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>> The human brain, one of the last great frontiers.

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>> The brain is the most complicated device we've

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found in the universe.

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>> We've learned more about it in the last five years

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than in the last five thousand years.

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>> In the last few years we've come out of the

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Stone Age.

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>> For the first time, we're actually seeing what

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goes on in the brain during sex.

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>> Everybody knows sex is between the ears

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so there must be something very strong happening

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in the brain.

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>> What makes some brains evil.

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>> I wrote a list of things to do: Clean room,

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stop seeing girls, stop killing.

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>> And is there really such a thing as ESP?

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Technology is finally unlocking

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the secrets of the brain.

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It's explaining why we behave the way we do.

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It's helping experts develop new methods

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and machines to boost our brain power.

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And it's revealing the untapped abilities we all have

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inside our heads.

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The brain controls every aspect of our lives.

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As humans have evolved, it's doubled in size.

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It weighs only three pounds but it consumes

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20 percent of all the fuel our bodies take in.

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Generating enough energy

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to keep a light bulb burning.

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>> You have to consider the brain having evolved

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like an old house.

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Where we've just added different rooms

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so there's all these stairways and connections.

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>> In the basement is the oldest part called

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the brain stem.

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It is something we share with reptiles

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and other mammals.

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It's what keeps us alive.

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Governing vital functions like

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heart rate, respiration, digestion

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and blood pressure.

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Things that happen without having to

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think about them.

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The next level up, the first floor,

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more evolved.

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Hundreds of thousands of years later

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it is called the Limbic System.

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This is very important in the processing

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of emotions.

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>> Within the Limbic System are the amygdala -

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two nuggets of tissue, one in each half of the brain.

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They are no bigger than a fingernail yet they are

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the brain's central command center for our

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emotional reactions.

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One of the simplest and strongest of these is fear,

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a primal emotion we all share.

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>> If you had to pick one brain region that was

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most important in fear, it would be the amygdala.

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>> There's no better place to explore how fear

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affects the brain than here at the

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Navy Seals Special Warfare Command

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in San Diego, California.

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Recruits are put through specialized training

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to change the way their brains react to fear.

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>> We introduce our students almost from day one

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to absolute chaos.

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And they will struggle.

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When you look at historic mistakes on the battlefield,

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they're almost always associated with fear

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or with panic.

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So, the capacity to control these impulses

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is extremely important.

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>> Out of 140 candidates who start each class,

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on average only 36 make the final cut.

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Successful recruits seem better able to adapt

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their brains to the demands of the job.

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>> It's not really necessarily the physical people

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who get through there.

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There have been Olympic athletes

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who have drop out of training

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and there's this 140 pound farm kid from Nebraska

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who had never seen the ocean before

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and he graduated.

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Why is that?

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>> To answer that question,

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the Navy turned to neuroscience.

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When confronted with fear,

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it's the amygdala that responds to information

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from our senses and instinctively presses the

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body's panic button.

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>> The amygdala is actually one of the most

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interconnected regions of the brain.

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So it actually will both send signals to

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parts of the brain stem that now illicit a range

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of bodily responses as you start to sweat,

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your heart races, you might freeze for a while,

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you might run away.

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>> This exercise known as the Hooded Box Drill

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is part of the Close Quarters Defense System

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and is one of the ways the U.S. Navy conditions

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its recruits to control these amygdala signals.

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>> Our students are deaf and blind.

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Our instructors will set up a scenario.

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And then the hood comes off and the student

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has to respond.

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>> Well, when you're under that hood you have just

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a moment to gather your thoughts and think of

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scenarios that could come your way.

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>> Sometimes the correct response is swift and lethal.

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Sometimes it's nonviolent.

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>> It's supposed to simulate those quick snapshot

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situations, those high risk situations that just

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happen in an instant.

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>> They're trying to introduce you to the fact

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that panic is going to be less and less an option

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throughout your career.

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>> So, the right way to do training is to

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expose people to scary situations where they can

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get used to them and know how to react

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when they're confronted with it.

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>> Through constant exposure to fearful situations,

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recruits learn to suppress fear

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that could otherwise make them react the wrong way

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and get them killed.

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But how do their brains do that?

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What scientists discovered is that as humans

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evolved, another part of the brain called

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the Cortex, also become involved in processing fear.

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>> The part that makes us most human

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about the brain is our frontal cortex.

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>> If the amygdala is the first floor,

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the cortex is the second floor of the brain.

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It's the brain's thin, wrinkly outer layer that's

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divided into four sets of lobes.

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>> If you unfolded the cortex of a monkey,

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it would be about the size of the piece of paper.

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If you unfolded our cortex, it is about four sheets

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of paper - large - and the reason it is wrinkly is

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because you have to squish that all inside

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of the skull.

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>> The Frontal Lobes comprise the area just above

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our eyes and these are the newest rooms

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of the brain.

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As humans evolved, the frontal lobes became the

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place where conscious rational thought

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is processed.

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It's where we do our problem solving.

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>> The frontal lobes are so interesting

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because they're really the conductor of the brain.

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They synchronize all activity.

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>> Scientists made a major breakthrough

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in fear research when they found that information

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from our senses reaches the amygdala almost

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twice as fast as it takes to get to our frontal lobes.

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The speed of the different brain signals means

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unless we instinctively know how to react

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to a potential threat, we may freeze in fear

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waiting for the frontal lobes to catch up

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to figure out the right response.

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>> Part of what happens with fear and panic is

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the unknown, is the not knowing what to do next

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and so your brain essentially freezes

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the way a deer freezes in a headlight.

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>> So, the amygdala may get very fast signals

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about fear but sometimes they're wrong

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and quickly the situation may say to you,

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no it's not a fear situation and you're not afraid.

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So, these very quick amygdala signals that you get

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can be controlled in sort of a top down way.

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>> This is where the Navy's training comes in.

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It teaches recruits to minimize that delay by

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generating fast, accurate reactions to situations.

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With demand for special forces increasing,

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the Navy continues to develop

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brain training techniques to see if they can

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improve the pass rate.

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But there are some fears that scientists

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believe are pre-programmed into our brains,

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primal fears or super fears that few

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people can overcome.

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The Navy makes its trainees tackle these

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head on.

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It's why their most dreaded exercise happens

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under water.

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As recruits face the fear of drowning.

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>> There's almost nothing more scary

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than not being able to breathe.

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>> We are learning more now about the brain

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than at any other time in history.

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How it's put together and how it operates.

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Breakthroughs in brain science are helping

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the Navy to rethink how they train Seal recruits.

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Specialized exercises can improve their brains'

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reactions in fearful combat situations.

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But the candidates need something more to cope

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with a super fear like drowning.

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Experts believe evolution has hard-wired

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our brains to dread being trapped under water.

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As a result, it's almost impossible to control

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the brain's overwhelming impulse to surface for air.

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And it is why recruits struggle so much to pass

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the Underwater Pool Competency Test.

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>> Pool Comp is a very important milestone

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in their career here.

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They're being tested how they can deal with

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fear under water.

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And there is controlled harassment,

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planned harassment projected at them

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under water and we see how they can cope with that.

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>> Students must spend up to 20 minutes under water

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enduring repeated attacks on their breathing

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equipment by an instructor.

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Half of the time they are without air.

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>> Their air is shut off,

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their breathing hoses are wrapped around in

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difficult positions and they need to respond

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to those problems with a series

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of emergency procedures.

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>> Step by step instructions for untangling their gear

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are drilled into the recruits' heads beforehand.

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They must follow these to the letter.

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But putting theory into practice isn't easy.

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>> You go down to the bottom and the instructors

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they come down and will start attacking you,

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taking your mask off,

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just creating all this stress

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and the more the stress builds up,

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they want to see how you'll handle it.

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>> As the trainee begins running out of air,

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his brain's amygdala pushes the panic button

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that urges him to surface.

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His frontal lobes must win this battle in the brain

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if he is to stay in control.

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>> Physically it is very challenging.

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You have to hold your breath for longer than

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you normally would.

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The instructors just take you kind of to that

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breaking point to see how you'll respond.

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>> No sooner has the candidate untied one set of

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knots then his instructor is back attacking

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him again and again.

