with a ground-breaking
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.15,0:14:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mental toughness program.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.01,0:14:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A set of techniques to boost the trainees'
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.94,0:14:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ability to control fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.74,0:14:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.34,0:14:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in the most extreme situations.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.67,0:14:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.37,0:14:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> You guys need to stay fired up while
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.74,0:14:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.75,0:15:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The pain, the cold, and all that stuff
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.74,0:15:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to eat away at you
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.97,0:15:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you got to keep going.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.53,0:15:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The techniques that we're most interested in
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.28,0:15:07.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are what I call the Big Four:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.07,0:15:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Goal Setting,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:07.83,0:15:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mental Rehearsal,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.79,0:15:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Self Talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.82,0:15:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Arousal Control.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.07,0:15:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.85,0:15:16.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Scientists think goal setting works by
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.03,0:15:17.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assisting the frontal lobes.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.97,0:15:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the brain's supervisor, the frontal lobes
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.80,0:15:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are responsible for reasoning and planning.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.15,0:15:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.01,0:15:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Concentrating on specific goals,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.83,0:15:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let's the brain bring structure to chaos
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.51,0:15:31.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keeps the amygdala, the emotional center
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.17,0:15:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the brain, in check.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.98,0:15:39.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.76,0:15:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I got up every morning and I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.24,0:15:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to make it to breakfast.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.12,0:15:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then at breakfast I said,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:44.25,0:15:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, I'm going to make it to lunch.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.68,0:15:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I'm going to make it through
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.96,0:15:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the run this afternoon.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.19,0:15:53.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then you take it in these little sort of chunks.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.24,0:15:57.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The second technique, Mental Rehearsal,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.30,0:15:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or Visualization,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.63,0:16:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is continually running through
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.59,0:16:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an activity in your mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.78,0:16:04.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when you try it for real, it comes more naturally.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.95,0:16:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.74,0:16:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> If you practice in your mind first
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.63,0:16:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and imagine and rehearse how you might do
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.99,0:16:17.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in these stressful situations,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.43,0:16:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the next time in reality you're faced with
Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.10,0:16:21.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these situations is actually in effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.50,0:16:23.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the second time you've faced it so you'll have
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.92,0:16:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less of a stressful reaction.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.53,0:16:26.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.78,0:16:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The third technique, Self Talk,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.09,0:16:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helps focus the trainees' thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.48,0:16:35.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The average person speaks to themselves at a
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.01,0:16:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rate of 300 to 1000 words a minute.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.12,0:16:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.94,0:16:44.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If these words are positive instead of negative,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.06,0:16:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'can do' instead of 'can't',
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.64,0:16:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they help override the fear signal
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.89,0:16:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming from the amygdala.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.86,0:16:55.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The frontal lobes are always on so it is very easy
Dialogue: 0,0:16:55.19,0:16:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to think about something difficult, something bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.52,0:17:00.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like I'm going to fail, what am I doing here?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.65,0:17:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't practice enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.02,0:17:04.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What you're trying to do is you're trying to replace
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.65,0:17:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those bad thoughts with good thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:07.35,0:17:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.93,0:17:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The final technique, Arousal Control,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.62,0:17:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is centered on breathing.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:16.77,0:17:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deliberate slow breathing helps combat some of the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:19.59,0:17:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effects of panic.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:22.52,0:17:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Long exhales in particular, mimic the body's
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.60,0:17:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relaxation process and get more oxygen to the
Dialogue: 0,0:17:28.33,0:17:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain so it can perform better.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.43,0:17:32.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.30,0:17:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Breathing is a great focusing strategy
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.46,0:17:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but you can only do it so much because
Dialogue: 0,0:17:37.12,0:17:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a response to fear,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.61,0:17:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain will get jacked up.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.91,0:17:43.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:43.96,0:17:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> On it's own, arousal control wouldn't work.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.92,0:17:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The amygdala sends out such a powerful signal
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.40,0:17:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's tough to suppress if we're still feeling fearful
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.21,0:17:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but combing the four techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:17:55.62,0:17:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made a big difference to the trainee Seals
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.51,0:17:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pass rate, increasing it from a quarter
Dialogue: 0,0:17:59.82,0:18:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a third.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.16,0:18:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of pushing boundaries may not be new
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.17,0:18:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but here is positive proof that you can train
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.17,0:18:10.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your brain and now science knows how.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:10.40,0:18:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:14.86,0:18:17.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It goes back to a lot of much earlier sort of
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.32,0:18:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,warrior traditions where you're sort of transcending
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.19,0:18:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever it is you thought your limitations were.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.62,0:18:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.17,0:18:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I am a different person, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.85,0:18:30.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your confidence goes through the roof.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.24,0:18:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You see things and do things that you wouldn't
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.50,0:18:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have imagined before.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.48,0:18:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> But it's not just the battlefield where brain science
Dialogue: 0,0:18:37.04,0:18:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is having a big impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.99,0:18:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's also unlocking some tantalizing secrets about
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.06,0:18:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what happens in the bedroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.91,0:18:47.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Everybody knows sex is between the ears
Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.40,0:18:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we wanted to find out what is really going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:49.65,0:18:55.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.87,0:18:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> While the brain has evolved a fear response
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.46,0:19:00.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to keep us out of danger,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.47,0:19:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is also equipped with a strong sexual impulse
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.98,0:19:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to ensure the survival of the species.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.38,0:19:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Having an orgasm is one of the most powerful
Dialogue: 0,0:19:09.74,0:19:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human experiences so begin to creep into the mind
Dialogue: 0,0:19:13.31,0:19:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and find out exactly how the brain is producing
Dialogue: 0,0:19:16.37,0:19:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this overwhelming ecstasy is exciting.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.40,0:19:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In the Netherlands neuroscientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.43,0:19:23.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Gert Holstege,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:23.95,0:19:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is blazing a trail in sex research by revealing
Dialogue: 0,0:19:27.81,0:19:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time what happens in the brains
Dialogue: 0,0:19:30.52,0:19:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of men and women during orgasm.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:32.69,0:19:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.56,0:19:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> 15 years ago it was not possible
Dialogue: 0,0:19:35.20,0:19:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now with newer imaging techniques,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:37.80,0:19:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is very well possible to see what's happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.79,0:19:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> To find out, he needs volunteer couples.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.78,0:19:46.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The man or woman agrees to be injected
Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.03,0:19:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a radioactive oxygen tracer and then stimulated
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.41,0:19:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to orgasm by their partner.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:52.74,0:19:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While this happens, they lie with their head
Dialogue: 0,0:19:54.95,0:19:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a 3D imaging machine called a PET scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:58.08,0:20:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:02.35,0:20:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The PET scanner is measured in only blood flow.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:05.23,0:20:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is measuring the amount blood going to different
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.23,0:20:09.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,parts of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.55,0:20:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The brain has many miles of blood vessels.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.78,0:20:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When nerve cells are busy firing,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.13,0:20:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they need lots of energy-laden
Dialogue: 0,0:20:18.30,0:20:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and oxygen-rich blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.42,0:20:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they're not, they need very little.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.87,0:20:23.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.85,0:20:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So you see what brain regions take part
Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.10,0:20:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this whole thing of ejaculation or orgasm.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.01,0:20:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:34.46,0:20:36.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Aside from the obvious challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.01,0:20:38.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,facing the volunteers to reach orgasm in a laboratory
Dialogue: 0,0:20:38.88,0:20:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,setting, there is a time constraint, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:42.52,0:20:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oxygen tracer has a half-life of just two minutes.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:46.12,0:20:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:48.26,0:20:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I think would be tough to have an orgasm
Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.06,0:20:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under these circumstances,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.14,0:20:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,under any of these circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:52.76,0:20:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everywhere in the world we have the vast majority
Dialogue: 0,0:20:55.38,0:20:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our sex in private unlike almost all other animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:59.35,0:21:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.16,0:21:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Fortunately, 11 men and 13 women did manage
Dialogue: 0,0:21:03.25,0:21:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the timing just right.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.31,0:21:08.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what this ground-breaking experiment
Dialogue: 0,0:21:08.23,0:21:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,revealed was a startling difference between
Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.80,0:21:13.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,male and female brain activity during sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.40,0:21:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The outcome was very surprising.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:16.35,0:21:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you look at the male brain during ejaculation
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.36,0:21:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or orgasm then you see several parts activate.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:24.89,0:21:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> During male orgasm, blood gushes to the top
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.97,0:21:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the brain stem.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:29.77,0:21:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As well as being one of the oldest parts
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.76,0:21:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the human brain, it's the area that controls
Dialogue: 0,0:21:34.13,0:21:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the release of dopamine across the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.40,0:21:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dopamine is a type of hormone
Dialogue: 0,0:21:39.28,0:21:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a neurotransmitter.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:41.44,0:21:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists know dopamine generates very strong
Dialogue: 0,0:21:44.04,0:21:46.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,feelings we associate with pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:46.31,0:21:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:47.80,0:21:49.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What became clear is that the dopamine
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.63,0:21:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is released a little bit in advance of these things
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.34,0:21:55.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like food and sex and drugs.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.69,0:21:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not strictly speaking of a chemical
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.02,0:22:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of pleasure, it's a chemical of anticipation.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:00.66,0:22:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:01.93,0:22:04.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So, you're getting a flood of dopamine.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.85,0:22:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dopamine is the same chemical that becomes
Dialogue: 0,0:22:06.86,0:22:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,active when you feel the rush of cocaine
Dialogue: 0,0:22:09.17,0:22:11.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the other stimulant drugs so it is an
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.19,0:22:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,overwhelming experience of ecstasy and energy.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.88,0:22:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The experiment showed that in men,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.19,0:22:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blood was flowing away from areas of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:22:20.66,0:22:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had to do with anxiety but other areas
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.86,0:22:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remained alert.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.29,0:22:25.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:25.88,0:22:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In men, you will find deactivation of the amygdala
Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.82,0:22:33.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the region that has to do with anxiety
Dialogue: 0,0:22:33.69,0:22:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or fear.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.82,0:22:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It is not surprising that other parts of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:22:37.57,0:22:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,become deactivated so that you don't feel
Dialogue: 0,0:22:40.63,0:22:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anxious, you don't feel scared,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.21,0:22:43.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're not thinking about anything
Dialogue: 0,0:22:43.97,0:22:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,except the orgasm.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.93,0:22:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Dr. Holstege found that women enjoy a similar
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.68,0:22:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dopamine experience to men but what surprises
Dialogue: 0,0:22:51.93,0:22:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,him the most is how much a woman's brain shuts
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.90,0:22:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down during orgasm.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:56.57,0:22:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The deactivation was the most important finding.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.44,0:23:03.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In women there was an enormous deactivation
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.00,0:23:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of all the centers of the brain that had to do with
Dialogue: 0,0:23:06.23,0:23:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anxiety and fear, alertness.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:09.35,0:23:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apparently, women let it go.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:12.29,0:23:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Women can even go unconscious during orgasm
Dialogue: 0,0:23:15.38,0:23:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas men don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.50,0:23:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Experts believe the difference between men and
Dialogue: 0,0:23:19.38,0:23:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women may date back to prehistoric times
Dialogue: 0,0:23:22.13,0:23:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we were hunter-gatherers.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.87,0:23:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> This may have an evolutionary purpose.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:28.32,0:23:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For millions of years we had our sex
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.30,0:23:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the grasslands of Africa where there were
Dialogue: 0,0:23:32.42,0:23:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dangerous animals roaming around.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:34.18,0:23:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody had to be alert enough to jump up
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.93,0:23:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and run or defend the group and it's logical that
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.66,0:23:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be men.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:40.69,0:23:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the female brain tends to shut down
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.47,0:23:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than the male brain does.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.15,0:23:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.67,0:23:49.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In a future set of tests,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:49.33,0:23:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Holstege hopes to increase the time he can
Dialogue: 0,0:23:52.05,0:23:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,monitor what happens in our brains during sex.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:54.63,0:23:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:56.28,0:23:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's intrigued to see how rapidly the
Dialogue: 0,0:23:58.48,0:24:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dopamine-induced feeling of euphoria drops away
Dialogue: 0,0:24:01.42,0:24:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after orgasm.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:03.25,0:24:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I still think that there will be big differences
Dialogue: 0,0:24:05.22,0:24:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between men and women just before, during,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.24,0:24:10.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and after orgasm.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.61,0:24:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What exactly then is the difference in the brain?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:12.93,0:24:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is what I want to know.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:14.50,0:24:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:16.62,0:24:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Aside from sex, dopamine plays a major role
Dialogue: 0,0:24:19.48,0:24:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in motivating our brains to do all kinds of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.23,0:24:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even something that seems the opposite of sex,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.22,0:24:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not furthering life,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:26.90,0:24:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.51,0:24:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but risking it.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:31.89,0:24:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.04,0:24:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is it about the pursuit of pleasure that would
Dialogue: 0,0:24:40.59,0:24:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make these base jumpers in Moab, Utah
Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.43,0:24:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to throw themselves off of a cliff?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:45.61,0:24:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Pretty much all the cliffs out here have a pretty
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.51,0:24:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high danger scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.56,0:24:53.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On a one to ten, they're all about an eight.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:53.47,0:24:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Mistakes can be fatal.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.61,0:24:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.58,0:24:59.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> When you run off a 500 foot rock,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:59.05,0:25:01.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got about six seconds to live
Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.33,0:25:02.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is that extreme?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.49,0:25:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, you're darned right that's extreme.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.67,0:25:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And if this is the ultimate thrill for some
Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.48,0:25:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people's brains, why not for everyone's?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.22,0:25:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> This thrill is just basically essential
Dialogue: 0,0:25:14.07,0:25:15.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to be happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.81,0:25:19.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To have that feeling alive inside of you
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.41,0:25:21.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so then life is worth it.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:21.63,0:25:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.72,0:25:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Science tells us that as a base jumper is thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.98,0:25:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the jump their brain begins releasing
Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.40,0:25:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,dopamine.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:33.74,0:25:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As with sex, dopamine plays the role of building
Dialogue: 0,0:25:36.40,0:25:37.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anticipation.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.88,0:25:38.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But unlike sex,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:38.99,0:25:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the amygdala doesn't shut down.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:41.44,0:25:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, it is sending out fear signals.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.01,0:25:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:46.02,0:25:48.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Before a jump I'll get the jitters and I will get
Dialogue: 0,0:25:48.16,0:25:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nervous and palms might get sweaty,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:49.83,0:25:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a million thoughts race into my mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:51.82,0:25:53.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.82,0:25:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Most of your mental preparation is,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:56.32,0:25:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, what if my parachute opens backwards?