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>> The more the stress builds up they want to see

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how you'll handle it.

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Will you want to go to the surface and get air,

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which you want to do,

283
00:12:08,004 --> 00:12:09,909
or will you take the little air you have

284
00:12:09,909 --> 00:12:11,810
and all the problems and solve them and do

285
00:12:11,810 --> 00:12:14,202
what's necessary to pass the test?

286
00:12:14,202 --> 00:12:16,110
>> More Seals fail Pool Comp

287
00:12:16,110 --> 00:12:18,983
at this stage in their training than anything else.

288
00:12:18,983 --> 00:12:20,925
The Navy wanted to know what was going on

289
00:12:20,925 --> 00:12:23,855
inside their recruits' heads to cause this.

290
00:12:24,870 --> 00:12:26,451
>> And there's almost nothing more scary

291
00:12:26,451 --> 00:12:28,099
than not being able to breathe.

292
00:12:28,099 --> 00:12:30,624
That creates a tremendous stress response.

293
00:12:30,624 --> 00:12:32,649
You have this huge release of stress hormones

294
00:12:32,649 --> 00:12:35,206
that make controlling things with thought

295
00:12:35,206 --> 00:12:36,529
more difficult.

296
00:12:36,529 --> 00:12:38,826


297
00:12:38,826 --> 00:12:41,233
>> Under normal conditions, the brain communicates

298
00:12:41,233 --> 00:12:44,829
with the body using minute electrical signals.

299
00:12:44,829 --> 00:12:47,444
The brain sends out electrical impulses

300
00:12:47,444 --> 00:12:49,898
from its nerve cells to others that travel at over

301
00:12:49,898 --> 00:12:52,087
270 miles per hour.

302
00:12:53,731 --> 00:12:56,312
This is one way your brain can tell your body

303
00:12:56,312 --> 00:12:57,680
to do something.

304
00:12:57,680 --> 00:12:59,252


305
00:12:59,252 --> 00:13:01,037
But under extreme duress,

306
00:13:01,037 --> 00:13:03,110
the brain releases chemical hormones.

307
00:13:03,957 --> 00:13:06,275
The part of the brain that senses fear,

308
00:13:06,275 --> 00:13:07,255
the amygdala,

309
00:13:07,255 --> 00:13:09,483
triggers a chain reaction that sends

310
00:13:09,483 --> 00:13:11,601
adrenaline and cortisol hormones

311
00:13:11,601 --> 00:13:13,764
into the body's blood stream.

312
00:13:13,764 --> 00:13:16,192
These stress hormones act as a SWAT team,

313
00:13:16,192 --> 00:13:19,074
quickly preparing the body for action.

314
00:13:19,074 --> 00:13:21,143
They increase breathing, heart rate,

315
00:13:21,143 --> 00:13:23,172
and blood pressure.

316
00:13:23,172 --> 00:13:25,136
Senses become keener,

317
00:13:25,136 --> 00:13:26,638
memory sharper,

318
00:13:26,638 --> 00:13:29,376
and the body becomes less sensitive to pain.

319
00:13:29,376 --> 00:13:29,996


320
00:13:29,996 --> 00:13:32,218
But even in this heightened state of alertness,

321
00:13:32,218 --> 00:13:35,585
Pool Comp is still too challenging for many trainees.

322
00:13:35,585 --> 00:13:37,778


323
00:13:37,778 --> 00:13:39,673
>> Your mind is going everywhere and you're seeing

324
00:13:39,673 --> 00:13:41,274
your friends swim up from up the water -

325
00:13:41,274 --> 00:13:42,757
they've passed or they've failed.

326
00:13:42,757 --> 00:13:44,455
And you're kind of sizing yourself up

327
00:13:44,455 --> 00:13:46,046
saying, well he failed can I pass?

328
00:13:46,046 --> 00:13:47,279
And vice versa.

329
00:13:47,279 --> 00:13:48,974
So, your mind goes everywhere and it is key

330
00:13:48,974 --> 00:13:51,140
just to stay focused on what you have to do.

331
00:13:52,064 --> 00:13:55,356
>> Eventually, the student completes the series of tasks

332
00:13:55,356 --> 00:13:57,593
and can touch the bottom and then surface

333
00:13:57,593 --> 00:13:58,993
to learn from the instructor

334
00:13:58,993 --> 00:14:00,729
whether he's passed the test.

335
00:14:00,729 --> 00:14:07,353


336
00:14:07,353 --> 00:14:08,870
>> I feel fine!

337
00:14:08,870 --> 00:14:11,193
>> Few Seal candidates succeed at Pool Comp

338
00:14:11,193 --> 00:14:12,439
the first time.

339
00:14:12,439 --> 00:14:14,181
They get four attempts and there's more

340
00:14:14,181 --> 00:14:15,798
at stake with each try.

341
00:14:17,322 --> 00:14:21,151
>> The most common reason for failing Pool Comp

342
00:14:21,151 --> 00:14:26,256
is panic, losing composure under water.

343
00:14:26,256 --> 00:14:28,496
Some of our students, that's it,

344
00:14:28,496 --> 00:14:32,260
we will performance drop them from training.

345
00:14:32,813 --> 00:14:34,690
>> The Navy wanted to help borderline

346
00:14:34,690 --> 00:14:36,976
candidates who had the potential to pass

347
00:14:36,976 --> 00:14:39,171
these crucial phases in training.

348
00:14:39,171 --> 00:14:41,604


349
00:14:41,604 --> 00:14:43,322
After consulting with experts,

350
00:14:43,322 --> 00:14:45,149
they came up with a ground-breaking

351
00:14:45,149 --> 00:14:47,007
mental toughness program.

352
00:14:47,007 --> 00:14:48,936
A set of techniques to boost the trainees'

353
00:14:48,936 --> 00:14:50,740
ability to control fear.

354
00:14:50,740 --> 00:14:52,338


355
00:14:52,338 --> 00:14:54,672
Even in the most extreme situations.

356
00:14:54,672 --> 00:14:56,367


357
00:14:56,367 --> 00:14:57,742
>> You guys need to stay fired up while

358
00:14:57,742 --> 00:14:58,754
you're out there.

359
00:14:58,754 --> 00:15:00,743
The pain, the cold, and all that stuff

360
00:15:00,743 --> 00:15:01,966
it's going to eat away at you

361
00:15:01,966 --> 00:15:03,529
but you got to keep going.

362
00:15:03,529 --> 00:15:05,279
>> The techniques that we're most interested in

363
00:15:05,279 --> 00:15:07,071
are what I call the Big Four:

364
00:15:07,071 --> 00:15:07,826
Goal Setting,

365
00:15:07,826 --> 00:15:08,791
Mental Rehearsal,

366
00:15:08,791 --> 00:15:09,823
Self Talk,

367
00:15:09,823 --> 00:15:11,071
and Arousal Control.

368
00:15:11,071 --> 00:15:13,852


369
00:15:13,852 --> 00:15:16,030
>> Scientists think goal setting works by

370
00:15:16,030 --> 00:15:17,970
assisting the frontal lobes.

371
00:15:17,970 --> 00:15:20,800
As the brain's supervisor, the frontal lobes

372
00:15:20,800 --> 00:15:23,148
are responsible for reasoning and planning.

373
00:15:23,148 --> 00:15:24,010


374
00:15:24,010 --> 00:15:25,826
Concentrating on specific goals,

375
00:15:25,826 --> 00:15:28,511
let's the brain bring structure to chaos

376
00:15:28,511 --> 00:15:31,167
and keeps the amygdala, the emotional center

377
00:15:31,167 --> 00:15:32,977
of the brain, in check.

378
00:15:32,977 --> 00:15:39,755


379
00:15:39,755 --> 00:15:41,245
>> I got up every morning and I said,

380
00:15:41,245 --> 00:15:43,121
I'm going to make it to breakfast.

381
00:15:43,121 --> 00:15:44,251
And then at breakfast I said,

382
00:15:44,251 --> 00:15:45,678
OK, I'm going to make it to lunch.

383
00:15:45,678 --> 00:15:47,957
And then I'm going to make it through

384
00:15:47,957 --> 00:15:49,188
the run this afternoon.