Dialogue: 0,0:25:58.77,0:26:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if I have a problem with one of my toggles?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:01.22,0:26:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:04.10,0:26:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Even though the jumpers are focused on the jump
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.44,0:26:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,itself, you know, what they might not realize
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.61,0:26:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the dopamine kick is happening all along
Dialogue: 0,0:26:12.07,0:26:13.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during this process.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:13.66,0:26:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.71,0:26:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Kresta Christensen is a newcomer to base jumping.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:21.10,0:26:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I'm feeling excited.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:23.65,0:26:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My heart is going a little bit faster
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.16,0:26:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I know that the gear check means
Dialogue: 0,0:26:27.60,0:26:29.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's getting a little bit closer.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:29.52,0:26:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.26,0:26:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:32.91,0:26:33.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.67,0:26:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:34.41,0:26:35.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See ya.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:35.35,0:26:36.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ohh, I get so nervous!
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.84,0:26:37.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.36,0:26:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is unlike anything else that I've ever done.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:42.99,0:26:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially for someone that's scared of heights.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.34,0:26:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Kresta is nervous because her amygdala,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.06,0:26:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where she harbors her fear of heights,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:50.98,0:26:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is pressing the panic button at the site of a
Dialogue: 0,0:26:53.30,0:26:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,400 foot drop.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:56.15,0:26:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Ahh! OK!
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.22,0:27:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:01.16,0:27:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It's about as physiologically aroused as a person
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.92,0:27:04.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:04.98,0:27:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got the stress system going so you've got
Dialogue: 0,0:27:07.50,0:27:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adrenaline being released, that gets the heart going.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:11.52,0:27:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got hormones being released.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:13.83,0:27:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got stress hormones like cortisol going.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:16.89,0:27:19.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got neurotransmitters like dopamine
Dialogue: 0,0:27:19.15,0:27:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being released in anticipation of the euphoria.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:21.52,0:27:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.45,0:27:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at the same time, Kresta's frontal lobes
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.72,0:27:27.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weigh in.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:28.11,0:27:30.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Making her question if she is doing the right thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:30.55,0:27:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:32.82,0:27:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fear, the pleasure, the potential risks -
Dialogue: 0,0:27:36.07,0:27:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all these competing signals get processed
Dialogue: 0,0:27:38.42,0:27:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into action, experts believe, in the striatum,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.59,0:27:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the middle of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.08,0:27:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And the striatum is kind of like a switching center.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.94,0:27:49.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is also the part of the brain that has the densest
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.32,0:27:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concentration of dopamine receptors.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:51.94,0:27:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> As Kresta's dopamine rush bombards her
Dialogue: 0,0:27:54.23,0:27:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,striatum, her motivation for pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:27:56.90,0:28:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,battles the other impulses but will it be enough
Dialogue: 0,0:28:00.30,0:28:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make her jump?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.46,0:28:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside the brain of a novice base jumper,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:10.26,0:28:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a battle waging as she makes
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.33,0:28:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a life-threatening decision.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:14.26,0:28:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Will Kresta risk everything for pleasure?
Dialogue: 0,0:28:17.10,0:28:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And just launch? OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:19.53,0:28:21.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:28:21.02,0:28:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.21,0:28:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.73,0:28:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.81,0:28:32.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:42.38,0:28:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Clearly the decision to jump means that the
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.63,0:28:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anticipated reward has won the battle between
Dialogue: 0,0:28:48.42,0:28:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the good outcome and the potentially bad outcome.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:51.46,0:28:52.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If it was the other way around,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.66,0:28:53.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would back away from the cliff
Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.85,0:28:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and call it a day.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.16,0:29:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Ah, it was awesome!
Dialogue: 0,0:29:00.24,0:29:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was great!
Dialogue: 0,0:29:01.19,0:29:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm ready to go up and do it again!
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.54,0:29:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gotta back first, thought!
Dialogue: 0,0:29:03.74,0:29:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.62,0:29:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.32,0:29:18.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No sooner have these jumpers survived
Dialogue: 0,0:29:18.39,0:29:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one death wish then their getting ready for the next.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.62,0:29:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They seem addicted to finding new locations
Dialogue: 0,0:29:25.02,0:29:28.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with fresh dangers and more challenging conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:29.32,0:29:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists say there's a reason for this.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.54,0:29:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.86,0:29:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> When we look at what happens in the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.78,0:29:37.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we see that on repeated exposures to pleasures
Dialogue: 0,0:29:37.77,0:29:40.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether it's food or drink, whatever, or sex even,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.59,0:29:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we see the dopamine response gets a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.71,0:29:45.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,less each time.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.36,0:29:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You get a little less bang for the buck.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.95,0:29:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Which for thrill seekers means
Dialogue: 0,0:29:50.49,0:29:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either doing an entirely new activity
Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.01,0:29:55.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or taking bigger and bigger risks
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.20,0:29:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the familiar one.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:57.14,0:30:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Novelty is really big jolt for the dopamine system
Dialogue: 0,0:30:01.39,0:30:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so when we look at base jumping,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:03.56,0:30:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it kind of mixes both of these things
Dialogue: 0,0:30:05.60,0:30:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really maximizes the pleasure response
Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.33,0:30:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what keeps it addictive.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:11.09,0:30:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The base jumpers would appear to agree.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:13.36,0:30:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> By keeping things new and different,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.12,0:30:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it keeps the excitement there.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:19.88,0:30:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There's people who do it one time and decide
Dialogue: 0,0:30:21.88,0:30:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it's too risky to do it so they stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.32,0:30:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people continue to do it and they'll
Dialogue: 0,0:30:26.44,0:30:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do it at least once a week if not more than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:30.66,0:30:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's very few people who dabble in base jumping.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:33.60,0:30:35.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three, two, one!
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.20,0:30:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See ya!
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.70,0:30:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Scientists think we find danger seeking
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.97,0:30:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pleasurable because it's been necessary
Dialogue: 0,0:30:43.80,0:30:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to our evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:45.58,0:30:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If humans didn't take risks, they say,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:47.77,0:30:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'd still be living in caves.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:50.31,0:30:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they're fascinated to know why some people
Dialogue: 0,0:30:52.72,0:30:54.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will risk more than others.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:54.54,0:30:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.48,0:30:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even in an every day situation like a restaurant,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.11,0:31:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are some people who will always order
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.90,0:31:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:03.00,0:31:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And others who will try a new dish each time
Dialogue: 0,0:31:05.14,0:31:07.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and gamble on it tasting good.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.37,0:31:11.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:11.13,0:31:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Experts at Emory University in Georgia
Dialogue: 0,0:31:13.51,0:31:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wonder if some people's brains are preprogrammed
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.99,0:31:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to gamble or take bigger risks than others.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.47,0:31:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.10,0:31:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They asked volunteers to play a gambling game.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:26.04,0:31:28.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The object is to avoid receiving a shock to the foot.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.99,0:31:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:29.78,0:31:31.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Oh, that one hurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:32.24,0:31:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Each time they play, the volunteer must choose
Dialogue: 0,0:31:34.85,0:31:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between two options.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:37.20,0:31:40.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So, I'm gonna try the first option because
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.70,0:31:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really don't want to get a shock.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:41.83,0:31:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.12,0:31:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ah!
Dialogue: 0,0:31:46.22,0:31:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Got shocked that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.03,0:31:49.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:49.40,0:31:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> When this test is carried out in a scanner,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:51.78,0:31:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Greg Burns can monitor brain activity
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.47,0:31:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see how much dopamine is released before
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.74,0:31:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each decision.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:58.38,0:31:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:59.17,0:32:02.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What we're seeing are traits that are probably
Dialogue: 0,0:32:02.18,0:32:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genetically coded and people just have a biological
Dialogue: 0,0:32:05.52,0:32:07.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tendency to release more or less dopamine
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.95,0:32:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in response to risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:10.45,0:32:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And his experiment suggests people's brains
Dialogue: 0,0:32:12.89,0:32:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are consistent in their decision making.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:15.80,0:32:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's even perfected a computer program
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.09,0:32:20.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the point that it can predict which option
Dialogue: 0,0:32:20.39,0:32:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people will choose before they make it.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:23.32,0:32:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We can take a template of their brain response
Dialogue: 0,0:32:26.45,0:32:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to these different gambles,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:27.100,0:32:29.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call it neural fingerprint,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.47,0:32:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put it into a computer algorithm
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.42,0:32:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then predict with a high degree of accuracy
Dialogue: 0,0:32:34.10,0:32:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what they'll choose.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:35.71,0:32:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although people are different,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:37.30,0:32:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it seems like people do have a fingerprint
Dialogue: 0,0:32:39.43,0:32:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for decision making.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.20,0:32:43.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> But Dr. Burns says we're a long way from
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.49,0:32:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,predicting anything complicated.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:46.30,0:32:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The great thing about neuroscience is that
Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.54,0:32:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the deeper that we dig in terms of decision making,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:51.09,0:32:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more questions that come up.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:53.95,0:32:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> One of the being questions that scientists are
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.09,0:32:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studying is how particular personality types
Dialogue: 0,0:32:58.58,0:33:00.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make moral decisions.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.86,0:33:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New discoveries are offering clues
Dialogue: 0,0:33:03.16,0:33:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understanding why psychopathic brains
Dialogue: 0,0:33:05.85,0:33:07.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let them do evil things.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:07.75,0:33:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:08.30,0:33:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We all do something wrong once in a while.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:11.00,0:33:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of the times when we do something wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.49,0:33:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we not just know it but we feel it.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.29,0:33:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We feel bad, we feel guilty,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:18.96,0:33:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we feel remorse and it is the feeling of what's wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:33:21.92,0:33:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that stops most of us from misbehaving in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:26.65,0:33:27.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.76,0:33:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> But what happens when someone doesn't feel
Dialogue: 0,0:33:29.70,0:33:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any guilt or remorse?
Dialogue: 0,0:33:31.55,0:33:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:33.12,0:33:35.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's no battle happening in their brains
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.55,0:33:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to prevent them from committing, repeating,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.90,0:33:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even enjoying what are unspeakable
Dialogue: 0,0:33:40.20,0:33:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,acts of horror for the rest of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.58,0:33:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:44.34,0:33:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men like Ted Bundy who murdered at least
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.84,0:33:48.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,35 women.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:48.52,0:33:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jeffrey Dahmer who tortured 17 men and boys
Dialogue: 0,0:33:51.100,0:33:52.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to death.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:53.93,0:33:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Joel Rifkin who beat and strangled 17 women.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:58.18,0:33:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:59.86,0:34:02.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists are fascinated by these real life
Dialogue: 0,0:34:02.56,0:34:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,archetypes of evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:05.47,0:34:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Ted Bundy was, if you will, the motivation that
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.66,0:34:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got me interested in this career.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.10,0:34:12.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ted Bundy actually grew up down the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:12.39,0:34:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when I was growing up I was hearing
Dialogue: 0,0:34:13.96,0:34:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these stories of how he ended up like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:16.04,0:34:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it just mystified everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.46,0:34:19.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Surprised? I don't know, I didn't know what to expect.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:19.31,0:34:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've never been in a jail before.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.28,0:34:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've never been arrested before.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:21.65,0:34:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:24.70,0:34:26.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I just combined the two things I wanted to
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.100,0:34:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,understand the most
Dialogue: 0,0:34:27.84,0:34:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one was how the brain works
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.07,0:34:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how does it work in the people
Dialogue: 0,0:34:30.74,0:34:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who do these bad things, in psychopaths?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:32.78,0:34:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:34.75,0:34:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Research suggests as many as
Dialogue: 0,0:34:36.66,0:34:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one person in 100 is a psychopath.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:39.65,0:34:41.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most are not the violent kind.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:41.88,0:34:45.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rarer still are those who turn into serial killers.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:45.69,0:34:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they all share common traits.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:48.52,0:34:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Ted Bundy actually exemplified almost all of the
Dialogue: 0,0:34:50.45,0:34:52.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,characteristics of the psychopath.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:52.53,0:34:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was very glib and superficial.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:54.20,0:34:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was very charming.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:55.55,0:34:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He convinced many people.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.24,0:34:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He even got married in prison when he was older.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:59.30,0:35:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No one imagined he was capable of being
Dialogue: 0,0:35:01.62,0:35:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a cold-blooded killer.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:04.13,0:35:06.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to Dr. Kent Kiehl,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:06.00,0:35:08.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the overriding characteristic of a psychopath
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.50,0:35:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they lack conscience.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:11.68,0:35:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> They often say, I just don't understand
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.30,0:35:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why there's such a big fuss about all of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:15.39,0:35:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:18.04,0:35:20.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Bundy and Dahmer are dead but Joel Rifkin
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.71,0:35:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is still alive and behind bars in upstate New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.23,0:35:28.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Did you feel guilty after any of these homicides?
Dialogue: 0,0:35:28.10,0:35:31.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:31.77,0:35:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No, not really.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.45,0:35:34.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Um.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.66,0:35:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were one or two maybe I felt bad about
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.17,0:35:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, no not really guilty, guilty about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:42.10,0:35:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.40,0:35:45.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would have had to care.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:45.47,0:35:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughing)
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.01,0:35:48.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't care then, that's the sad thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:49.45,0:35:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What we really want to understand is why
Dialogue: 0,0:35:50.40,0:35:52.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they don't ever appreciate why
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.36,0:35:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're doing these bad things
Dialogue: 0,0:35:53.83,0:35:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how these things impact other people.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.55,0:36:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.84,0:36:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Scientists hope that by looking inside the brains
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.75,0:36:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of psychopaths they might finally identify the
Dialogue: 0,0:36:06.70,0:36:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reason for their twisted thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:09.22,0:36:12.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Once upon a time Joel Rifkin was this innocent
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.28,0:36:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,little baby with this beautiful smile on his face.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.64,0:36:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He didn't have one sense of evil in him.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:20.81,0:36:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or did he?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:22.02,0:36:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:29.85,0:36:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What makes some brains evil?
Dialogue: 0,0:36:32.79,0:36:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer may lie in ground breaking
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.54,0:36:36.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,experiments being carried out at
Dialogue: 0,0:36:36.78,0:36:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New Mexico prisons.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:38.48,0:36:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists estimate one in 20 inmates
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.87,0:36:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a personality disorder that could be
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.06,0:36:44.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,psychopathic.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:44.25,0:36:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:45.07,0:36:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, there's no shortage of potential test subjects
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.78,0:36:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where Dr. Kiehl carries out his research.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:50.64,0:36:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His aim is to develop new treatments
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.57,0:36:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to do that he needs to find out what's
Dialogue: 0,0:36:55.77,0:36:57.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different about their brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:58.41,0:37:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The ideal goal is to be able to help us reduce
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.11,0:37:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the impact the disorder has not only on the individual
Dialogue: 0,0:37:04.31,0:37:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also on society.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:06.08,0:37:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> First he interviews the prisoners to identify
Dialogue: 0,0:37:08.66,0:37:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those that exhibit psychopathic tendencies.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.26,0:37:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.86,0:37:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So this is going to be an interview that we kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:37:13.37,0:37:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cover different aspects of your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.04,0:37:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we're going to start out with like school history,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.34,0:37:18.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll talk about employment history,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:18.44,0:37:19.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we talk about your family,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:19.52,0:37:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll talk about criminal activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:21.18,0:37:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things that you've done, things like that.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.00,0:37:25.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Psychopaths have remarkably similar patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:37:25.48,0:37:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of behavior.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:26.50,0:37:27.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.20,0:37:29.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Did you ever get in trouble when you were a kid?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:29.20,0:37:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> All the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.57,0:37:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> They have an impulsive nomadic lifestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:33.18,0:37:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They move from place to place.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:34.58,0:37:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Relationship to relationship.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.08,0:37:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're very sexually promiscuous.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:37.84,0:37:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They tend to get themselves in trouble.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:39.30,0:37:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:48.34,0:37:50.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Dr. Kiehl sends the prisoners he's diagnosed
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.70,0:37:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as psychopathic for brain scans.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.14,0:37:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the first test he wants to see how they react
Dialogue: 0,0:37:56.79,0:37:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to making mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.08,0:37:58.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:58.79,0:38:02.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I've scanned over 300 inmates so we've actually
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.23,0:38:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collected one of the largest brain imaging data
Dialogue: 0,0:38:03.99,0:38:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sets in the world and by far and away the largest
Dialogue: 0,0:38:06.01,0:38:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain imaging data set that's ever been
Dialogue: 0,0:38:07.94,0:38:09.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collected in psychopaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:09.73,0:38:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:10.88,0:38:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> All right, this is obviously the magnet.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.06,0:38:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't sound like much now but it will get
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.00,0:38:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very, very loud.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:16.12,0:38:19.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.55,0:38:22.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The scanner uses magnetic fields and radio
Dialogue: 0,0:38:22.06,0:38:24.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy to monitor blood flow in the brain while
Dialogue: 0,0:38:24.81,0:38:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the inmate is thinking and reacting.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.69,0:38:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> During this test you are going to see a series of
Dialogue: 0,0:38:30.51,0:38:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,X's and K's on the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:32.08,0:38:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I want you to do is press the first button
Dialogue: 0,0:38:34.26,0:38:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with your first index finger whenever an X appears
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.53,0:38:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the screen but do not press
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.34,0:38:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when a K appears on the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:40.30,0:38:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> All right.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:41.35,0:38:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:47.10,0:38:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The two letters flash by so quickly
Dialogue: 0,0:38:49.22,0:38:51.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the challenge is near impossible for anyone
Dialogue: 0,0:38:51.53,0:38:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get right.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:52.61,0:38:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:53.45,0:38:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It is very difficult, people tend to make a lot
Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.04,0:38:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:55.76,0:38:56.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They tend to press buttons when they're not
Dialogue: 0,0:38:56.69,0:38:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supposed to and what we want to know is how does
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.65,0:39:00.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their brain learn to appreciate a mistake
Dialogue: 0,0:39:00.55,0:39:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and does it recover from that mistake?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:03.57,0:39:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> By observing brain activity during this test,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:05.92,0:39:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Kiehl can see that psychopaths don't care
Dialogue: 0,0:39:08.70,0:39:10.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as normal individuals when they
Dialogue: 0,0:39:10.69,0:39:11.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make a mistake.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.59,0:39:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.64,0:39:17.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that doesn't mean they're unintelligent.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:19.32,0:39:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Serial killer, Joel Rifkin for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.65,0:39:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has an IQ of 128 which places him in the
Dialogue: 0,0:39:24.84,0:39:27.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,top three percent of the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.20,0:39:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What's really kind of dumbfounding is that
Dialogue: 0,0:39:30.04,0:39:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're above average intelligence compared
Dialogue: 0,0:39:32.70,0:39:34.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the rest of the inmate population.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:34.55,0:39:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're very hot headed and impulsive
Dialogue: 0,0:39:35.96,0:39:38.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are very manipulative and conning.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.23,0:39:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:39.69,0:39:42.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There were times I got pulled over with bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:39:42.90,0:39:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the vehicle and I would lie
Dialogue: 0,0:39:44.83,0:39:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my way out of the situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:46.81,0:39:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was basically looking for a place to dump
Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.23,0:39:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my little package and he's -
Dialogue: 0,0:39:51.81,0:39:54.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why are you wandering around suburbia?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:54.19,0:39:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm like, well I'm lost how do I get on this road?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:56.50,0:39:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had no idea what road I was pointing to but
Dialogue: 0,0:39:59.15,0:40:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had the map and I was very convincing.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:01.04,0:40:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:08.04,0:40:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In a second test, the New Mexico inmates
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.29,0:40:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are asked to rate photos on whether they are
Dialogue: 0,0:40:12.34,0:40:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,morally objectionable.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.84,0:40:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> A moral volition is an action or an attitude
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.10,0:40:19.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is considered to be wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:19.05,0:40:20.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You should make your decision based on your own
Dialogue: 0,0:40:20.60,0:40:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system of moral values not what you think
Dialogue: 0,0:40:22.64,0:40:24.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,others or society would consider to be wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:24.78,0:40:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Does that make sense so far?
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.12,0:40:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.86,0:40:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:27.78,0:40:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:31.12,0:40:32.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We're trying to understand how inmates
Dialogue: 0,0:40:32.61,0:40:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,process information that has a moral value.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.28,0:40:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are different brain systems that we
Dialogue: 0,0:40:36.96,0:40:38.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,believe are deciding whether or not something
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.80,0:40:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a moral violation or not and whether or not
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.04,0:40:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,those systems have not developed normally
Dialogue: 0,0:40:43.03,0:40:44.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a psychopathic inmate.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:44.68,0:40:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> This pioneering research is proving what
Dialogue: 0,0:40:46.82,0:40:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists have wondered for years.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:48.79,0:40:49.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:49.10,0:40:51.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether psychopaths have an impaired ability
Dialogue: 0,0:40:51.89,0:40:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:53.61,0:40:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they found is that their frontal lobes,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:56.18,0:40:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain's most recent addition,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:58.07,0:40:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the amygdala,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:59.50,0:41:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the more primal parts of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:01.39,0:41:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not communicating properly.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:03.26,0:41:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:04.28,0:41:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's more, in a recent study,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.01,0:41:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Adrain Raine found that the brains
Dialogue: 0,0:41:08.49,0:41:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of psychopaths are physically different.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:11.00,0:41:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was able to show for the first time that they have
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.04,0:41:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a shrunken amygdala.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:15.43,0:41:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On average, 17 percent smaller than most people's.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:20.22,0:41:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is another crucial piece of the puzzle
Dialogue: 0,0:41:22.71,0:41:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in understanding why psychopaths are not
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.87,0:41:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,afraid to commit evil acts.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:26.83,0:41:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:28.16,0:41:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Psychopaths know it's wrong to kill someone
Dialogue: 0,0:41:31.51,0:41:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but why do they do it?
Dialogue: 0,0:41:32.78,0:41:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't have the feeling of what's moral.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:36.08,0:41:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not going to stick a knife in you
Dialogue: 0,0:41:37.98,0:41:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I'll feel the pain myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:40.29,0:41:41.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll experience the pain.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:41.51,0:41:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've got empathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.52,0:41:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can put myself into your shoes.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:44.62,0:41:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:48.67,0:41:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Murderers like Joel Rifkin can't do that.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:51.37,0:41:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He killed those prostitutes because he didn't
Dialogue: 0,0:41:54.16,0:41:59.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,care about what it might feel like to be strangled.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:59.64,0:42:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> How did you feel while you were strangling them?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:02.74,0:42:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:05.69,0:42:08.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Uh, just intensely focused on that.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:08.73,0:42:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:11.87,0:42:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, uh, not thinking about much or much else.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.71,0:42:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Rifkin committed so many murders he was bound
Dialogue: 0,0:42:20.24,0:42:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get caught eventually.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.43,0:42:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what about all those other psychopaths,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:24.56,0:42:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one in one hundred,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:25.94,0:42:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why don't they end up in jail?
Dialogue: 0,0:42:27.98,0:42:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.76,0:42:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Raine's research has pinpointed the difference
Dialogue: 0,0:42:34.13,0:42:36.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the brains of white collar psychopaths.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:37.37,0:42:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The kind who think nothing of swindling people
Dialogue: 0,0:42:39.43,0:42:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out of their life's savings.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:40.96,0:42:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:41.89,0:42:44.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, they have the smaller amygdala but it
Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.03,0:42:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appears to communicate with their frontal lobes
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.05,0:42:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,normally.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:47.18,0:42:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:49.69,0:42:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have less capacity for empathy but
Dialogue: 0,0:42:51.93,0:42:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have the brainpower to be a good liar and a cheat.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:55.70,0:42:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Successful psychopaths showed very good
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.30,0:42:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,executive functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:59.89,0:43:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very good planning ability.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.82,0:43:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very good ability to regulate and control.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.64,0:43:07.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have good awareness of themselves.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:07.50,0:43:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have very good stress reactivity.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:10.43,0:43:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And frankly, you need these executive functions
Dialogue: 0,0:43:13.24,0:43:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to successfully con and manipulate individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:16.71,0:43:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:17.87,0:43:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With scientists now sure that psychopaths
Dialogue: 0,0:43:20.08,0:43:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have impaired brains, it begs the question of
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.84,0:43:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they go wrong?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.22,0:43:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:28.70,0:43:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We believe that in large part the feeling
Dialogue: 0,0:43:31.26,0:43:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what's right and wrong is wired into the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:34.39,0:43:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain is set to be somewhat less moral
Dialogue: 0,0:43:37.59,0:43:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or more moral depending on your genetic
Dialogue: 0,0:43:42.22,0:43:44.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your biological background.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.82,0:43:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In other words, it's in our genes.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.20,0:43:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's how our brain grows in the womb.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:49.53,0:43:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But according to Dr. Raine,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:51.46,0:43:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's still only half the story.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:53.85,0:43:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Of course you can't rule out the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:55.82,0:43:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's 50 percent of the equation.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.65,0:44:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like two sides of a coin,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:00.18,0:44:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's both genetic and environmental.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:03.83,0:44:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> If finding the location of good and evil
Dialogue: 0,0:44:06.23,0:44:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the brain has been a challenge for scientists,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:08.58,0:44:11.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is an even bigger mystery waiting
Dialogue: 0,0:44:11.01,0:44:14.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be unlocked - memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:14.23,0:44:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks to memory,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.39,0:44:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain is constantly traveling through
Dialogue: 0,0:44:17.62,0:44:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time, pulling fragments of the past
Dialogue: 0,0:44:19.53,0:44:21.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the present.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.49,0:44:24.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ability is key to a human's existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:24.43,0:44:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The reason we have memory is so that you can
Dialogue: 0,0:44:26.56,0:44:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make better decisions the next time around.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:29.56,0:44:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, all of your thinking and your future planning
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.69,0:44:34.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is dictated by your memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:35.82,0:44:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> While the workings of an organ like the heart
Dialogue: 0,0:44:37.71,0:44:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are well understood, scientists are still figuring out
Dialogue: 0,0:44:41.16,0:44:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,memory in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:43.43,0:44:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The big breakthrough came 80 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:46.28,0:44:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:47.85,0:44:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So in the 1920's,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:48.97,0:44:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a neuroscientist named Karl Lashley,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:51.20,0:44:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taught rats to run a maze.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:52.86,0:44:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then he damaged parts of their brains
Dialogue: 0,0:44:55.77,0:44:58.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,selectively to see where the memory of how to
Dialogue: 0,0:44:58.28,0:45:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,run the maze was stored.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:00.08,0:45:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what he found is that it is not stored
Dialogue: 0,0:45:03.08,0:45:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in any particular place.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:05.13,0:45:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you have an extremely complicated,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.86,0:45:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very networked system.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:08.39,0:45:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:09.26,0:45:11.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The system is so complex in fact,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:11.05,0:45:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most advanced super computers don't
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.92,0:45:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even come close to the storage capacity of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:15.76,0:45:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:16.96,0:45:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10 trillion bytes of memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:20.13,0:45:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The brain is the most complicated device
Dialogue: 0,0:45:21.95,0:45:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've found in the universe.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:23.59,0:45:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has 10 billion cells just in the cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:45:27.94,0:45:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the outer part and in a single tiny
Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.58,0:45:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,piece of cortex, a cubic millimeter,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:33.89,0:45:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have more connections than you have stars
Dialogue: 0,0:45:36.40,0:45:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Milky Way Galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:38.54,0:45:40.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> All those connections make the brain capable
Dialogue: 0,0:45:40.63,0:45:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of storing and retrieving massive amounts
Dialogue: 0,0:45:42.58,0:45:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of data in some amazing ways.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:44.71,0:45:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.39,0:45:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps none more incredible and extreme
Dialogue: 0,0:45:48.46,0:45:51.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than what's called photographic memory or
Dialogue: 0,0:45:51.03,0:45:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mnemonism.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:52.30,0:45:53.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:53.65,0:45:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> As we try to understand vision and memory
Dialogue: 0,0:45:55.73,0:45:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in neuroscience, we're really fascinated by people
Dialogue: 0,0:45:58.83,0:45:59.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are mnemonists.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:59.100,0:46:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have a untaxable memory that can remember
Dialogue: 0,0:46:02.48,0:46:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything going in.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:03.75,0:46:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:04.76,0:46:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> British artist Stephen Wiltshire,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:06.46,0:46:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has this extraordinary ability.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:08.78,0:46:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He can remember complicated cityscapes
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.52,0:46:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and reproduce them in staggering detail.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:15.31,0:46:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For his latest sketch, he's climbing to the top
Dialogue: 0,0:46:18.02,0:46:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Tower Bridge for a bird's eye view of London.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:20.97,0:46:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:23.50,0:46:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He need only stay a few minutes since he claims
Dialogue: 0,0:46:25.62,0:46:28.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his visual memory of the scene will never fade.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:28.41,0:46:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:31.68,0:46:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I'm just looking at the buildings and skyscrapers.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:35.54,0:46:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Usually I like to take about 20 minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:46:38.56,0:46:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then do it from memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.53,0:46:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> To appreciate how incredible Stephen's skill is,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:44.37,0:46:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it helps to understand how vision works.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:47.36,0:46:49.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:49.100,0:46:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sight is processed at the back of the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:46:52.18,0:46:55.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the occipital lobes or visual cortex.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:55.07,0:46:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:55.98,0:47:00.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two eyes give a field of vision of about 200 degrees.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:00.33,0:47:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They can detect 2.3 million different shades
Dialogue: 0,0:47:03.19,0:47:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of color.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:04.52,0:47:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And experts estimate they send 72 gigabytes
Dialogue: 0,0:47:07.78,0:47:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of information to the brain every second.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:10.20,0:47:11.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:11.85,0:47:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's like 18,000 songs on an IPod.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:15.06,0:47:17.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:17.18,0:47:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back at his gallery, Stephen begins to draw
Dialogue: 0,0:47:19.33,0:47:20.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what he saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:20.100,0:47:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's using several areas of his brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:23.16,0:47:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His parietal lobes in particular are working to
Dialogue: 0,0:47:26.54,0:47:28.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,control his spacial manipulation
Dialogue: 0,0:47:28.45,0:47:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hand-eye coordination.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:30.15,0:47:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:31.86,0:47:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cross-checking his sketch with the view
Dialogue: 0,0:47:33.70,0:47:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reveals just how uncannily accurate it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:36.88,0:47:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:39.15,0:47:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In little more than an hour he's recreated
Dialogue: 0,0:47:41.46,0:47:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the panorama.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:42.98,0:47:45.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:45.100,0:47:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This picture will sell for $4,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:48.76,0:47:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:51.33,0:47:54.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stephen's talent is almost super human.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:54.53,0:47:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But his skill comes at a cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:56.82,0:47:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is an autistic savant
Dialogue: 0,0:47:58.72,0:48:01.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means his brain has developed differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:01.48,0:48:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Most of us don't have the capacities he does
Dialogue: 0,0:48:04.72,0:48:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because our brains are doing 57 other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:08.16,0:48:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're thinking about our careers, our mortgages,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:10.37,0:48:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our futures, and what we're doing at the
Dialogue: 0,0:48:11.74,0:48:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grocery store later on, and so on,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:13.44,0:48:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a result, the neural real estate
Dialogue: 0,0:48:16.49,0:48:18.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is divided up among lots of different tasks.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:18.45,0:48:21.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a savant's brain, essentially all of that
Dialogue: 0,0:48:21.08,0:48:23.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,real estate is devoted towards one thing like
Dialogue: 0,0:48:23.20,0:48:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,solving that Rubik's Cube or playing the piano
Dialogue: 0,0:48:25.58,0:48:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a result they have they deficits in
Dialogue: 0,0:48:27.59,0:48:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other aspects of their life.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:28.89,0:48:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, in their capacity to socialize.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:31.80,0:48:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:33.07,0:48:35.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Geniuses like Leonardo Da Vinci,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:35.08,0:48:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mozart, and Monet all had incredible memories
Dialogue: 0,0:48:38.71,0:48:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there is speculation they may have been
Dialogue: 0,0:48:40.72,0:48:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,autistic, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:42.25,0:48:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:47.41,0:48:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While some brains can remember nearly everything
Dialogue: 0,0:48:49.77,0:48:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they see, other brains can barely remember
Dialogue: 0,0:48:52.30,0:48:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anything at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:48:53.72,0:48:55.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:55.55,0:48:57.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Welcome to the life of Clive Wearing,
Dialogue: 0,0:48:57.65,0:49:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a man with the worst case of amnesia
Dialogue: 0,0:49:00.74,0:49:01.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:01.98,0:49:03.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What were we doing before we sat on the bench?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:03.74,0:49:04.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:04.77,0:49:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:13.11,0:49:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Well! Yay!