385
00:15:49,188 --> 00:15:53,564
And then you take it in these little sort of chunks.

386
00:15:55,240 --> 00:15:57,296
>> The second technique, Mental Rehearsal,

387
00:15:57,296 --> 00:15:58,630
or Visualization,

388
00:15:58,630 --> 00:16:00,589
is continually running through

389
00:16:00,589 --> 00:16:01,780
an activity in your mind.

390
00:16:01,780 --> 00:16:04,947
So when you try it for real, it comes more naturally.

391
00:16:04,947 --> 00:16:07,842


392
00:16:10,737 --> 00:16:13,633
>> If you practice in your mind first

393
00:16:13,633 --> 00:16:15,992
and imagine and rehearse how you might do

394
00:16:15,992 --> 00:16:17,431
in these stressful situations,

395
00:16:17,431 --> 00:16:19,098
the next time in reality you're faced with

396
00:16:19,098 --> 00:16:21,497
these situations is actually in effect,

397
00:16:21,497 --> 00:16:23,917
the second time you've faced it so you'll have

398
00:16:23,917 --> 00:16:25,534
less of a stressful reaction.

399
00:16:25,534 --> 00:16:26,782


400
00:16:26,782 --> 00:16:29,093
>> The third technique, Self Talk,

401
00:16:29,093 --> 00:16:30,973
helps focus the trainees' thoughts.

402
00:16:32,481 --> 00:16:35,013
The average person speaks to themselves at a

403
00:16:35,013 --> 00:16:38,122
rate of 300 to 1000 words a minute.

404
00:16:38,122 --> 00:16:40,944


405
00:16:40,944 --> 00:16:44,062
If these words are positive instead of negative,

406
00:16:44,062 --> 00:16:46,640
'can do' instead of 'can't',

407
00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:48,887
they help override the fear signal

408
00:16:48,887 --> 00:16:51,027
coming from the amygdala.

409
00:16:51,857 --> 00:16:55,193
>> The frontal lobes are always on so it is very easy

410
00:16:55,193 --> 00:16:57,519
to think about something difficult, something bad,

411
00:16:57,519 --> 00:17:00,654
like I'm going to fail, what am I doing here?

412
00:17:00,654 --> 00:17:03,024
I didn't practice enough.

413
00:17:03,024 --> 00:17:04,653
What you're trying to do is you're trying to replace

414
00:17:04,653 --> 00:17:07,348
those bad thoughts with good thoughts.

415
00:17:07,348 --> 00:17:09,435


416
00:17:11,927 --> 00:17:14,619
>> The final technique, Arousal Control,

417
00:17:14,619 --> 00:17:16,774
is centered on breathing.

418
00:17:16,774 --> 00:17:19,590
Deliberate slow breathing helps combat some of the

419
00:17:19,590 --> 00:17:21,181
effects of panic.

420
00:17:22,518 --> 00:17:25,598
Long exhales in particular, mimic the body's

421
00:17:25,598 --> 00:17:28,326
relaxation process and get more oxygen to the

422
00:17:28,326 --> 00:17:30,430
brain so it can perform better.

423
00:17:30,430 --> 00:17:32,300


424
00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:34,459
>> Breathing is a great focusing strategy

425
00:17:34,459 --> 00:17:37,123
but you can only do it so much because

426
00:17:37,123 --> 00:17:38,612
in a response to fear,

427
00:17:38,612 --> 00:17:40,906
your brain will get jacked up.

428
00:17:40,906 --> 00:17:43,963


429
00:17:43,963 --> 00:17:46,923
>> On it's own, arousal control wouldn't work.

430
00:17:46,923 --> 00:17:49,405
The amygdala sends out such a powerful signal

431
00:17:49,405 --> 00:17:53,211
it's tough to suppress if we're still feeling fearful

432
00:17:53,211 --> 00:17:55,618
but combing the four techniques

433
00:17:55,618 --> 00:17:57,509
made a big difference to the trainee Seals

434
00:17:57,509 --> 00:17:59,816
pass rate, increasing it from a quarter

435
00:17:59,816 --> 00:18:01,163
to a third.

436
00:18:01,163 --> 00:18:04,172
The idea of pushing boundaries may not be new

437
00:18:04,172 --> 00:18:07,169
but here is positive proof that you can train

438
00:18:07,169 --> 00:18:10,399
your brain and now science knows how.

439
00:18:10,399 --> 00:18:14,855


440
00:18:14,855 --> 00:18:17,321
>> It goes back to a lot of much earlier sort of

441
00:18:17,321 --> 00:18:20,192
warrior traditions where you're sort of transcending

442
00:18:20,192 --> 00:18:23,622
whatever it is you thought your limitations were.

443
00:18:23,622 --> 00:18:26,171


444
00:18:26,171 --> 00:18:27,849
>> I am a different person, actually.

445
00:18:27,849 --> 00:18:30,236
Your confidence goes through the roof.

446
00:18:30,236 --> 00:18:32,502
You see things and do things that you wouldn't

447
00:18:32,502 --> 00:18:34,480
have imagined before.

448
00:18:34,480 --> 00:18:37,042
>> But it's not just the battlefield where brain science

449
00:18:37,042 --> 00:18:38,993
is having a big impact.

450
00:18:38,993 --> 00:18:42,061
It's also unlocking some tantalizing secrets about

451
00:18:42,061 --> 00:18:44,910
what happens in the bedroom.

452
00:18:44,910 --> 00:18:47,399
>> Everybody knows sex is between the ears

453
00:18:47,399 --> 00:18:49,646
and we wanted to find out what is really going on.

454
00:18:49,646 --> 00:18:55,866


455
00:18:55,866 --> 00:18:58,458
>> While the brain has evolved a fear response

456
00:18:58,458 --> 00:19:00,467
to keep us out of danger,

457
00:19:00,467 --> 00:19:03,984
it is also equipped with a strong sexual impulse

458
00:19:03,984 --> 00:19:07,382
to ensure the survival of the species.

459
00:19:07,382 --> 00:19:09,735
>> Having an orgasm is one of the most powerful

460
00:19:09,735 --> 00:19:13,308
human experiences so begin to creep into the mind

461
00:19:13,308 --> 00:19:16,372
and find out exactly how the brain is producing

462
00:19:16,372 --> 00:19:19,618
this overwhelming ecstasy is exciting.

463
00:19:20,402 --> 00:19:22,426
>> In the Netherlands neuroscientist,

464
00:19:22,426 --> 00:19:23,954
Dr. Gert Holstege,

465
00:19:23,954 --> 00:19:27,807
is blazing a trail in sex research by revealing

466
00:19:27,807 --> 00:19:30,517
for the first time what happens in the brains

467
00:19:30,517 --> 00:19:32,688
of men and women during orgasm.

468
00:19:32,688 --> 00:19:33,556


469
00:19:33,556 --> 00:19:35,200
>> 15 years ago it was not possible

470
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:37,799
but now with newer imaging techniques,

471
00:19:37,799 --> 00:19:40,791
it is very well possible to see what's happening.

472
00:19:40,791 --> 00:19:43,780
>> To find out, he needs volunteer couples.

473
00:19:43,780 --> 00:19:46,026
The man or woman agrees to be injected

474
00:19:46,026 --> 00:19:49,410
with a radioactive oxygen tracer and then stimulated

475
00:19:49,410 --> 00:19:51,046
to orgasm by their partner.

476
00:19:52,738 --> 00:19:54,946
While this happens, they lie with their head

477
00:19:54,946 --> 00:19:58,084
in a 3D imaging machine called a PET scanner.

478
00:19:58,084 --> 00:20:02,351


479
00:20:02,351 --> 00:20:05,229
>> The PET scanner is measured in only blood flow.

480
00:20:05,229 --> 00:20:08,229
It is measuring the amount blood going to different

481
00:20:08,229 --> 00:20:09,949
parts of the brain.

482
00:20:10,549 --> 00:20:13,782
>> The brain has many miles of blood vessels.

483
00:20:13,782 --> 00:20:16,133
When nerve cells are busy firing,

484
00:20:16,133 --> 00:20:18,305
they need lots of energy-laden

485
00:20:18,305 --> 00:20:20,425
and oxygen-rich blood.