Dialogue: 0,0:49:16.13,0:49:16.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:16.83,0:49:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even though Clive Wearing has seen his wife,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:18.62,0:49:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deborah, numerous times today,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:20.42,0:49:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every time he meets her, it's like he's seeing her
Dialogue: 0,0:49:23.70,0:49:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:24.96,0:49:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:26.36,0:49:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clive has the worst case of amnesia in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:30.40,0:49:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His memory span is at most 30 seconds long.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:33.92,0:49:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:35.59,0:49:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What were we doing before we sat on the bench?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:37.49,0:49:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:39.79,0:49:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Do you know what this building is?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:41.55,0:49:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:42.80,0:49:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Have you seen it before?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:43.89,0:49:44.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:44.76,0:49:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> He said to me it's like between before waking up
Dialogue: 0,0:49:48.15,0:49:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and waking up.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:49.14,0:49:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like the in-between stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:50.64,0:49:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you haven't yet grasped where you are.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:53.52,0:49:55.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you know?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:55.04,0:49:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Nothing at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:49:56.37,0:49:57.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Nothing?
Dialogue: 0,0:49:57.76,0:49:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:49:58.58,0:50:00.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Never had a thought or a dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:01.97,0:50:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Day and night the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:03.52,0:50:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Day and night the same?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:04.57,0:50:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yeah, blank all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:06.47,0:50:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:09.56,0:50:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Clive was an acclaimed British conductor
Dialogue: 0,0:50:11.60,0:50:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and musicologist until a viral infection
Dialogue: 0,0:50:14.22,0:50:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,developed into encephalitis in his brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:18.20,0:50:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the acute inflammation subsided,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:20.45,0:50:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his brain had been severely damaged.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:23.01,0:50:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:24.99,0:50:26.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's left him with only a very limited
Dialogue: 0,0:50:26.84,0:50:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,short-term memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:28.34,0:50:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:29.75,0:50:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Clive has absolutely no memory of anything
Dialogue: 0,0:50:33.72,0:50:35.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's happened in his life since the ambulance
Dialogue: 0,0:50:35.81,0:50:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,took him away in March 1985.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:38.89,0:50:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And his autobiographical memory is so vague
Dialogue: 0,0:50:41.74,0:50:43.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's to be almost not there.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:43.59,0:50:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:50:45.23,0:50:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who's that?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:46.57,0:50:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I can't remember.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:48.98,0:50:50.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> That's him.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:50.69,0:50:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> My son.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:51.73,0:50:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Your son, that's right.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:53.26,0:50:57.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's Antony and that's his children.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:57.14,0:50:57.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> His children?
Dialogue: 0,0:50:57.81,0:50:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:58.42,0:50:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I see.
Dialogue: 0,0:50:59.42,0:51:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Only they're much bigger now.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:00.64,0:51:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:03.16,0:51:05.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although memories are spread across the entire
Dialogue: 0,0:51:05.34,0:51:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain, there is one part that acts like a key
Dialogue: 0,0:51:08.36,0:51:11.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the storage and retrieval process,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:11.16,0:51:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the hippocampus within the limbic system.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:13.86,0:51:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:15.27,0:51:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know this because without the hippocampus,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:17.63,0:51:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new memories do not form.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:19.95,0:51:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are at least two types of memory
Dialogue: 0,0:51:21.28,0:51:23.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the brain and most generally we divide that
Dialogue: 0,0:51:23.21,0:51:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into short and long-term memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:24.37,0:51:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, short-term memory is if I tell you my
Dialogue: 0,0:51:27.34,0:51:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phone number and you have to remember that
Dialogue: 0,0:51:28.78,0:51:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a few seconds while you go over to dial it.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:31.16,0:51:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Long-term memory involves things like
Dialogue: 0,0:51:33.41,0:51:36.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you grew up and where you went to school
Dialogue: 0,0:51:36.11,0:51:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what you did today.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:37.38,0:51:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's all stored in long-term memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:38.89,0:51:40.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's happening with Clive is that he has a very
Dialogue: 0,0:51:40.74,0:51:42.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,short-term window of memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:42.32,0:51:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is not able to translate the short-term
Dialogue: 0,0:51:44.07,0:51:45.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into long-term.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:45.27,0:51:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's not able to cement down the activity in
Dialogue: 0,0:51:47.82,0:51:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the short-term into something in the physical
Dialogue: 0,0:51:50.08,0:51:51.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,structure in his brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:51:51.39,0:51:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:51:52.11,0:51:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Neurologists who have examined Clive
Dialogue: 0,0:51:53.90,0:51:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have found severe damage in his hippocampus
Dialogue: 0,0:51:57.01,0:51:59.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they think that's what preventing his brain
Dialogue: 0,0:51:59.69,0:52:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from storing memories.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:01.62,0:52:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Clive Wearing suffers from both
Dialogue: 0,0:52:03.57,0:52:05.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:05.67,0:52:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is he can't learn new things but he also
Dialogue: 0,0:52:08.62,0:52:10.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a hard time recollecting old things.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:10.95,0:52:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it primarily seems to be affecting his ability
Dialogue: 0,0:52:15.20,0:52:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to recollect information at will.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:17.46,0:52:19.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Watch what happens when Clive's wife asks
Dialogue: 0,0:52:19.75,0:52:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,him what his son does for a living.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:22.55,0:52:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Do you know what Antony's profession is?
Dialogue: 0,0:52:25.92,0:52:27.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:27.30,0:52:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> He's an electrical engineer.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:28.68,0:52:29.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Oh, is he?
Dialogue: 0,0:52:29.41,0:52:31.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yes. And do you know what he designs?
Dialogue: 0,0:52:31.61,0:52:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:33.58,0:52:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Have a guess.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:34.77,0:52:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:35.34,0:52:37.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No idea. Not the faintest idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:37.85,0:52:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Car motors.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:38.84,0:52:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Oh, car motors!
Dialogue: 0,0:52:39.94,0:52:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yes, electrical car motors.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:41.89,0:52:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What a good idea that is.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:43.36,0:52:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yeah, yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:44.64,0:52:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Stop the poisonous gas coming out
Dialogue: 0,0:52:45.83,0:52:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the petrol engine.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:46.98,0:52:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> That's right. It does, doesn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:52:48.66,0:52:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yeah, that was a very disastrous idea -
Dialogue: 0,0:52:50.13,0:52:51.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> That's right.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:51.09,0:52:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:52:52.96,0:52:54.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know anyone who designs
Dialogue: 0,0:52:54.95,0:52:56.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrical car motors?
Dialogue: 0,0:52:56.38,0:52:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No, I don't.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:57.08,0:52:58.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Do you know anyone who does that?
Dialogue: 0,0:52:58.15,0:52:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No.
Dialogue: 0,0:52:59.60,0:53:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Your son does.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:00.52,0:53:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Oh, I see!
Dialogue: 0,0:53:01.78,0:53:02.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Antony does.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:03.88,0:53:06.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's actually got his own business.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:06.14,0:53:07.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Oh, well done!
Dialogue: 0,0:53:07.21,0:53:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:08.08,0:53:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Oh.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:10.81,0:53:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Do you remember what Antony's doing
Dialogue: 0,0:53:13.81,0:53:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these days?
Dialogue: 0,0:53:14.36,0:53:17.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No idea. Still at school last time I was conscious.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:17.03,0:53:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:19.66,0:53:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What makes Clive such a unique case is that while
Dialogue: 0,0:53:22.38,0:53:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he can't remember details about his family,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:24.80,0:53:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he can recall other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:27.33,0:53:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The fact that his language is preserved so well
Dialogue: 0,0:53:29.60,0:53:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he is articulate illustrates the procedural
Dialogue: 0,0:53:32.59,0:53:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,memory for how to speak and how to construct
Dialogue: 0,0:53:34.95,0:53:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words is stored separately than the issues
Dialogue: 0,0:53:37.96,0:53:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about episodic memory, what you did, the facts
Dialogue: 0,0:53:41.00,0:53:41.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:41.95,0:53:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:42.97,0:53:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Different types of memories are stored very
Dialogue: 0,0:53:45.04,0:53:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,differently in the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:47.02,0:53:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Experts believe language memory could live
Dialogue: 0,0:53:49.61,0:53:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in one of the temporal lobes,
Dialogue: 0,0:53:51.56,0:53:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one responsible for sound and speech
Dialogue: 0,0:53:53.36,0:53:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the left side of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:53:55.60,0:53:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's even more amazing is that Clive can still
Dialogue: 0,0:53:58.78,0:54:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,play the piano.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:00.17,0:54:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:01.68,0:54:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His procedural memory for playing the piano,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:03.68,0:54:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the right side of his brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:05.52,0:54:07.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is undamaged.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:07.09,0:54:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:15.20,0:54:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> When he is performing music,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:17.72,0:54:21.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is where Clive finds a continuum.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:21.73,0:54:25.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has a momentum that kind of carries him
Dialogue: 0,0:54:25.66,0:54:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through time.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:26.85,0:54:28.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:28.61,0:54:30.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It's a great illustration of the way that these
Dialogue: 0,0:54:30.61,0:54:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different types of memory can be separated out.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:33.49,0:54:34.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Do you know what month this is?
Dialogue: 0,0:54:34.89,0:54:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:37.22,0:54:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It's April.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:38.21,0:54:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> April?
Dialogue: 0,0:54:38.83,0:54:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Mm-hmm.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:40.33,0:54:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's your birthday next month.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:41.36,0:54:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:42.45,0:54:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Clive today appears upbeat but that was not
Dialogue: 0,0:54:45.25,0:54:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:46.28,0:54:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:50.59,0:54:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was Clive in 1988, three years into his
Dialogue: 0,0:54:53.51,0:54:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,amnesia when he was frustrated and angry.
Dialogue: 0,0:54:56.21,0:54:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:54:58.08,0:55:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> For the first ten years, Clive lived in a world
Dialogue: 0,0:55:01.13,0:55:04.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where he said the same few things over and
Dialogue: 0,0:55:04.09,0:55:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over again because of the anxiety,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:08.84,0:55:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fear,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:10.20,0:55:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the terror,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:11.17,0:55:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the horror of his situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:13.60,0:55:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Each new moment he felt he was awake
Dialogue: 0,0:55:15.77,0:55:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wanted to write it down.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:17.50,0:55:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Well, it was such a compulsion that he would
Dialogue: 0,0:55:19.21,0:55:21.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have written it on the table,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:21.19,0:55:22.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the wall,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:22.43,0:55:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on any available surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:24.08,0:55:25.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:25.01,0:55:26.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So how do you think you got there?
Dialogue: 0,0:55:26.40,0:55:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:27.64,0:55:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I presume the doctors don't know.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:28.79,0:55:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> But you must have -
Dialogue: 0,0:55:29.18,0:55:30.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> No! I haven't!
Dialogue: 0,0:55:30.29,0:55:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You listen to me please for Heaven's sake!
Dialogue: 0,0:55:32.12,0:55:32.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Sorry.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:32.58,0:55:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I say no, I mean exactly that!
Dialogue: 0,0:55:33.95,0:55:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:36.48,0:55:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The pages of his diary are filled with
Dialogue: 0,0:55:37.96,0:55:40.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exclamations and words crossed out.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:40.82,0:55:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually though, his anger subsided.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:45.00,0:55:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> He started to change
Dialogue: 0,0:55:47.07,0:55:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after about the first 14 to 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:50.36,0:55:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He began to remember things for longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:52.40,0:55:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His mood changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:53.62,0:55:54.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:55:54.74,0:55:56.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Deborah attributes this change to her faith
Dialogue: 0,0:55:56.82,0:55:58.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and her prayers.
Dialogue: 0,0:55:58.22,0:56:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists have their own explanation.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:00.52,0:56:02.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We do know that your brain physically changes
Dialogue: 0,0:56:02.85,0:56:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what we mean by plasticity.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:05.47,0:56:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's always rewriting it's own circuitry.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:07.57,0:56:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With children the brains are extremely plastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:10.30,0:56:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's why children can learn language
Dialogue: 0,0:56:13.02,0:56:14.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much more easily or learn how to play
Dialogue: 0,0:56:14.49,0:56:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:15.73,0:56:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we are now discovering is that the
Dialogue: 0,0:56:17.09,0:56:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adult human brain is much more plastic than
Dialogue: 0,0:56:19.54,0:56:21.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we previously thought so when people get
Dialogue: 0,0:56:21.66,0:56:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain damage, other parts of their brain can
Dialogue: 0,0:56:23.98,0:56:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shift around and take over the missing functions.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:27.72,0:56:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> This year, Deborah wondered whether Clive
Dialogue: 0,0:56:29.73,0:56:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still needed his diary.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:31.83,0:56:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> When he looks through the previous
Dialogue: 0,0:56:33.99,0:56:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,days and weeks and months and saw that he'd
Dialogue: 0,0:56:37.46,0:56:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just written the same thing over and over again,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:39.84,0:56:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it tended to upset him and we thought,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:43.20,0:56:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, let's just take it away and see whether
Dialogue: 0,0:56:44.99,0:56:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he misses it.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:46.06,0:56:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> To everyone's surprise, after writing in his
Dialogue: 0,0:56:48.54,0:56:51.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,diary every single day for 23 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:56:51.15,0:56:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clive didn't ask for it back.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:53.92,0:56:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That compulsive need to record each moment
Dialogue: 0,0:56:56.08,0:56:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of awakening must have passed.
Dialogue: 0,0:56:58.29,0:57:01.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:01.39,0:57:03.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists have learned a lot about memory by
Dialogue: 0,0:57:03.52,0:57:04.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,studying Clive.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:04.99,0:57:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:05.89,0:57:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they've also gained valuable insight on
Dialogue: 0,0:57:07.71,0:57:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other brain functions that contribute
Dialogue: 0,0:57:09.28,0:57:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a person's identity.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:10.78,0:57:12.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:12.23,0:57:14.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> A lot of people say memory makes us who we are
Dialogue: 0,0:57:14.85,0:57:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and boy did I find out how wrong that was.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:18.85,0:57:21.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clive's personality, thank God,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:21.32,0:57:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is intact.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:22.76,0:57:23.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Fancy a cup of coffee?
Dialogue: 0,0:57:23.76,0:57:26.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Oh, I'd love it! That would be marvelous!
Dialogue: 0,0:57:26.73,0:57:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I thought you'd be pleased.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:28.04,0:57:30.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's funny.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:30.04,0:57:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's also very compassionate.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:31.95,0:57:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Lead the way to Heaven on earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:33.88,0:57:35.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has no knowledge about himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:35.60,0:57:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he is who he is.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:37.75,0:57:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unchanged.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:39.41,0:57:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pure Clive.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:40.71,0:57:42.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:42.21,0:57:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Memory plays a pivotal role in everything we do
Dialogue: 0,0:57:45.25,0:57:47.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including sports.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:47.13,0:57:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's finally dawning on athletes that it's not only
Dialogue: 0,0:57:50.31,0:57:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brawn but also brain that makes a champion.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:53.59,0:57:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:57:54.36,0:57:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Well, in the 80's we developed a lot of muscle
Dialogue: 0,0:57:56.66,0:57:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,training methods to increase sports performance.
Dialogue: 0,0:57:59.33,0:58:01.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now, in the 21st Century,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:01.41,0:58:03.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're taking the brain to the weight room.
Dialogue: 0,0:58:03.66,0:58:09.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:58:09.10,0:58:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Commercials)
Dialogue: 0,0:58:13.17,1:01:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:25.100,1:01:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The more we learn about the brain,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:28.00,1:01:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more it informs every aspect of our lives
Dialogue: 0,1:01:30.99,1:01:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including professional sports.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:33.56,1:01:39.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:39.79,1:01:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Sports performance is all about the brain
Dialogue: 0,1:01:41.80,1:01:43.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it wasn't like that all that time.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:43.82,1:01:46.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For a long part of history of sports,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:46.60,1:01:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people didn't care about the brain.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:48.25,1:01:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would consider an athlete a good player
Dialogue: 0,1:01:50.27,1:01:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they had good muscle definition and they were
Dialogue: 0,1:01:53.44,1:01:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very coordinated.
Dialogue: 0,1:01:55.62,1:01:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just within the last ten years,
Dialogue: 0,1:01:56.85,1:02:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think that about 50% of all sports performance,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:00.96,1:02:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sometimes the most important part,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:02.65,1:02:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that elite performance,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:04.88,1:02:07.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is related to brain functioning.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:07.33,1:02:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Now, athletes have caught on to how important
Dialogue: 0,1:02:09.60,1:02:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain is to their performance on the field.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:12.77,1:02:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> 90% is mental, it's a tough game, ya know?
Dialogue: 0,1:02:16.32,1:02:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You really have to have control of your mind
Dialogue: 0,1:02:18.22,1:02:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to play this game.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:19.46,1:02:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:20.30,1:02:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> So, how does the brain improve the game?
Dialogue: 0,1:02:22.58,1:02:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Almost all of sports is dynamic and requires
Dialogue: 0,1:02:25.84,1:02:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millisecond to millisecond decision making
Dialogue: 0,1:02:28.35,1:02:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if you miss it by a small percentage,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:31.57,1:02:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you miss the put.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:33.79,1:02:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're a tenth of a second too slow.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:36.54,1:02:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your shot falls off the rim.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:39.65,1:02:42.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's that little differentiation between
Dialogue: 0,1:02:42.04,1:02:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,super world class and good.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:45.10,1:02:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> At a basic level, it's about hand-eye coordination
Dialogue: 0,1:02:48.14,1:02:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and practice, practice, practice.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:50.71,1:02:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:02:51.60,1:02:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's no better place to see this than at the
Dialogue: 0,1:02:53.84,1:02:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cirque du Soleil where performers
Dialogue: 0,1:02:55.81,1:02:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must practice constantly.
Dialogue: 0,1:02:57.94,1:03:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:03.86,1:03:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We use our frontal lobes to learn how to carry
Dialogue: 0,1:03:06.08,1:03:08.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,out an activity but the area of the brain that
Dialogue: 0,1:03:08.69,1:03:11.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,benefits most from practice is the cerebellum,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:11.88,1:03:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the back of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:13.49,1:03:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:16.98,1:03:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It helps to think of the brain as an old house
Dialogue: 0,1:03:19.13,1:03:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with new rooms slowly added over time.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:22.85,1:03:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The brain stem is the basement because
Dialogue: 0,1:03:24.99,1:03:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it evolved first.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:26.74,1:03:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cerebellum came next.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:28.59,1:03:30.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It's an old part of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:30.12,1:03:31.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's sort of set off, off the first floor
Dialogue: 0,1:03:31.68,1:03:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the basement.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:33.01,1:03:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's almost entirely responsible for movement,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:35.70,1:03:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,complicated sequencing of movements.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:38.42,1:03:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The cerebellum sends out signals to the
Dialogue: 0,1:03:40.41,1:03:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100 billion nerve cells in our bodies
Dialogue: 0,1:03:43.13,1:03:45.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn tell the muscles what we want
Dialogue: 0,1:03:45.32,1:03:46.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them to do.
Dialogue: 0,1:03:46.26,1:03:48.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:03:48.95,1:03:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The frontal lobe is monitoring the activity
Dialogue: 0,1:03:51.20,1:03:53.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but most of the time gets out of the way
Dialogue: 0,1:03:53.90,1:03:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allows the cerebellum and the rest of brain
Dialogue: 0,1:03:56.79,1:03:59.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to engage in this behavior that's been practiced
Dialogue: 0,1:03:59.89,1:04:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over and over and over again.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:02.01,1:04:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Scientists think that the frontal lobe
Dialogue: 0,1:04:03.62,1:04:05.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply cannot keep up with the speed
Dialogue: 0,1:04:05.33,1:04:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of information processing necessary to perform a
Dialogue: 0,1:04:07.86,1:04:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,high level skill.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:09.54,1:04:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:11.87,1:04:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is why the cerebellum takes over.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:14.22,1:04:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its procedural memory, the same kind
Dialogue: 0,1:04:16.29,1:04:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clive Wearing uses to play the piano.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:19.66,1:04:22.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It's the idea that you can go into a filing cabinet
Dialogue: 0,1:04:22.85,1:04:24.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pick out a motor memory that you've
Dialogue: 0,1:04:24.86,1:04:26.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,already practiced.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:26.28,1:04:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And experts now know why practice makes perfect.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:29.93,1:04:32.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more you practice, the better the cerebellum
Dialogue: 0,1:04:32.27,1:04:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,becomes at knowing exactly which nerves
Dialogue: 0,1:04:34.33,1:04:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and muscles to trigger each time.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:36.64,1:04:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:38.44,1:04:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In sports psychology there's suggestions that it
Dialogue: 0,1:04:40.60,1:04:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,takes 10,000 hours of deliberate practice
Dialogue: 0,1:04:44.05,1:04:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to achieve the level of expertise.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:46.86,1:04:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:04:48.02,1:04:49.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Such extreme levels of ability may actually
Dialogue: 0,1:04:49.98,1:04:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lead to memory within the muscle itself
Dialogue: 0,1:04:52.72,1:04:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,guiding a sequence of contractions and relaxations
Dialogue: 0,1:04:56.04,1:04:59.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the brain is still essential.
Dialogue: 0,1:04:59.30,1:05:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> You damage your brain, there is very little activity.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:02.59,1:05:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course you need an intact body.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:04.80,1:05:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You need physiology that works.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:08.87,1:05:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In basketball it helps to be tall.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:10.97,1:05:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In racing horses it helps to be small.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:13.38,1:05:15.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But every of those athletes has a brain
Dialogue: 0,1:05:15.86,1:05:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has to be synchronized
Dialogue: 0,1:05:17.13,1:05:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with their athletic activity.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:19.11,1:05:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:20.02,1:05:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> But beyond practice and having the right body
Dialogue: 0,1:05:21.94,1:05:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,type, the brain plays another vital role in sports.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:25.18,1:05:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:05:29.64,1:05:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just imagine a weight lifter who's trying to lift
Dialogue: 0,1:05:33.17,1:05:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an amazing amount of weights.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:35.85,1:05:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They have to be extremely pumped up.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:39.04,1:05:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The navy seals use a breathing technique
Dialogue: 0,1:05:41.06,1:05:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to calm down whereas athletes need to vary
Dialogue: 0,1:05:43.77,1:05:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their level of excitement.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:45.81,1:05:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sports scientists call this process
Dialogue: 0,1:05:47.88,1:05:50.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,arousal modulation.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:51.01,1:05:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We think of arousal modulation as the volume button
Dialogue: 0,1:05:54.34,1:05:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,1:05:55.95,1:05:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Once again, it's the amygdala in the limbic system
Dialogue: 0,1:05:58.70,1:06:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that controls our emotional response.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:02.12,1:06:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this instance, it gets us psyched up to compete.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:05.15,1:06:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:06.96,1:06:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back when the brain was evolving,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:08.68,1:06:11.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's how early man would get ready for the hunt.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:11.30,1:06:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:15.06,1:06:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the amygdala needs to be triggered.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:18.06,1:06:20.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One simple way is by using sensory stimulation
Dialogue: 0,1:06:20.54,1:06:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as cheering and clapping.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:22.82,1:06:25.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:25.72,1:06:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> You can control it externally through loud noises,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:29.18,1:06:30.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by slapping a person.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:30.83,1:06:31.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,1:06:31.53,1:06:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because those sensory mechanisms go into the
Dialogue: 0,1:06:35.28,1:06:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first floor of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,1:06:37.54,1:06:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:39.30,1:06:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, you'll see in sports a lot of times people using
Dialogue: 0,1:06:42.16,1:06:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this intuitively, a lot of noise -
Dialogue: 0,1:06:44.60,1:06:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,C'mon! C'mon! C'mon! Go! Go! Go!
Dialogue: 0,1:06:46.69,1:06:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:50.01,1:06:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Athletes need to get themselves into a position
Dialogue: 0,1:06:51.88,1:06:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where when the game starts,
Dialogue: 0,1:06:53.73,1:06:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're at the right level of arousal because
Dialogue: 0,1:06:56.99,1:06:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basketball is a contact sport.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:00.14,1:07:01.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You gotta push out.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:01.93,1:07:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to fight for the rebounds.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:05.25,1:07:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:07.44,1:07:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's almost this simulated war.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:09.53,1:07:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:18.85,1:07:20.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Once you're in a higher arousal level and you
Dialogue: 0,1:07:20.49,1:07:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,gotta come down, it's just as difficult as it is
Dialogue: 0,1:07:24.11,1:07:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to go up.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:25.15,1:07:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might even be more difficult.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:26.70,1:07:28.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:28.33,1:07:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of a sudden the game stops and they have to
Dialogue: 0,1:07:30.15,1:07:31.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shoot a free throw.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:31.45,1:07:32.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:32.68,1:07:34.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The player needs to turn from pumped
Dialogue: 0,1:07:34.43,1:07:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to quietly focused in seconds.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:37.39,1:07:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside the player's brain the frontal lobes
Dialogue: 0,1:07:39.86,1:07:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must quickly muffle the amygdala response
Dialogue: 0,1:07:42.66,1:07:47.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to calm emotions, relax the body, breathe slower,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:47.01,1:07:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lower heart rate so that he stands a better
Dialogue: 0,1:07:49.51,1:07:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,chance at making the shot.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:52.11,1:07:54.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is tough because the player's body
Dialogue: 0,1:07:54.39,1:07:55.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be too pumped.
Dialogue: 0,1:07:55.83,1:07:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:07:58.30,1:08:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or the frontal lobes might be distracted by
Dialogue: 0,1:08:00.36,1:08:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,other nervous thoughts like the fear of failure.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:03.25,1:08:04.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:04.28,1:08:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If these thoughts are strong enough,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:06.21,1:08:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they could feed back to the limbic system
Dialogue: 0,1:08:08.18,1:08:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trigger the fear response.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:10.97,1:08:13.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This would then make it extremely difficult to
Dialogue: 0,1:08:13.15,1:08:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focus on performing a complicated action well.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:17.04,1:08:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a situation experts call performance anxiety.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:21.12,1:08:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:27.78,1:08:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Performance anxiety is the largest culprit
Dialogue: 0,1:08:30.08,1:08:33.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of poor athletic performance and the successful
Dialogue: 0,1:08:33.49,1:08:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,athlete has complete control over that.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:36.00,1:08:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:39.19,1:08:41.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It is tough to get your heart rate down
Dialogue: 0,1:08:41.04,1:08:42.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get focused
Dialogue: 0,1:08:42.76,1:08:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get concentrated on what you have to do
Dialogue: 0,1:08:44.94,1:08:46.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because everything is so chaotic
Dialogue: 0,1:08:46.37,1:08:48.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that all you want to do is go as fast as you can
Dialogue: 0,1:08:48.45,1:08:51.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you just need to relax and just try to stay cool.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:51.24,1:08:54.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:54.13,1:08:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Stay away from that white line, Graham.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:56.24,1:08:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stay way from that white line.