486
00:20:20,425 --> 00:20:22,870
When they're not, they need very little.

487
00:20:22,870 --> 00:20:23,853


488
00:20:23,853 --> 00:20:28,103
>> So you see what brain regions take part

489
00:20:28,103 --> 00:20:31,009
in this whole thing of ejaculation or orgasm.

490
00:20:31,009 --> 00:20:34,463


491
00:20:34,463 --> 00:20:36,007
>> Aside from the obvious challenge

492
00:20:36,007 --> 00:20:38,881
facing the volunteers to reach orgasm in a laboratory

493
00:20:38,881 --> 00:20:41,687
setting, there is a time constraint, too.

494
00:20:42,517 --> 00:20:46,120
The oxygen tracer has a half-life of just two minutes.

495
00:20:46,120 --> 00:20:48,258


496
00:20:48,258 --> 00:20:50,061
>> I think would be tough to have an orgasm

497
00:20:50,061 --> 00:20:51,143
under these circumstances,

498
00:20:51,143 --> 00:20:52,760
under any of these circumstances.

499
00:20:52,760 --> 00:20:55,378
Everywhere in the world we have the vast majority

500
00:20:55,378 --> 00:20:59,348
of our sex in private unlike almost all other animals.

501
00:20:59,348 --> 00:21:00,158


502
00:21:00,158 --> 00:21:03,253
>> Fortunately, 11 men and 13 women did manage

503
00:21:03,253 --> 00:21:05,599
to get the timing just right.

504
00:21:06,307 --> 00:21:08,231
And what this ground-breaking experiment

505
00:21:08,231 --> 00:21:10,804
revealed was a startling difference between

506
00:21:10,804 --> 00:21:13,743
male and female brain activity during sex.

507
00:21:14,404 --> 00:21:16,350
>> The outcome was very surprising.

508
00:21:16,350 --> 00:21:20,365
When you look at the male brain during ejaculation

509
00:21:20,365 --> 00:21:24,213
or orgasm then you see several parts activate.

510
00:21:24,890 --> 00:21:27,974
>> During male orgasm, blood gushes to the top

511
00:21:27,974 --> 00:21:29,418
of the brain stem.

512
00:21:29,772 --> 00:21:31,758
As well as being one of the oldest parts

513
00:21:31,758 --> 00:21:34,132
of the human brain, it's the area that controls

514
00:21:34,132 --> 00:21:36,721
the release of dopamine across the brain.

515
00:21:37,397 --> 00:21:39,281
Dopamine is a type of hormone

516
00:21:39,281 --> 00:21:41,443
called a neurotransmitter.

517
00:21:41,443 --> 00:21:44,045
Scientists know dopamine generates very strong

518
00:21:44,045 --> 00:21:46,311
feelings we associate with pleasure.

519
00:21:46,311 --> 00:21:47,797


520
00:21:47,797 --> 00:21:49,633
>> What became clear is that the dopamine

521
00:21:49,633 --> 00:21:53,338
is released a little bit in advance of these things

522
00:21:53,338 --> 00:21:55,694
like food and sex and drugs.

523
00:21:55,694 --> 00:21:58,017
So it's not strictly speaking of a chemical

524
00:21:58,017 --> 00:22:00,657
of pleasure, it's a chemical of anticipation.

525
00:22:00,657 --> 00:22:01,927


526
00:22:01,927 --> 00:22:04,854
>> So, you're getting a flood of dopamine.

527
00:22:04,854 --> 00:22:06,857
Dopamine is the same chemical that becomes

528
00:22:06,857 --> 00:22:09,166
active when you feel the rush of cocaine

529
00:22:09,166 --> 00:22:11,187
and the other stimulant drugs so it is an

530
00:22:11,187 --> 00:22:15,171
overwhelming experience of ecstasy and energy.

531
00:22:15,878 --> 00:22:18,193
>> The experiment showed that in men,

532
00:22:18,193 --> 00:22:20,659
blood was flowing away from areas of the brain

533
00:22:20,659 --> 00:22:23,861
that had to do with anxiety but other areas

534
00:22:23,861 --> 00:22:25,290
remained alert.

535
00:22:25,290 --> 00:22:25,876


536
00:22:25,876 --> 00:22:29,822
>> In men, you will find deactivation of the amygdala

537
00:22:29,822 --> 00:22:33,689
and the region that has to do with anxiety

538
00:22:33,689 --> 00:22:34,818
or fear.

539
00:22:34,818 --> 00:22:37,574
>> It is not surprising that other parts of the brain

540
00:22:37,574 --> 00:22:40,630
become deactivated so that you don't feel

541
00:22:40,630 --> 00:22:42,211
anxious, you don't feel scared,

542
00:22:42,211 --> 00:22:43,968
you're not thinking about anything

543
00:22:43,968 --> 00:22:45,405
except the orgasm.

544
00:22:45,928 --> 00:22:48,681
>> Dr. Holstege found that women enjoy a similar

545
00:22:48,681 --> 00:22:51,926
dopamine experience to men but what surprises

546
00:22:51,926 --> 00:22:54,899
him the most is how much a woman's brain shuts

547
00:22:54,899 --> 00:22:56,567
down during orgasm.

548
00:22:56,567 --> 00:22:59,443
>> The deactivation was the most important finding.

549
00:22:59,443 --> 00:23:03,002
In women there was an enormous deactivation

550
00:23:03,002 --> 00:23:06,227
of all the centers of the brain that had to do with

551
00:23:06,227 --> 00:23:09,088
anxiety and fear, alertness.

552
00:23:09,350 --> 00:23:12,287
Apparently, women let it go.

553
00:23:12,287 --> 00:23:15,380
>> Women can even go unconscious during orgasm

554
00:23:15,380 --> 00:23:17,499
whereas men don't.

555
00:23:17,499 --> 00:23:19,380
Experts believe the difference between men and

556
00:23:19,380 --> 00:23:22,129
women may date back to prehistoric times

557
00:23:22,129 --> 00:23:24,868
when we were hunter-gatherers.

558
00:23:24,868 --> 00:23:28,316
>> This may have an evolutionary purpose.

559
00:23:28,316 --> 00:23:30,299
For millions of years we had our sex

560
00:23:30,299 --> 00:23:32,417
on the grasslands of Africa where there were

561
00:23:32,417 --> 00:23:34,177
dangerous animals roaming around.

562
00:23:34,177 --> 00:23:36,927
Somebody had to be alert enough to jump up

563
00:23:36,927 --> 00:23:39,661
and run or defend the group and it's logical that

564
00:23:39,661 --> 00:23:40,687
that would be men.

565
00:23:40,687 --> 00:23:43,470
So the female brain tends to shut down

566
00:23:43,470 --> 00:23:45,153
more than the male brain does.

567
00:23:45,153 --> 00:23:47,669


568
00:23:47,669 --> 00:23:49,333
>> In a future set of tests,

569
00:23:49,333 --> 00:23:52,050
Dr. Holstege hopes to increase the time he can

570
00:23:52,050 --> 00:23:54,632
monitor what happens in our brains during sex.

571
00:23:54,632 --> 00:23:56,284


572
00:23:56,284 --> 00:23:58,478
He's intrigued to see how rapidly the

573
00:23:58,478 --> 00:24:01,415
dopamine-induced feeling of euphoria drops away

574
00:24:01,415 --> 00:24:02,713
after orgasm.

575
00:24:03,251 --> 00:24:05,223
>> I still think that there will be big differences

576
00:24:05,223 --> 00:24:08,235
between men and women just before, during,

577
00:24:08,235 --> 00:24:10,610
and after orgasm.

578
00:24:10,610 --> 00:24:12,930
What exactly then is the difference in the brain?

579
00:24:12,930 --> 00:24:14,502
And that is what I want to know.

580
00:24:14,502 --> 00:24:16,616


581
00:24:16,616 --> 00:24:19,480
>> Aside from sex, dopamine plays a major role

582
00:24:19,480 --> 00:24:22,230
in motivating our brains to do all kinds of things.

583
00:24:22,230 --> 00:24:25,218
Even something that seems the opposite of sex,

584
00:24:25,218 --> 00:24:26,899
not furthering life,

585
00:24:26,899 --> 00:24:30,508


586
00:24:30,508 --> 00:24:31,887
but risking it.