Dialogue: 0,1:08:58.06,1:08:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:08:58.68,1:09:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Get it wrong and the consequences can be fatal.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:02.08,1:09:03.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:03.84,1:09:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> If you're concentration slips
Dialogue: 0,1:09:05.54,1:09:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for any moment of time
Dialogue: 0,1:09:08.17,1:09:10.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most often it would result in a crash.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:10.56,1:09:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Top speeds can be up around 230 miles an hour
Dialogue: 0,1:09:13.42,1:09:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at those speeds anything can happen
Dialogue: 0,1:09:15.23,1:09:17.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you hit the wall, you hit it hard.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:17.95,1:09:22.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:09:22.47,1:09:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Few sports demonstrate performance anxiety
Dialogue: 0,1:09:24.94,1:09:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better than golf.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:26.83,1:09:29.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> People love golf because you'll see a
Dialogue: 0,1:09:29.35,1:09:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world class athlete miss a two foot put to win a
Dialogue: 0,1:09:33.30,1:09:35.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,major tournament and lose hundreds of thousands
Dialogue: 0,1:09:35.97,1:09:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of dollars.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:37.41,1:09:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Putting requires a very low volume of activity.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:40.65,1:09:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a small motor movement and the frontal lobes
Dialogue: 0,1:09:43.43,1:09:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should probably be turned off.
Dialogue: 0,1:09:45.08,1:09:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know that Tiger Woods can do this because
Dialogue: 0,1:09:47.66,1:09:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's done it many times but what is it about his
Dialogue: 0,1:09:51.16,1:09:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain that he's able to put the ball into the hole?
Dialogue: 0,1:09:53.94,1:10:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:06.77,1:10:09.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we found is that the brain can either
Dialogue: 0,1:10:09.05,1:10:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,help you succeed in this athletic activity
Dialogue: 0,1:10:11.89,1:10:13.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it can help you fail.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:13.99,1:10:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:16.11,1:10:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we think Tiger Woods has found a way to
Dialogue: 0,1:10:17.72,1:10:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,succeed most of the time because of his ability
Dialogue: 0,1:10:21.15,1:10:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to modulate his own brain functioning.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:23.81,1:10:25.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Scientists can't scan Tiger Woods' brain
Dialogue: 0,1:10:25.91,1:10:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in action.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:27.01,1:10:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would need to lie motionless which would
Dialogue: 0,1:10:29.61,1:10:31.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make playing golf impossible.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:32.52,1:10:35.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So instead, they must make an educated guess.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:36.81,1:10:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Because he's blinking so little during a putt,
Dialogue: 0,1:10:39.95,1:10:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think that his anxiety is very low
Dialogue: 0,1:10:43.44,1:10:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because eye blinking is usually related to anxiety.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:47.09,1:10:48.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he's very relaxed.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:48.82,1:10:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like a drowsy state, a drowsy sleepy level
Dialogue: 0,1:10:52.26,1:10:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but yet enough concentration that you can
Dialogue: 0,1:10:54.23,1:10:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,focus on the task.
Dialogue: 0,1:10:55.61,1:11:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:01.70,1:11:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Athletes call this special feeling
Dialogue: 0,1:11:03.93,1:11:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being in the zone
Dialogue: 0,1:11:05.82,1:11:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when their movements seem to flow without
Dialogue: 0,1:11:07.84,1:11:09.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conscious effort.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:09.31,1:11:10.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:10.27,1:11:12.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is the supreme combination of practice
Dialogue: 0,1:11:12.32,1:11:14.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involving the cerebellum,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:14.25,1:11:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concentration in the frontal lobes,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:16.31,1:11:18.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and low anxiety of the amygdala
Dialogue: 0,1:11:18.60,1:11:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the limbic system.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:20.61,1:11:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Zone, it's very hard to get into.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:22.70,1:11:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I really feel like if I can control my breath
Dialogue: 0,1:11:24.73,1:11:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I can get it as slow as possible,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:27.01,1:11:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will slow down my heart.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:29.30,1:11:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As soon as that happens, I feel like I get total
Dialogue: 0,1:11:31.74,1:11:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consciousness of everything.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:33.18,1:11:34.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All five senses are working the best they can
Dialogue: 0,1:11:34.97,1:11:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,possibly work.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:36.18,1:11:37.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:11:37.11,1:11:39.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Experts think the brain gets so focused
Dialogue: 0,1:11:39.23,1:11:41.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's somehow able to block or ignore
Dialogue: 0,1:11:41.55,1:11:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any irrelevant input.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:43.99,1:11:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brain and body begin working in perfect sync.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:46.98,1:11:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Athletes and everybody else for that matter
Dialogue: 0,1:11:49.90,1:11:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all want to be in that zone and there's something
Dialogue: 0,1:11:51.96,1:11:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,special about it.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:53.07,1:11:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everything gets aimed at the one task at hand
Dialogue: 0,1:11:56.23,1:11:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you do that, incredible things can happen.
Dialogue: 0,1:11:59.21,1:12:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have real clarity of thought and decision making.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:03.08,1:12:05.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> When I'm in that moment, everything around
Dialogue: 0,1:12:05.36,1:12:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,me is slow and I can control what I'm thinking,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:07.20,1:12:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can control what I look at,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:08.51,1:12:11.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can control what thoughts enter my mind,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:11.07,1:12:13.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in turn that gives me the greatest chance
Dialogue: 0,1:12:13.86,1:12:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for success.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:15.07,1:12:18.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:18.13,1:12:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Being in the zone could be the brain's
Dialogue: 0,1:12:19.96,1:12:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ultimate control over the body.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:22.46,1:12:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there are some people who claim its
Dialogue: 0,1:12:24.82,1:12:27.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ability extends even beyond that.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:27.22,1:12:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:28.84,1:12:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I am being pulled here.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:30.31,1:12:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The notion that the brain has a sixth sense.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:33.73,1:12:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> He's also telling me to talk about -
Dialogue: 0,1:12:36.35,1:12:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,either Staten Island or -
Dialogue: 0,1:12:38.71,1:12:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> That's where we live.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:39.72,1:12:40.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Okay, let me tell you exactly what he's showing
Dialogue: 0,1:12:40.89,1:12:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,me then so you know where.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:42.30,1:12:43.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you were to go over the bridge and through the
Dialogue: 0,1:12:43.69,1:12:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,toll and then take that first long road down the left -
Dialogue: 0,1:12:45.66,1:12:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> That's where I live.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:46.51,1:12:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> OK.
Dialogue: 0,1:12:47.25,1:12:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:49.69,1:12:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:12:54.36,1:12:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Our five senses are the gateways between our
Dialogue: 0,1:12:57.26,1:13:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brains and the outside world.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:00.34,1:13:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We receive signals from our skin, eyes, nose,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:04.13,1:13:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tongue, and ears.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:06.24,1:13:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:08.10,1:13:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The different areas of the brain interpret
Dialogue: 0,1:13:10.35,1:13:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this sensory information as touch, sight, smell,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:13.42,1:13:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,taste and hearing.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:15.17,1:13:18.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:18.14,1:13:21.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if there were a sixth sense that enabled
Dialogue: 0,1:13:21.78,1:13:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our brains to see into other people's minds,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:24.87,1:13:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,anticipate events
Dialogue: 0,1:13:26.22,1:13:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or pass on messages from the dead?
Dialogue: 0,1:13:28.57,1:13:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:30.02,1:13:32.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although one in four Americans say they believe
Dialogue: 0,1:13:32.15,1:13:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in extrasensory perception,
Dialogue: 0,1:13:34.39,1:13:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only a handful of scientists entertain this possibility.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:39.44,1:13:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dr. Dean Radin, researches psychic phenomena
Dialogue: 0,1:13:42.45,1:13:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Institute of Noetic Sciences
Dialogue: 0,1:13:44.60,1:13:46.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in northern California.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:47.27,1:13:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His working theory is our brains might all have
Dialogue: 0,1:13:50.06,1:13:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some extrasensory ability though we may call
Dialogue: 0,1:13:52.91,1:13:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it something different.
Dialogue: 0,1:13:54.77,1:13:56.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> One thing that people commonly talk about is
Dialogue: 0,1:13:56.65,1:13:59.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a gut feeling and a way it expresses itself
Dialogue: 0,1:13:59.50,1:14:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often is while driving.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:01.34,1:14:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They get a sense there's something wrong about
Dialogue: 0,1:14:03.90,1:14:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this corner and more often than not,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:05.81,1:14:08.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a car is coming from the other direction.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:08.00,1:14:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I've learned to pay attention to my gut feelings.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:11.20,1:14:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like pushing your attention a few seconds
Dialogue: 0,1:14:13.88,1:14:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the future.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:15.93,1:14:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other things are the feeling of being stared at
Dialogue: 0,1:14:18.82,1:14:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is very commonly reported effect
Dialogue: 0,1:14:22.44,1:14:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,typically by women feeling that a man somewhere
Dialogue: 0,1:14:25.38,1:14:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is staring at them.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:26.75,1:14:29.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's also telephone telepathy without looking at
Dialogue: 0,1:14:29.45,1:14:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your caller ID, sometimes people will hear the
Dialogue: 0,1:14:32.24,1:14:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,phone ring and immediately know who it is.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:34.91,1:14:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these are not cases where only one person
Dialogue: 0,1:14:37.57,1:14:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever calls but somebody unusual is calling.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:40.64,1:14:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, these are ways that these kinds of events
Dialogue: 0,1:14:42.87,1:14:46.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appear in the every day world.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:46.85,1:14:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Move your hand a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:48.67,1:14:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. Ooh, that's a very good signal.
Dialogue: 0,1:14:51.80,1:14:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, I think we're ready to go!
Dialogue: 0,1:14:54.44,1:14:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:14:55.39,1:14:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Dr. Radin has tested more than 300 volunteers
Dialogue: 0,1:14:58.49,1:15:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in electromagnetically shielded rooms.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:00.94,1:15:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:02.84,1:15:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He shows them a series of images and
Dialogue: 0,1:15:04.93,1:15:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,measures their reactions.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:06.79,1:15:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were sent in a random sequence,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:09.50,1:15:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pictures which are calm or emotional.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:12.12,1:15:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also pictures in between.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:14.61,1:15:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The more emotional pictures
Dialogue: 0,1:15:16.35,1:15:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,evoke a stronger response.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:18.54,1:15:20.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:20.93,1:15:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Dr. Radin found is that
Dialogue: 0,1:15:22.94,1:15:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while his pool of subjects is randomly chosen,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:25.56,1:15:27.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he always finds people who respond
Dialogue: 0,1:15:27.56,1:15:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,accurately before they see the image.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:31.07,1:15:33.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They seem to know ahead of time the kind of picture
Dialogue: 0,1:15:33.81,1:15:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'll see.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:34.99,1:15:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:36.18,1:15:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though their degree of psychic ability appears
Dialogue: 0,1:15:38.02,1:15:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to vary.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:39.12,1:15:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:40.08,1:15:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Not everybody is going to be able to play golf
Dialogue: 0,1:15:41.81,1:15:43.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as good as Tiger Woods
Dialogue: 0,1:15:43.90,1:15:46.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but everybody can play golf a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:46.71,1:15:48.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, what we tend to see in the laboratory
Dialogue: 0,1:15:48.46,1:15:50.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is everybody playing golf a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:50.63,1:15:52.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And occasionally we are lucky and we get
Dialogue: 0,1:15:52.54,1:15:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the equivalent of Tiger Woods.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:54.41,1:15:56.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Somebody is claiming they were buried with gum.
Dialogue: 0,1:15:56.26,1:15:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:15:59.06,1:16:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Somebody was buried with gum.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:00.96,1:16:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You buried somebody with chewing gum?
Dialogue: 0,1:16:02.89,1:16:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Take the mic, please.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:04.88,1:16:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> John Edwards' success as a TV medium
Dialogue: 0,1:16:07.56,1:16:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would suggest he's in the Tiger Woods category.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:11.23,1:16:14.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In the history of science, we've often been wrong.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:14.90,1:16:16.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We used to think the earth was flat.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:16.37,1:16:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were wrong.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:17.45,1:16:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We used to think the sun revolved around the earth.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:19.35,1:16:20.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were wrong.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:21.17,1:16:24.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We used to think physical objects were solid
Dialogue: 0,1:16:24.24,1:16:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and static.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:25.59,1:16:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now know that was wrong.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:28.56,1:16:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I start from a point of view when anybody
Dialogue: 0,1:16:31.81,1:16:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,makes a claim whether it's a medium or a healer
Dialogue: 0,1:16:34.74,1:16:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I approach it as I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:37.42,1:16:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could be yes.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:38.34,1:16:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could be no.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:39.63,1:16:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Show me the data.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:40.96,1:16:42.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm open.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:42.06,1:16:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> You only put a couple of sticks in?
Dialogue: 0,1:16:43.50,1:16:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> His old secretary, they used to chew
Dialogue: 0,1:16:47.52,1:16:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the same gum and we put it in the casket with him.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:50.42,1:16:51.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> A couple of sticks?
Dialogue: 0,1:16:51.47,1:16:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It was, I think they're like individual packet,
Dialogue: 0,1:16:55.13,1:16:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like um, like the Bazooka,
Dialogue: 0,1:16:57.50,1:16:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the one with the comics.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:58.90,1:16:59.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> OK, so that's why I'm feeling.
Dialogue: 0,1:16:59.93,1:17:00.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> They're individual.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:00.77,1:17:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Right. Would this be like a father figure to you?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:02.35,1:17:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It's my dad.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:03.29,1:17:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> OK.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:04.48,1:17:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And do you still see his assistant?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:06.13,1:17:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yes.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:08.40,1:17:09.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> He wants you to tease her, like what she
Dialogue: 0,1:17:09.93,1:17:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,couldn't spare a few more slices or what?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:12.32,1:17:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like I couldn't have the whole pack?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:14.28,1:17:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Audience laughing]
Dialogue: 0,1:17:15.94,1:17:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The way the process of mediumship typically
Dialogue: 0,1:17:19.28,1:17:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,operates is that the mediums get little pieces
Dialogue: 0,1:17:23.77,1:17:24.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of information.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:24.76,1:17:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Because he's making me feel like,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:25.100,1:17:27.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wasn't he already kind of gone?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:27.33,1:17:28.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yes, he was.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:28.49,1:17:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Not because the other side is fragmented
Dialogue: 0,1:17:31.32,1:17:33.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because they're just able to pick up little
Dialogue: 0,1:17:33.84,1:17:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,snippets.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:34.62,1:17:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like you've got a semi-good connection
Dialogue: 0,1:17:36.87,1:17:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on your cellphone and get a piece of information
Dialogue: 0,1:17:38.56,1:17:40.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here and a piece of information there.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:40.53,1:17:42.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> People say well, where are they and how do you
Dialogue: 0,1:17:42.49,1:17:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do this?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:43.43,1:17:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like, well where's the Internet?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:44.81,1:17:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a place that exists but you can't go there
Dialogue: 0,1:17:46.90,1:17:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a physical body.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:48.26,1:17:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have to have a conduit of some sort,
Dialogue: 0,1:17:49.73,1:17:52.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some sort of connection to get to it.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:52.03,1:17:53.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got to be plugged in somehow.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:53.61,1:17:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Anybody have a plastic frog with them?
Dialogue: 0,1:17:55.80,1:17:57.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm being pulled here.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:57.88,1:17:59.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So like from here over, you guys are safe.
Dialogue: 0,1:17:59.81,1:18:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over here - no.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:02.19,1:18:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I've doing an event I will get a pull
Dialogue: 0,1:18:04.71,1:18:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the section of the room or specific area
Dialogue: 0,1:18:06.64,1:18:07.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the people.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:07.89,1:18:10.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> My nephew asked for Christmas a toy frog
Dialogue: 0,1:18:10.59,1:18:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was his dad who passed away.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:14.10,1:18:16.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> And his dad passed before Christmas?
Dialogue: 0,1:18:16.14,1:18:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yes.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:17.44,1:18:20.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> When I'm hearing something I don't hear it in my ear.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:20.20,1:18:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I fell like I'm hearing it outside of me but
Dialogue: 0,1:18:22.29,1:18:23.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a thought that I'm hearing.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:24.39,1:18:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> John is one of several psychic mediums who
Dialogue: 0,1:18:26.98,1:18:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agreed to undergo scientific testing
Dialogue: 0,1:18:29.28,1:18:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the University of Arizona.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:31.76,1:18:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We're going to put a cap on you
Dialogue: 0,1:18:33.30,1:18:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has 19 electrodes.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:35.54,1:18:39.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I did three experiments with John Edwards.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:39.02,1:18:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each one more controlled than the next.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:42.81,1:18:44.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most controlled of them involved fitting
Dialogue: 0,1:18:44.77,1:18:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the mediums and the volunteers with EEGs
Dialogue: 0,1:18:47.76,1:18:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on their heads and EKGs on their chests.
Dialogue: 0,1:18:51.22,1:18:53.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the ways to address the question,
Dialogue: 0,1:18:53.08,1:18:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the medium reading the mind of the sitter
Dialogue: 0,1:18:56.31,1:18:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus reading the mind of the deceased
Dialogue: 0,1:18:59.38,1:19:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to record the brainwave activity and the
Dialogue: 0,1:19:03.50,1:19:06.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cardiac activity, the heart and brain,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:06.24,1:19:08.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the medium and simultaneously record
Dialogue: 0,1:19:08.82,1:19:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the brain and the heart of the sitter.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:11.42,1:19:13.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:13.92,1:19:15.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The medium never meets the subject
Dialogue: 0,1:19:15.50,1:19:18.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they sit separated by a screen.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:18.30,1:19:20.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John and the other mediums have to get
Dialogue: 0,1:19:20.57,1:19:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whatever information they can
Dialogue: 0,1:19:22.16,1:19:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the subject's deceased loved ones.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:24.66,1:19:25.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:25.58,1:19:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I'm going to tell you what I'm seeing, hearing,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:27.08,1:19:29.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and feeling and basically ask you to confirm
Dialogue: 0,1:19:29.22,1:19:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and verify simply by yes's and no's.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:31.32,1:19:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> OK.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:31.74,1:19:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> OK, the first thing that's coming through is
Dialogue: 0,1:19:33.41,1:19:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're telling me to talk to you about a male
Dialogue: 0,1:19:34.48,1:19:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,figure to your side.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:35.41,1:19:36.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A male figure to your side would be
Dialogue: 0,1:19:36.66,1:19:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a husband or a brother who has crossed over.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:38.28,1:19:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you understand that?
Dialogue: 0,1:19:39.15,1:19:39.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yes.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:39.93,1:19:41.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> OK, actually there's two.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:41.09,1:19:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's three.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:42.01,1:19:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were a couple occasions that I sat
Dialogue: 0,1:19:43.60,1:19:45.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with people and got nothing.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:45.42,1:19:47.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, and like I got absolutely nothing.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:47.93,1:19:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, and they'd be like why is that happening?
Dialogue: 0,1:19:49.49,1:19:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm like, I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:51.25,1:19:52.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm like maybe it's me.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:52.57,1:19:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't know.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:53.59,1:19:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I got zeroes for that.
Dialogue: 0,1:19:55.14,1:19:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> But sometimes John will get accurate information,
Dialogue: 0,1:19:58.93,1:20:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sitter will either think he's wrong and later
Dialogue: 0,1:20:02.06,1:20:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discover he's correct, or the sitter won't know the
Dialogue: 0,1:20:05.40,1:20:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,answer and they'll have to then contact some
Dialogue: 0,1:20:07.66,1:20:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the family members and friends
Dialogue: 0,1:20:09.53,1:20:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and low and behold discover that it was correct.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:12.07,1:20:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we found that in that experiment as well.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:14.38,1:20:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:16.25,1:20:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> John's accuracy rate typically averaged
Dialogue: 0,1:20:18.19,1:20:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,80-90%.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:21.70,1:20:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the monitoring machinery showed his
Dialogue: 0,1:20:23.71,1:20:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brainwaves and heart rate were not mimicking
Dialogue: 0,1:20:26.25,1:20:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the subject's.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:27.36,1:20:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:29.03,1:20:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We discovered that John's heart actually went out
Dialogue: 0,1:20:32.18,1:20:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of sync with the sitter which implied, of course
Dialogue: 0,1:20:36.74,1:20:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that his attention was somewhere else.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:39.28,1:20:40.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> They're also telling me to talk about the dog
Dialogue: 0,1:20:40.43,1:20:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's named after a drink.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:41.96,1:20:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, I don't know if there's like a -
Dialogue: 0,1:20:43.06,1:20:44.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> My dog Jager.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:44.17,1:20:44.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Jager?
Dialogue: 0,1:20:44.66,1:20:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yes!
Dialogue: 0,1:20:45.70,1:20:47.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:47.92,1:20:49.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> By the way, apparently he needs a bath.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:49.54,1:20:52.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Yes, he smells right now, he does.
Dialogue: 0,1:20:52.31,1:20:55.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Based on the laboratory experiments
Dialogue: 0,1:20:55.92,1:20:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I've done with John,
Dialogue: 0,1:20:58.53,1:21:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I am clearly led to the conclusion
Dialogue: 0,1:21:03.37,1:21:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that John is a real medium.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:06.93,1:21:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:07.65,1:21:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The so-called Afterlife Experiments
Dialogue: 0,1:21:09.86,1:21:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remain highly controversial within
Dialogue: 0,1:21:12.02,1:21:13.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scientific community
Dialogue: 0,1:21:13.61,1:21:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in part, because they raise more questions
Dialogue: 0,1:21:15.95,1:21:17.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than they answer.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:17.79,1:21:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> At the present time, scientifically, we don't
Dialogue: 0,1:21:21.11,1:21:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know how real mediums like John Edwards
Dialogue: 0,1:21:24.60,1:21:26.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do what they do.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:26.91,1:21:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The working hypothesis that we entertain
Dialogue: 0,1:21:29.58,1:21:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our laboratory is that we all have energy.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:32.45,1:21:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This energy continues like the light from
Dialogue: 0,1:21:36.12,1:21:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distant stars.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:37.28,1:21:39.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what John does and others do
Dialogue: 0,1:21:39.12,1:21:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that their brains and consciousness
Dialogue: 0,1:21:41.15,1:21:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,serve as an antenna and receiver
Dialogue: 0,1:21:43.33,1:21:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what they do is they learn how to tune
Dialogue: 0,1:21:45.81,1:21:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the signals that are present and keep
Dialogue: 0,1:21:48.23,1:21:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their noise low and then receive these subtle signals.
Dialogue: 0,1:21:53.07,1:21:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The concept of a connected fabric of reality
Dialogue: 0,1:21:57.16,1:21:59.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of which we are part of that,
Dialogue: 0,1:21:59.25,1:22:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by virtue of being here,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:00.24,1:22:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is similar to something like The Force from Star Wars.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:05.44,1:22:08.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obi-Wan at some point suddenly feels a disturbance
Dialogue: 0,1:22:08.83,1:22:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in The Force when a planet is blown up.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:11.26,1:22:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:13.80,1:22:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a sense he's feeling ripples through this
Dialogue: 0,1:22:16.99,1:22:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,space time medium that he's able to sense directly.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:21.93,1:22:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The phenomena that we call ESP,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:24.72,1:22:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably operate on something like that.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:28.12,1:22:29.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Physics has a name for this
Dialogue: 0,1:22:29.64,1:22:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,distant connectedness,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:31.09,1:22:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's called the quantum entanglement.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:33.96,1:22:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the moment it's just a theory being applied
Dialogue: 0,1:22:36.22,1:22:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to electrons and molecules.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:38.82,1:22:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists don't know yet if it could apply to the brain.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:42.03,1:22:43.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:43.23,1:22:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the breakthrough that confirms
Dialogue: 0,1:22:45.13,1:22:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extra sensory perception could come sooner
Dialogue: 0,1:22:47.52,1:22:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than we think.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:49.34,1:22:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:50.64,1:22:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It's always very difficult predict.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:52.75,1:22:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when such things happen.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:54.44,1:22:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:22:56.50,1:22:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would guess maybe 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,1:22:59.10,1:23:04.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometime between tomorrow and 20 years.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:04.20,1:23:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The next two decades promise to unlock many
Dialogue: 0,1:23:06.71,1:23:09.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mysteries about the brain.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:09.21,1:23:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neuroscientists are already working on smart
Dialogue: 0,1:23:11.56,1:23:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technologies that could change our lives
Dialogue: 0,1:23:13.80,1:23:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in ways we'd never imagine.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:15.96,1:23:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:18.25,1:23:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We will get to a point, I believe,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:20.30,1:23:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when there will be instantaneous communication
Dialogue: 0,1:23:23.46,1:23:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the web to our brains.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:25.55,1:23:26.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That I'm sure.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:26.66,1:23:31.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:31.15,1:23:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> What if we could supercharge our brains using
Dialogue: 0,1:23:34.08,1:23:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,machines and take the next leap of evolution
Dialogue: 0,1:23:36.73,1:23:38.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within a single lifetime
Dialogue: 0,1:23:38.61,1:23:41.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of over many lifetimes?
Dialogue: 0,1:23:41.16,1:23:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:42.81,1:23:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Radical innovation is the goal of programs
Dialogue: 0,1:23:45.16,1:23:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being funded by the semi-secret DARPA,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:47.90,1:23:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
Dialogue: 0,1:23:51.31,1:23:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:23:53.35,1:23:56.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their mission is to be kind of the blue sky thinkers
Dialogue: 0,1:23:56.94,1:24:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of science for the National Security Establishment.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:01.17,1:24:03.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they've produced some amazing technologies
Dialogue: 0,1:24:03.89,1:24:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we take for granted.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:05.22,1:24:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Besides the Internet, the computer mouse,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:06.87,1:24:08.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course the Stealth Bomber.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:08.76,1:24:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:10.81,1:24:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They take some of the smartest scientists
Dialogue: 0,1:24:12.48,1:24:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the country and they ask them to push
Dialogue: 0,1:24:16.04,1:24:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,current science 30, 40 years into the future.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:19.07,1:24:20.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To take big leaps.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:21.71,1:24:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> DARPA is funding one such leap
Dialogue: 0,1:24:23.77,1:24:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Columbia University in New York.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:26.20,1:24:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:27.37,1:24:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists there are developing a computer program
Dialogue: 0,1:24:30.13,1:24:32.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that helps the brain process visual information
Dialogue: 0,1:24:32.70,1:24:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at lightning speed.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:35.22,1:24:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In our modern society
Dialogue: 0,1:24:36.99,1:24:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are bombarded with information.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:38.86,1:24:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it's images from television,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:41.30,1:24:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,images on the web,
Dialogue: 0,1:24:43.02,1:24:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from one's job and it's starting to be overwhelming.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:46.20,1:24:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we need to figure which images we really
Dialogue: 0,1:24:48.44,1:24:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,need to spend time looking at
Dialogue: 0,1:24:49.76,1:24:51.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and which we can ignore.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:51.86,1:24:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea behind Cortically-Coupled Computer Vision
Dialogue: 0,1:24:54.88,1:24:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to create the best of both worlds.
Dialogue: 0,1:24:57.27,1:24:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The versatility of the human brain
Dialogue: 0,1:24:59.48,1:25:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enhanced by the speed of computer.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:02.34,1:25:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:25:02.92,1:25:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> It's very hard to tell a computer vision system,
Dialogue: 0,1:25:05.38,1:25:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find something that's funny or out of the ordinary
Dialogue: 0,1:25:08.03,1:25:09.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or suspicious.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:09.16,1:25:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's much easier to have a person do that.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:11.78,1:25:14.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, computer vision systems are very fast
Dialogue: 0,1:25:14.10,1:25:16.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the question is, how can we actually make the
Dialogue: 0,1:25:16.30,1:25:18.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,human visual processor faster?
Dialogue: 0,1:25:18.97,1:25:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In this example, the images are aerial shots
Dialogue: 0,1:25:21.67,1:25:23.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Seoul in South Korea.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:24.96,1:25:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The analyst is looking for helipads.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:26.90,1:25:29.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:25:29.70,1:25:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The old slow method would require a methodical
Dialogue: 0,1:25:32.45,1:25:34.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,search of thousands of individual photos
Dialogue: 0,1:25:34.85,1:25:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before marking each helipad.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:36.95,1:25:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:25:38.17,1:25:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The new method involves the analyst wearing
Dialogue: 0,1:25:40.36,1:25:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an EEG cap.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:43.25,1:25:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dozens of electrodes can now detect electrical
Dialogue: 0,1:25:45.83,1:25:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain activity just below the surface of the skull.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:49.83,1:25:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In normal brain processing, the visual cortex
Dialogue: 0,1:25:52.46,1:25:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extracts detail from a scene.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:54.82,1:25:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Information is sent forward to the frontal lobes
Dialogue: 0,1:25:57.62,1:25:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for decision making.