587
00:24:31,887 --> 00:24:38,041


588
00:24:38,041 --> 00:24:40,591
What is it about the pursuit of pleasure that would

589
00:24:40,591 --> 00:24:43,428
make these base jumpers in Moab, Utah

590
00:24:43,428 --> 00:24:45,608
want to throw themselves off of a cliff?

591
00:24:45,608 --> 00:24:48,510
>> Pretty much all the cliffs out here have a pretty

592
00:24:48,510 --> 00:24:50,557
high danger scale.

593
00:24:50,557 --> 00:24:53,473
On a one to ten, they're all about an eight.

594
00:24:53,473 --> 00:24:55,613
>> Mistakes can be fatal.

595
00:24:55,613 --> 00:24:57,576


596
00:24:57,576 --> 00:24:59,054
>> When you run off a 500 foot rock,

597
00:24:59,054 --> 00:25:01,326
you've got about six seconds to live

598
00:25:01,326 --> 00:25:02,486
and is that extreme?

599
00:25:02,486 --> 00:25:04,745
Yeah, you're darned right that's extreme.

600
00:25:05,669 --> 00:25:07,480
>> And if this is the ultimate thrill for some

601
00:25:07,480 --> 00:25:10,511
people's brains, why not for everyone's?

602
00:25:11,218 --> 00:25:14,071
>> This thrill is just basically essential

603
00:25:14,071 --> 00:25:15,806
for us to be happy.

604
00:25:15,806 --> 00:25:19,407
To have that feeling alive inside of you

605
00:25:19,407 --> 00:25:21,632
so then life is worth it.

606
00:25:21,632 --> 00:25:26,719


607
00:25:26,719 --> 00:25:29,984
>> Science tells us that as a base jumper is thinking

608
00:25:29,984 --> 00:25:32,405
about the jump their brain begins releasing

609
00:25:32,405 --> 00:25:33,736
dopamine.

610
00:25:33,736 --> 00:25:36,402
As with sex, dopamine plays the role of building

611
00:25:36,402 --> 00:25:37,879
anticipation.

612
00:25:37,879 --> 00:25:38,993
But unlike sex,

613
00:25:38,993 --> 00:25:41,437
the amygdala doesn't shut down.

614
00:25:41,437 --> 00:25:44,008
Instead, it is sending out fear signals.

615
00:25:44,008 --> 00:25:46,016


616
00:25:46,016 --> 00:25:48,161
>> Before a jump I'll get the jitters and I will get

617
00:25:48,161 --> 00:25:49,834
nervous and palms might get sweaty,

618
00:25:49,834 --> 00:25:51,821
and a million thoughts race into my mind.

619
00:25:51,821 --> 00:25:53,817


620
00:25:53,817 --> 00:25:56,321
>> Most of your mental preparation is,

621
00:25:56,321 --> 00:25:58,770
OK, what if my parachute opens backwards?

622
00:25:58,770 --> 00:26:01,224
What if I have a problem with one of my toggles?

623
00:26:01,224 --> 00:26:04,098


624
00:26:04,098 --> 00:26:06,439
>> Even though the jumpers are focused on the jump

625
00:26:06,439 --> 00:26:09,613
itself, you know, what they might not realize

626
00:26:09,613 --> 00:26:12,074
is that the dopamine kick is happening all along

627
00:26:12,074 --> 00:26:13,655
during this process.

628
00:26:13,655 --> 00:26:17,710


629
00:26:17,710 --> 00:26:20,609
>> Kresta Christensen is a newcomer to base jumping.

630
00:26:21,101 --> 00:26:23,652
>> I'm feeling excited.

631
00:26:23,652 --> 00:26:26,156
My heart is going a little bit faster

632
00:26:26,156 --> 00:26:27,598
because I know that the gear check means

633
00:26:27,598 --> 00:26:29,516
that it's getting a little bit closer.

634
00:26:29,516 --> 00:26:32,263


635
00:26:32,263 --> 00:26:32,911
Three.

636
00:26:32,911 --> 00:26:33,673
Two.

637
00:26:33,673 --> 00:26:34,413
One.

638
00:26:34,413 --> 00:26:35,350
See ya.

639
00:26:35,350 --> 00:26:36,836
Ohh, I get so nervous!

640
00:26:36,836 --> 00:26:37,745
(laughing)

641
00:26:39,361 --> 00:26:42,992
It is unlike anything else that I've ever done.

642
00:26:42,992 --> 00:26:45,245
Especially for someone that's scared of heights.

643
00:26:46,337 --> 00:26:49,057
>> Kresta is nervous because her amygdala,

644
00:26:49,057 --> 00:26:50,980
where she harbors her fear of heights,

645
00:26:50,980 --> 00:26:53,296
is pressing the panic button at the site of a

646
00:26:53,296 --> 00:26:55,105
400 foot drop.

647
00:26:56,151 --> 00:26:58,220
>> Ahh! OK!

648
00:26:58,220 --> 00:27:01,157


649
00:27:01,157 --> 00:27:03,924
>> It's about as physiologically aroused as a person

650
00:27:03,924 --> 00:27:04,979
can be.

651
00:27:04,979 --> 00:27:07,502
You've got the stress system going so you've got

652
00:27:07,502 --> 00:27:11,516
adrenaline being released, that gets the heart going.

653
00:27:11,516 --> 00:27:13,834
You've got hormones being released.

654
00:27:13,834 --> 00:27:16,886
You've got stress hormones like cortisol going.

655
00:27:16,886 --> 00:27:19,147
You've got neurotransmitters like dopamine

656
00:27:19,147 --> 00:27:21,524
being released in anticipation of the euphoria.

657
00:27:21,524 --> 00:27:23,447


658
00:27:23,447 --> 00:27:25,724
But at the same time, Kresta's frontal lobes

659
00:27:25,724 --> 00:27:27,128
weigh in.

660
00:27:28,113 --> 00:27:30,547
Making her question if she is doing the right thing.

661
00:27:30,547 --> 00:27:32,818


662
00:27:32,818 --> 00:27:36,068
The fear, the pleasure, the potential risks -

663
00:27:36,068 --> 00:27:38,423
all these competing signals get processed

664
00:27:38,423 --> 00:27:41,593
into action, experts believe, in the striatum,

665
00:27:41,593 --> 00:27:43,360
in the middle of the brain.

666
00:27:44,084 --> 00:27:46,938
>> And the striatum is kind of like a switching center.

667
00:27:46,938 --> 00:27:49,323
It is also the part of the brain that has the densest

668
00:27:49,323 --> 00:27:51,938
concentration of dopamine receptors.

669
00:27:51,938 --> 00:27:54,226
>> As Kresta's dopamine rush bombards her

670
00:27:54,226 --> 00:27:56,900
striatum, her motivation for pleasure

671
00:27:56,900 --> 00:28:00,303
battles the other impulses but will it be enough

672
00:28:00,303 --> 00:28:01,783
to make her jump?

673
00:28:07,460 --> 00:28:10,258
Inside the brain of a novice base jumper,

674
00:28:10,258 --> 00:28:12,334
there's a battle waging as she makes

675
00:28:12,334 --> 00:28:14,263
a life-threatening decision.

676
00:28:14,263 --> 00:28:17,105
Will Kresta risk everything for pleasure?

677
00:28:17,105 --> 00:28:19,530
>> And just launch? OK.

678
00:28:19,530 --> 00:28:21,018
(laughing)

679
00:28:21,018 --> 00:28:23,207


680
00:28:23,207 --> 00:28:23,730
OK.

681
00:28:23,730 --> 00:28:31,808


682
00:28:31,808 --> 00:28:32,457
OK.

683
00:28:42,380 --> 00:28:44,630
>> Clearly the decision to jump means that the

684
00:28:44,630 --> 00:28:48,415
anticipated reward has won the battle between

685
00:28:48,415 --> 00:28:51,463
the good outcome and the potentially bad outcome.

686
00:28:51,463 --> 00:28:52,656
If it was the other way around,

687
00:28:52,656 --> 00:28:53,853
they would back away from the cliff

688
00:28:53,853 --> 00:28:54,820
and call it a day.

689
00:28:59,156 --> 00:29:00,244
>> Ah, it was awesome!

690
00:29:00,244 --> 00:29:01,191
It was great!

691
00:29:01,191 --> 00:29:02,541
I'm ready to go up and do it again!

692
00:29:02,541 --> 00:29:03,737
Gotta back first, thought!

693
00:29:03,737 --> 00:29:04,620
(Laughing)

694
00:29:04,620 --> 00:29:16,325


695
00:29:16,325 --> 00:29:18,387
>> No sooner have these jumpers survived

696
00:29:18,387 --> 00:29:21,331
one death wish then their getting ready for the next.

697
00:29:22,624 --> 00:29:25,024
They seem addicted to finding new locations

698
00:29:25,024 --> 00:29:28,056
with fresh dangers and more challenging conditions.

699
00:29:29,317 --> 00:29:31,536
Scientists say there's a reason for this.

700
00:29:31,536 --> 00:29:32,861


701
00:29:32,861 --> 00:29:34,784
>> When we look at what happens in the brain,

702
00:29:34,784 --> 00:29:37,766
we see that on repeated exposures to pleasures

703
00:29:37,766 --> 00:29:40,591
whether it's food or drink, whatever, or sex even,

704
00:29:40,591 --> 00:29:43,706
that we see the dopamine response gets a little bit

705
00:29:43,706 --> 00:29:45,357
less each time.

706
00:29:45,357 --> 00:29:47,963
You get a little less bang for the buck.

707
00:29:48,948 --> 00:29:50,491
>> Which for thrill seekers means

708
00:29:50,491 --> 00:29:53,012
either doing an entirely new activity

709
00:29:53,012 --> 00:29:55,198
or taking bigger and bigger risks

710
00:29:55,198 --> 00:29:56,574
with the familiar one.

711
00:29:57,143 --> 00:30:01,394
>> Novelty is really big jolt for the dopamine system

712
00:30:01,394 --> 00:30:03,564
and so when we look at base jumping,

713
00:30:03,564 --> 00:30:05,595
it kind of mixes both of these things

714
00:30:05,595 --> 00:30:08,329
and really maximizes the pleasure response

715
00:30:08,329 --> 00:30:10,525
and that's what keeps it addictive.

716
00:30:11,094 --> 00:30:13,358
>> The base jumpers would appear to agree.

717
00:30:13,358 --> 00:30:17,119
>> By keeping things new and different,

718
00:30:17,119 --> 00:30:19,115
it keeps the excitement there.

719
00:30:19,884 --> 00:30:21,879
>> There's people who do it one time and decide

720
00:30:21,879 --> 00:30:24,321
that it's too risky to do it so they stop.

721
00:30:24,321 --> 00:30:26,443
Most people continue to do it and they'll

722
00:30:26,443 --> 00:30:29,825
do it at least once a week if not more than that.

723
00:30:30,655 --> 00:30:33,604
There's very few people who dabble in base jumping.

724
00:30:33,604 --> 00:30:35,195
Three, two, one!

725
00:30:35,195 --> 00:30:36,115
See ya!

726
00:30:39,698 --> 00:30:41,969
>> Scientists think we find danger seeking

727
00:30:41,969 --> 00:30:43,799
pleasurable because it's been necessary

728
00:30:43,799 --> 00:30:45,153
to our evolution.

729
00:30:45,583 --> 00:30:47,770
If humans didn't take risks, they say,

730
00:30:47,770 --> 00:30:50,310
we'd still be living in caves.

731
00:30:50,310 --> 00:30:52,718
But they're fascinated to know why some people

732
00:30:52,718 --> 00:30:54,539
will risk more than others.

733
00:30:54,539 --> 00:30:56,480


734
00:30:56,480 --> 00:30:59,109
Even in an every day situation like a restaurant,

735
00:30:59,109 --> 00:31:00,897
there are some people who will always order

736
00:31:00,897 --> 00:31:02,064
the same thing.

737
00:31:03,003 --> 00:31:05,135
And others who will try a new dish each time

738
00:31:05,135 --> 00:31:07,370
and gamble on it tasting good.

739
00:31:07,370 --> 00:31:11,126


740
00:31:11,126 --> 00:31:13,508
Experts at Emory University in Georgia

741
00:31:13,508 --> 00:31:15,986
wonder if some people's brains are preprogrammed

742
00:31:15,986 --> 00:31:18,473
to gamble or take bigger risks than others.

743
00:31:18,473 --> 00:31:22,102


744
00:31:22,102 --> 00:31:26,037
They asked volunteers to play a gambling game.

745
00:31:26,037 --> 00:31:28,986
The object is to avoid receiving a shock to the foot.

746
00:31:28,986 --> 00:31:29,776


747
00:31:29,776 --> 00:31:31,605
>> Oh, that one hurt.

748
00:31:32,236 --> 00:31:34,846
>> Each time they play, the volunteer must choose

749
00:31:34,846 --> 00:31:36,245
between two options.

750
00:31:37,199 --> 00:31:40,696
>> So, I'm gonna try the first option because

751
00:31:40,696 --> 00:31:41,831
I really don't want to get a shock.

752
00:31:41,831 --> 00:31:44,122


753
00:31:44,122 --> 00:31:44,896
Ah!

754
00:31:46,220 --> 00:31:48,032
Got shocked that time.

755
00:31:48,032 --> 00:31:49,405


756
00:31:49,405 --> 00:31:51,777
>> When this test is carried out in a scanner,

757
00:31:51,777 --> 00:31:54,470
Dr. Greg Burns can monitor brain activity

758
00:31:54,470 --> 00:31:56,739
to see how much dopamine is released before

759
00:31:56,739 --> 00:31:58,059
each decision.

760
00:31:58,382 --> 00:31:59,172


761
00:31:59,172 --> 00:32:02,184
>> What we're seeing are traits that are probably

762
00:32:02,184 --> 00:32:05,517
genetically coded and people just have a biological

763
00:32:05,517 --> 00:32:07,948
tendency to release more or less dopamine

764
00:32:07,948 --> 00:32:09,923
in response to risk.

765
00:32:10,446 --> 00:32:12,890
>> And his experiment suggests people's brains

766
00:32:12,890 --> 00:32:14,981
are consistent in their decision making.

767
00:32:15,797 --> 00:32:18,090
He's even perfected a computer program

768
00:32:18,090 --> 00:32:20,394
to the point that it can predict which option

769
00:32:20,394 --> 00:32:22,938
people will choose before they make it.

770
00:32:23,323 --> 00:32:26,453
>> We can take a template of their brain response

771
00:32:26,453 --> 00:32:27,996
to these different gambles,

772
00:32:27,996 --> 00:32:29,470
we call it neural fingerprint,

773
00:32:29,470 --> 00:32:31,416
and put it into a computer algorithm

774
00:32:31,416 --> 00:32:34,095
and then predict with a high degree of accuracy

775
00:32:34,095 --> 00:32:35,298
what they'll choose.

776
00:32:35,714 --> 00:32:37,303
Although people are different,

777
00:32:37,303 --> 00:32:39,432
it seems like people do have a fingerprint

778
00:32:39,432 --> 00:32:40,714
for decision making.

779
00:32:41,199 --> 00:32:43,486
>> But Dr. Burns says we're a long way from

780
00:32:43,486 --> 00:32:45,943
predicting anything complicated.

781
00:32:46,296 --> 00:32:48,541
>> The great thing about neuroscience is that

782
00:32:48,541 --> 00:32:51,087
the deeper that we dig in terms of decision making,

783
00:32:51,087 --> 00:32:52,747
the more questions that come up.

784
00:32:53,948 --> 00:32:56,086
>> One of the being questions that scientists are

785
00:32:56,086 --> 00:32:58,585
studying is how particular personality types

786
00:32:58,585 --> 00:33:00,855
make moral decisions.

787
00:33:00,855 --> 00:33:03,164
New discoveries are offering clues

788
00:33:03,164 --> 00:33:05,848
to understanding why psychopathic brains

789
00:33:05,848 --> 00:33:07,751
let them do evil things.