Dialogue: 0,1:25:59.65,1:26:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then the motor cortex generates a response;
Dialogue: 0,1:26:02.07,1:26:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the click of a mouse or the movement of the eyes.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:06.08,1:26:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The prototype program intercepts the signals,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:08.57,1:26:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,filters out irrelevant brain activity,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:11.56,1:26:14.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and focuses on the subliminal "aha" moment
Dialogue: 0,1:26:14.83,1:26:17.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the eyes spot a helipad.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:17.49,1:26:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In just a few seconds, the analyst can sift through
Dialogue: 0,1:26:20.55,1:26:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thousands of images.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:22.76,1:26:25.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Although he may not be consciously aware of it,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:25.54,1:26:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his brain is remarkably accurate at identifying
Dialogue: 0,1:26:28.48,1:26:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the few shots that have helipads in them
Dialogue: 0,1:26:30.87,1:26:32.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they can be marked up later.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:32.86,1:26:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:33.78,1:26:36.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So essentially we're going to tap into the signals
Dialogue: 0,1:26:36.21,1:26:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are involved in deciding whether there is
Dialogue: 0,1:26:39.56,1:26:42.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something interesting and without having the subject
Dialogue: 0,1:26:42.28,1:26:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having to make a response, use that to now reorder
Dialogue: 0,1:26:46.05,1:26:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or resort image databases to improve search.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:49.06,1:26:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:26:53.98,1:26:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> This boosted vision technology helps the
Dialogue: 0,1:26:56.05,1:26:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,image analyst work up to four times faster.
Dialogue: 0,1:26:58.93,1:27:01.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:27:01.06,1:27:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It could be adapted to help fighter pilots
Dialogue: 0,1:27:03.31,1:27:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,make better split second decisions
Dialogue: 0,1:27:05.86,1:27:08.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or to improve the sifting of surveillance footage
Dialogue: 0,1:27:08.17,1:27:10.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by police or security personnel.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:10.65,1:27:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:27:13.54,1:27:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then there are possibilities beyond
Dialogue: 0,1:27:15.61,1:27:17.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,defense and intelligence.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:17.53,1:27:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:27:18.10,1:27:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> One potential application that is of interest
Dialogue: 0,1:27:20.10,1:27:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which there's high-throughput of information
Dialogue: 0,1:27:22.23,1:27:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might been in the stock market or in trading.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:24.93,1:27:28.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many times traders are assimilating this information
Dialogue: 0,1:27:28.16,1:27:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,across different screens,
Dialogue: 0,1:27:29.89,1:27:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something might catch their eye but they can't
Dialogue: 0,1:27:32.09,1:27:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually act on that at that moment.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:34.26,1:27:36.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that information can be tagged that it grabbed
Dialogue: 0,1:27:36.94,1:27:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the interest of the trader and processed by
Dialogue: 0,1:27:39.44,1:27:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some other person down the line.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:41.82,1:27:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:27:42.61,1:27:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Medical research might be interested in these
Dialogue: 0,1:27:44.57,1:27:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,devices, too.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:46.17,1:27:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And marketing teams could use them to record
Dialogue: 0,1:27:48.23,1:27:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people's first reaction to a product
Dialogue: 0,1:27:50.04,1:27:52.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or advertising campaign.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:52.20,1:27:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A video game company in California
Dialogue: 0,1:27:54.59,1:27:57.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is already ditching the joy stick in favor of
Dialogue: 0,1:27:57.17,1:27:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain power.
Dialogue: 0,1:27:58.96,1:28:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A headset similar to an EEG picks up
Dialogue: 0,1:28:01.61,1:28:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,electrical activity from the brain as well as
Dialogue: 0,1:28:04.18,1:28:07.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,twitches from facial muscles.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:07.00,1:28:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The signals get translated into onscreen
Dialogue: 0,1:28:08.87,1:28:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,commands.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:10.35,1:28:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:28:11.92,1:28:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Players raise rocks and vanquish villains
Dialogue: 0,1:28:14.39,1:28:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not with a click but with a thought.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:16.84,1:28:20.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:28:20.32,1:28:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The future potential for implanted
Dialogue: 0,1:28:22.41,1:28:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Personal Data Assistance or PDAs
Dialogue: 0,1:28:24.75,1:28:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is almost mind-boggling.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:28.14,1:28:29.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> As we get older, we all worry about our
Dialogue: 0,1:28:29.93,1:28:31.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inability to remember names and faces.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:31.97,1:28:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to find ways to compensate for that
Dialogue: 0,1:28:34.09,1:28:37.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,loss of natural evolved memory revolving in the
Dialogue: 0,1:28:37.38,1:28:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,direction where we will have devices
Dialogue: 0,1:28:38.94,1:28:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will do that for us.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:40.62,1:28:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think ultimately we will have a Facebook
Dialogue: 0,1:28:42.14,1:28:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our heads.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:43.35,1:28:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that point, it's going to be pretty hard
Dialogue: 0,1:28:45.95,1:28:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see where we end and the technology begins.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:49.83,1:28:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:28:51.66,1:28:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At Duke University in North Carolina,
Dialogue: 0,1:28:53.84,1:28:57.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neuroscientists are taking that next step already.
Dialogue: 0,1:28:57.67,1:29:00.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They've implanted electrodes into a monkey's brain
Dialogue: 0,1:29:00.26,1:29:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and isolated the brain signals for walking.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:03.38,1:29:04.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:04.100,1:29:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During one recent experiment,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:06.87,1:29:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a monkey paced on a treadmill while her brain
Dialogue: 0,1:29:09.13,1:29:11.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activity was sent via the Internet to Japan
Dialogue: 0,1:29:11.100,1:29:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to instantly control the walking of a five foot
Dialogue: 0,1:29:14.48,1:29:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humanoid robot.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:16.28,1:29:17.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:17.99,1:29:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The monkey got raisin treats for making
Dialogue: 0,1:29:19.76,1:29:21.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the robot walk.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:21.65,1:29:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then her treadmill was switched off.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:24.46,1:29:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:24.98,1:29:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In her desire for more treats,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:27.40,1:29:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the monkey kept the robot walking
Dialogue: 0,1:29:29.50,1:29:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using only her thoughts.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:32.53,1:29:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's been a similar breakthrough
Dialogue: 0,1:29:34.20,1:29:37.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:37.64,1:29:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Monkeys fitted with tiny sensors in their brains
Dialogue: 0,1:29:40.56,1:29:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have learned to control a mechanical arm
Dialogue: 0,1:29:42.85,1:29:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use it to reach for snacks.
Dialogue: 0,1:29:45.17,1:29:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:45.87,1:29:48.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It will have tremendous applications for medicine,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:48.01,1:29:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people who are amputees,
Dialogue: 0,1:29:49.96,1:29:51.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people who are quadriplegic;
Dialogue: 0,1:29:51.94,1:29:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,giving them the ability to move a robot
Dialogue: 0,1:29:54.31,1:29:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prosthetic arms and legs in ways that will allow
Dialogue: 0,1:29:57.27,1:29:59.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,them to interact with their environments
Dialogue: 0,1:29:59.19,1:30:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they have not been able to do before.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:02.07,1:30:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Could there be hope in the future for someone
Dialogue: 0,1:30:04.17,1:30:07.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Clive Waring whose brain damage means
Dialogue: 0,1:30:07.01,1:30:09.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he can't process new memories?
Dialogue: 0,1:30:09.13,1:30:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> I don't remember sitting down on this seat.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:10.98,1:30:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was unknown to me.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:12.37,1:30:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:30:12.55,1:30:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There's work being done currently with rats
Dialogue: 0,1:30:15.04,1:30:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might one day create a synthetic
Dialogue: 0,1:30:16.96,1:30:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hippocampus for humans.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:19.19,1:30:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> If you could do that in theory,
Dialogue: 0,1:30:20.80,1:30:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could actually introduce instantaneously
Dialogue: 0,1:30:23.66,1:30:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new memories as we do in computer chips
Dialogue: 0,1:30:26.74,1:30:28.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every day these days.
Dialogue: 0,1:30:28.29,1:30:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if instead of taking months and months
Dialogue: 0,1:30:30.58,1:30:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to learn a language we could download
Dialogue: 0,1:30:32.17,1:30:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a basic dictionary of a language?
Dialogue: 0,1:30:34.48,1:30:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or what if having never been somewhere
Dialogue: 0,1:30:36.31,1:30:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of having to carry that tour guide
Dialogue: 0,1:30:39.11,1:30:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or book around, that clumsy book,
Dialogue: 0,1:30:41.07,1:30:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stopping in the middle of the sidewalk
Dialogue: 0,1:30:42.26,1:30:43.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every few minutes to see where we were going,
Dialogue: 0,1:30:43.54,1:30:46.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we actually had a rudimentary map that had been
Dialogue: 0,1:30:46.57,1:30:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,downloaded into our brains of that new city
Dialogue: 0,1:30:49.27,1:30:50.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're visiting or those monuments
Dialogue: 0,1:30:50.88,1:30:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're looking at?
Dialogue: 0,1:30:51.98,1:30:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:30:54.98,1:30:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Drugs are being developed for combat troops
Dialogue: 0,1:30:57.42,1:30:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would allow them to stay awake
Dialogue: 0,1:30:59.02,1:31:01.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for two or three days with no ill effects.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:01.74,1:31:02.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:02.65,1:31:04.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A new class of chemicals called ampakines,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:04.90,1:31:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are thought to help the neurotransmitter glutamate
Dialogue: 0,1:31:07.45,1:31:09.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work better in a tired brain
Dialogue: 0,1:31:09.57,1:31:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so improve memory, learning, and cognition.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:13.18,1:31:14.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:14.59,1:31:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These could eventually find their way into
Dialogue: 0,1:31:16.64,1:31:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everyday use.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:18.54,1:31:20.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Lack of sleep historically has meant that you are
Dialogue: 0,1:31:20.45,1:31:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inclined to make mistakes.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:22.10,1:31:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we're going to be able to resolve
Dialogue: 0,1:31:23.53,1:31:24.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that problem.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:24.34,1:31:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shift workers, people that have to work all night
Dialogue: 0,1:31:26.25,1:31:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might be able to do without sleep and function
Dialogue: 0,1:31:28.40,1:31:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very well.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:29.36,1:31:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Students who are studying for exams,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:32.32,1:31:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people who have to travel across time zones
Dialogue: 0,1:31:34.58,1:31:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as part of their work.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:35.99,1:31:37.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:37.41,1:31:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> In the near future, scientists expect to perfect
Dialogue: 0,1:31:40.24,1:31:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,portable brain scanners.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:42.41,1:31:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Light-emitting diodes fitted in a headband
Dialogue: 0,1:31:45.18,1:31:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would bounce light into the frontal lobes
Dialogue: 0,1:31:47.63,1:31:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect brain activity.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:49.73,1:31:50.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:50.49,1:31:52.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That information would be fed into a unit
Dialogue: 0,1:31:52.23,1:31:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no bigger than a pack of playing cards.
Dialogue: 0,1:31:55.26,1:31:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of lying motionless in a giant MRI machine,
Dialogue: 0,1:31:58.83,1:32:01.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wearers could discover what's going on in their
Dialogue: 0,1:32:01.40,1:32:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brains while, for example, playing sports.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:04.12,1:32:08.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,1:32:08.18,1:32:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We will be able to look into a super athlete's
Dialogue: 0,1:32:10.36,1:32:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brain like Federeror or Agasi or Tiger Woods
Dialogue: 0,1:32:14.06,1:32:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and see not that they're different anatomically
Dialogue: 0,1:32:17.12,1:32:20.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,necessarily, but functionally they are different
Dialogue: 0,1:32:20.11,1:32:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of how they process information.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:22.48,1:32:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second application is that you can use this
Dialogue: 0,1:32:24.84,1:32:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new technology to help athletes perform better
Dialogue: 0,1:32:27.94,1:32:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or perform up to their capacity.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:29.94,1:32:32.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> Imaging technology is still in its infancy.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:32.91,1:32:35.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In widespread use for less than 20 years,
Dialogue: 0,1:32:35.65,1:32:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared with over 100 years for X-rays,
Dialogue: 0,1:32:38.52,1:32:41.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's limited only by our imagination.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:41.39,1:32:42.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> The pictures that we get of the brain right now
Dialogue: 0,1:32:42.83,1:32:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,though there are several amazing technologies
Dialogue: 0,1:32:44.80,1:32:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are pretty gross, they're at a large level.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:47.19,1:32:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now people are saying, wow it would be really
Dialogue: 0,1:32:49.24,1:32:51.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,good if we could get a more granular,
Dialogue: 0,1:32:51.45,1:32:54.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more fine grained deeper images of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,1:32:54.80,1:32:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the molecular level and I think that's the
Dialogue: 0,1:32:56.73,1:32:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,next frontier for brain imaging.
Dialogue: 0,1:32:59.02,1:33:01.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> For all that we have learned about the brain,
Dialogue: 0,1:33:01.82,1:33:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we still have so much to discover.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:04.86,1:33:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> There are many unsolved questions that remain
Dialogue: 0,1:33:06.75,1:33:09.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the brain and they're surprisingly
Dialogue: 0,1:33:09.03,1:33:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simple; how is memory actually stored and
Dialogue: 0,1:33:11.96,1:33:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how does it get reconstructed?
Dialogue: 0,1:33:13.64,1:33:15.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do brains sleep and dream?
Dialogue: 0,1:33:15.51,1:33:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is intelligence?
Dialogue: 0,1:33:17.28,1:33:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do people have a variety of skills
Dialogue: 0,1:33:19.38,1:33:20.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and talents?
Dialogue: 0,1:33:20.52,1:33:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do we perceive the world?
Dialogue: 0,1:33:21.90,1:33:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does the brain represent time?
Dialogue: 0,1:33:23.46,1:33:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is consciousness?
Dialogue: 0,1:33:25.16,1:33:27.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> If we do manage to answer these questions,
Dialogue: 0,1:33:27.70,1:33:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the course of perhaps one more lifetime,
Dialogue: 0,1:33:30.41,1:33:32.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what will this mean for the brain?
Dialogue: 0,1:33:32.45,1:33:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An organ that is so complicated and so often
Dialogue: 0,1:33:35.30,1:33:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,driven by primitive instincts.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:37.91,1:33:40.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,>> We evolved in a world very different than the
Dialogue: 0,1:33:40.73,1:33:45.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world we live in today so we have to adapt - now.
Dialogue: 0,1:33:45.35,1:33:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this to me is the greatest mystery
Dialogue: 0,1:33:47.19,9:59:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of neuroscience right now-