790
00:33:07,751 --> 00:33:08,301


791
00:33:08,301 --> 00:33:11,003
>> We all do something wrong once in a while.

792
00:33:11,003 --> 00:33:13,493
Most of the times when we do something wrong

793
00:33:13,493 --> 00:33:16,289
we not just know it but we feel it.

794
00:33:16,289 --> 00:33:18,958
We feel bad, we feel guilty,

795
00:33:18,958 --> 00:33:21,917
we feel remorse and it is the feeling of what's wrong

796
00:33:21,917 --> 00:33:26,653
that stops most of us from misbehaving in the future.

797
00:33:26,653 --> 00:33:27,758


798
00:33:27,758 --> 00:33:29,702
>> But what happens when someone doesn't feel

799
00:33:29,702 --> 00:33:31,550
any guilt or remorse?

800
00:33:31,550 --> 00:33:33,116


801
00:33:33,116 --> 00:33:35,551
And there's no battle happening in their brains

802
00:33:35,551 --> 00:33:37,904
to prevent them from committing, repeating,

803
00:33:37,904 --> 00:33:40,199
and even enjoying what are unspeakable

804
00:33:40,199 --> 00:33:42,581
acts of horror for the rest of us.

805
00:33:42,581 --> 00:33:44,336


806
00:33:44,336 --> 00:33:46,835
Men like Ted Bundy who murdered at least

807
00:33:46,835 --> 00:33:48,123
35 women.

808
00:33:48,522 --> 00:33:51,997
Jeffrey Dahmer who tortured 17 men and boys

809
00:33:51,997 --> 00:33:52,915
to death.

810
00:33:53,930 --> 00:33:58,183
And Joel Rifkin who beat and strangled 17 women.

811
00:33:58,183 --> 00:33:59,861


812
00:33:59,861 --> 00:34:02,555
Scientists are fascinated by these real life

813
00:34:02,555 --> 00:34:04,420
archetypes of evil.

814
00:34:05,466 --> 00:34:07,663
>> Ted Bundy was, if you will, the motivation that

815
00:34:07,663 --> 00:34:10,102
got me interested in this career.

816
00:34:10,102 --> 00:34:12,393
Ted Bundy actually grew up down the street.

817
00:34:12,393 --> 00:34:13,956
So when I was growing up I was hearing

818
00:34:13,956 --> 00:34:16,043
these stories of how he ended up like this,

819
00:34:16,043 --> 00:34:17,464
it just mystified everybody.

820
00:34:17,464 --> 00:34:19,314
>> Surprised? I don't know, I didn't know what to expect.

821
00:34:19,314 --> 00:34:20,281
I've never been in a jail before.

822
00:34:20,281 --> 00:34:21,651
I've never been arrested before.

823
00:34:21,651 --> 00:34:24,695


824
00:34:24,695 --> 00:34:26,999
>> I just combined the two things I wanted to

825
00:34:26,999 --> 00:34:27,840
understand the most

826
00:34:27,840 --> 00:34:29,068
and one was how the brain works

827
00:34:29,068 --> 00:34:30,736
and how does it work in the people

828
00:34:30,736 --> 00:34:32,776
who do these bad things, in psychopaths?

829
00:34:32,776 --> 00:34:34,753


830
00:34:34,753 --> 00:34:36,655
>> Research suggests as many as

831
00:34:36,655 --> 00:34:39,652
one person in 100 is a psychopath.

832
00:34:39,652 --> 00:34:41,877
Most are not the violent kind.

833
00:34:41,877 --> 00:34:45,694
Rarer still are those who turn into serial killers.

834
00:34:45,694 --> 00:34:47,955
But they all share common traits.

835
00:34:48,524 --> 00:34:50,448
>> Ted Bundy actually exemplified almost all of the

836
00:34:50,448 --> 00:34:52,527
characteristics of the psychopath.

837
00:34:52,527 --> 00:34:54,205
He was very glib and superficial.

838
00:34:54,205 --> 00:34:55,554
He was very charming.

839
00:34:55,554 --> 00:34:56,238
He convinced many people.

840
00:34:56,238 --> 00:34:59,299
He even got married in prison when he was older.

841
00:34:59,299 --> 00:35:01,621
>> No one imagined he was capable of being

842
00:35:01,621 --> 00:35:03,287
a cold-blooded killer.

843
00:35:04,134 --> 00:35:06,002
According to Dr. Kent Kiehl,

844
00:35:06,002 --> 00:35:08,505
the overriding characteristic of a psychopath

845
00:35:08,505 --> 00:35:10,229
is that they lack conscience.

846
00:35:11,676 --> 00:35:13,301
>> They often say, I just don't understand

847
00:35:13,301 --> 00:35:15,392
why there's such a big fuss about all of this.

848
00:35:15,392 --> 00:35:18,042


849
00:35:18,042 --> 00:35:20,708
>> Bundy and Dahmer are dead but Joel Rifkin

850
00:35:20,708 --> 00:35:24,352
is still alive and behind bars in upstate New York.

851
00:35:25,228 --> 00:35:28,098
>> Did you feel guilty after any of these homicides?

852
00:35:28,098 --> 00:35:31,769


853
00:35:31,769 --> 00:35:33,447
>> No, not really.

854
00:35:33,447 --> 00:35:34,644
Um.

855
00:35:36,660 --> 00:35:39,172
There were one or two maybe I felt bad about

856
00:35:39,172 --> 00:35:42,101
but, no not really guilty, guilty about it.

857
00:35:42,101 --> 00:35:44,399


858
00:35:44,399 --> 00:35:45,468
I would have had to care.

859
00:35:45,468 --> 00:35:46,014
(Laughing)

860
00:35:46,014 --> 00:35:48,224
I didn't care then, that's the sad thing.

861
00:35:49,451 --> 00:35:50,396
>> What we really want to understand is why

862
00:35:50,396 --> 00:35:52,361
they don't ever appreciate why

863
00:35:52,361 --> 00:35:53,834
they're doing these bad things

864
00:35:53,834 --> 00:35:55,554
and how these things impact other people.

865
00:35:55,554 --> 00:36:00,838


866
00:36:00,838 --> 00:36:03,747
>> Scientists hope that by looking inside the brains

867
00:36:03,747 --> 00:36:06,700
of psychopaths they might finally identify the

868
00:36:06,700 --> 00:36:08,901
reason for their twisted thoughts.

869
00:36:09,225 --> 00:36:12,281
>> Once upon a time Joel Rifkin was this innocent

870
00:36:12,281 --> 00:36:16,639
little baby with this beautiful smile on his face.

871
00:36:16,639 --> 00:36:20,176
He didn't have one sense of evil in him.

872
00:36:20,812 --> 00:36:22,019
Or did he?

873
00:36:22,019 --> 00:36:29,852


874
00:36:29,852 --> 00:36:32,791
>> What makes some brains evil?

875
00:36:32,791 --> 00:36:34,537
The answer may lie in ground breaking

876
00:36:34,537 --> 00:36:36,775
experiments being carried out at

877
00:36:36,775 --> 00:36:38,475
New Mexico prisons.

878
00:36:38,475 --> 00:36:40,873
Scientists estimate one in 20 inmates

879
00:36:40,873 --> 00:36:43,056
has a personality disorder that could be

880
00:36:43,056 --> 00:36:44,248
psychopathic.

881
00:36:44,248 --> 00:36:45,071


882
00:36:45,071 --> 00:36:47,778
So, there's no shortage of potential test subjects

883
00:36:47,778 --> 00:36:50,645
where Dr. Kiehl carries out his research.

884
00:36:50,645 --> 00:36:53,574
His aim is to develop new treatments

885
00:36:53,574 --> 00:36:55,774
but to do that he needs to find out what's

886
00:36:55,774 --> 00:36:57,698
different about their brains.

887
00:36:58,406 --> 00:37:02,106
>> The ideal goal is to be able to help us reduce

888
00:37:02,106 --> 00:37:04,314
the impact the disorder has not only on the individual

889
00:37:04,314 --> 00:37:05,636
but also on society.

890
00:37:06,082 --> 00:37:08,657
>> First he interviews the prisoners to identify

891
00:37:08,657 --> 00:37:11,265
those that exhibit psychopathic tendencies.

892
00:37:11,265 --> 00:37:11,856


893
00:37:11,856 --> 00:37:13,372
>> So this is going to be an interview that we kind of

894
00:37:13,372 --> 00:37:15,041
cover different aspects of your life.

895
00:37:15,041 --> 00:37:16,341
So, we're going to start out with like school history,

896
00:37:16,341 --> 00:37:18,440
we'll talk about employment history,

897
00:37:18,440 --> 00:37:19,524
we talk about your family,

898
00:37:19,524 --> 00:37:21,177
we'll talk about criminal activity,

899
00:37:21,177 --> 00:37:23,000
things that you've done, things like that.

900
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:25,480
>> Psychopaths have remarkably similar patterns

901
00:37:25,480 --> 00:37:26,503
of behavior.

902
00:37:26,503 --> 00:37:27,202


903
00:37:27,202 --> 00:37:29,195
>> Did you ever get in trouble when you were a kid?

904
00:37:29,195 --> 00:37:30,571
>> All the time.

905
00:37:30,571 --> 00:37:33,183
>> They have an impulsive nomadic lifestyle.

906
00:37:33,183 --> 00:37:34,575
They move from place to place.

907
00:37:34,575 --> 00:37:36,075
Relationship to relationship.

908
00:37:36,075 --> 00:37:37,836
They're very sexually promiscuous.

909
00:37:37,836 --> 00:37:39,305
They tend to get themselves in trouble.

910
00:37:39,305 --> 00:37:48,341


911
00:37:48,341 --> 00:37:50,701
>> Dr. Kiehl sends the prisoners he's diagnosed

912
00:37:50,701 --> 00:37:53,145
as psychopathic for brain scans.

913
00:37:54,145 --> 00:37:56,794
In the first test he wants to see how they react

914
00:37:56,794 --> 00:37:58,077
to making mistakes.

915
00:37:58,077 --> 00:37:58,793


916
00:37:58,793 --> 00:38:02,227
>> I've scanned over 300 inmates so we've actually

917
00:38:02,227 --> 00:38:03,988
collected one of the largest brain imaging data

918
00:38:03,988 --> 00:38:06,011
sets in the world and by far and away the largest

919
00:38:06,011 --> 00:38:07,941
brain imaging data set that's ever been

920
00:38:07,941 --> 00:38:09,734
collected in psychopaths.

921
00:38:09,734 --> 00:38:10,879


922
00:38:10,879 --> 00:38:13,056
>> All right, this is obviously the magnet.

923
00:38:13,056 --> 00:38:15,002
It doesn't sound like much now but it will get

924
00:38:15,002 --> 00:38:16,117
very, very loud.

925
00:38:16,117 --> 00:38:19,547


926
00:38:19,547 --> 00:38:22,063
>> The scanner uses magnetic fields and radio

927
00:38:22,063 --> 00:38:24,814
energy to monitor blood flow in the brain while

928
00:38:24,814 --> 00:38:27,430
the inmate is thinking and reacting.

929
00:38:28,693 --> 00:38:30,507
>> During this test you are going to see a series of

930
00:38:30,507 --> 00:38:32,083
X's and K's on the screen.

931
00:38:32,083 --> 00:38:34,260
What I want you to do is press the first button

932
00:38:34,260 --> 00:38:36,532
with your first index finger whenever an X appears

933
00:38:36,532 --> 00:38:38,339
on the screen but do not press

934
00:38:38,339 --> 00:38:40,300
when a K appears on the screen.

935
00:38:40,300 --> 00:38:41,353
>> All right.

936
00:38:41,353 --> 00:38:47,095


937
00:38:47,095 --> 00:38:49,224
>> The two letters flash by so quickly

938
00:38:49,224 --> 00:38:51,529
that the challenge is near impossible for anyone

939
00:38:51,529 --> 00:38:52,613
to get right.

940
00:38:52,613 --> 00:38:53,451


941
00:38:53,451 --> 00:38:55,043
>> It is very difficult, people tend to make a lot

942
00:38:55,043 --> 00:38:55,758
of mistakes.

943
00:38:55,758 --> 00:38:56,688
They tend to press buttons when they're not

944
00:38:56,688 --> 00:38:58,650
supposed to and what we want to know is how does

945
00:38:58,650 --> 00:39:00,549
their brain learn to appreciate a mistake

946
00:39:00,549 --> 00:39:03,573
and does it recover from that mistake?

947
00:39:03,573 --> 00:39:05,922
>> By observing brain activity during this test,

948
00:39:05,922 --> 00:39:08,702
Dr. Kiehl can see that psychopaths don't care

949
00:39:08,702 --> 00:39:10,694
as much as normal individuals when they

950
00:39:10,694 --> 00:39:11,594
make a mistake.

951
00:39:11,594 --> 00:39:14,637


952
00:39:14,637 --> 00:39:17,229
But that doesn't mean they're unintelligent.

953
00:39:19,319 --> 00:39:21,650
Serial killer, Joel Rifkin for example,

954
00:39:21,650 --> 00:39:24,841
has an IQ of 128 which places him in the

955
00:39:24,841 --> 00:39:27,065
top three percent of the population.

956
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:30,038
>> What's really kind of dumbfounding is that

957
00:39:30,038 --> 00:39:32,699
they're above average intelligence compared

958
00:39:32,699 --> 00:39:34,552
to the rest of the inmate population.

959
00:39:34,552 --> 00:39:35,959
They're very hot headed and impulsive

960
00:39:35,959 --> 00:39:38,234
but they are very manipulative and conning.

961
00:39:38,234 --> 00:39:39,687


962
00:39:39,687 --> 00:39:42,901
>> There were times I got pulled over with bodies

963
00:39:42,901 --> 00:39:44,831
in the vehicle and I would lie

964
00:39:44,831 --> 00:39:46,807
my way out of the situation.

965
00:39:46,807 --> 00:39:50,232
I was basically looking for a place to dump

966
00:39:50,232 --> 00:39:51,808
my little package and he's -

967
00:39:51,808 --> 00:39:54,193
why are you wandering around suburbia?

968
00:39:54,193 --> 00:39:56,499
And I'm like, well I'm lost how do I get on this road?

969
00:39:56,499 --> 00:39:59,151
I had no idea what road I was pointing to but

970
00:39:59,151 --> 00:40:01,035
I had the map and I was very convincing.

971
00:40:01,035 --> 00:40:08,044


972
00:40:08,044 --> 00:40:10,288
>> In a second test, the New Mexico inmates

973
00:40:10,288 --> 00:40:12,341
are asked to rate photos on whether they are

974
00:40:12,341 --> 00:40:14,424
morally objectionable.

975
00:40:14,840 --> 00:40:17,105
>> A moral volition is an action or an attitude

976
00:40:17,105 --> 00:40:19,051
that is considered to be wrong.

977
00:40:19,051 --> 00:40:20,597
You should make your decision based on your own

978
00:40:20,597 --> 00:40:22,640
system of moral values not what you think

979
00:40:22,640 --> 00:40:24,779
others or society would consider to be wrong.

980
00:40:24,779 --> 00:40:26,125
Does that make sense so far?

981
00:40:26,125 --> 00:40:26,855
>> Yeah.

982
00:40:26,855 --> 00:40:27,785
>> OK.

983
00:40:27,785 --> 00:40:31,121


984
00:40:31,121 --> 00:40:32,606
>> We're trying to understand how inmates

985
00:40:32,606 --> 00:40:35,278
process information that has a moral value.

986
00:40:35,278 --> 00:40:36,962
And there are different brain systems that we

987
00:40:36,962 --> 00:40:38,800
believe are deciding whether or not something

988
00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:41,039
is a moral violation or not and whether or not

989
00:40:41,039 --> 00:40:43,031
those systems have not developed normally

990
00:40:43,031 --> 00:40:44,391
in a psychopathic inmate.

991
00:40:44,684 --> 00:40:46,815
>> This pioneering research is proving what

992
00:40:46,815 --> 00:40:48,791
scientists have wondered for years.

993
00:40:48,791 --> 00:40:49,105


994
00:40:49,105 --> 00:40:51,893
Whether psychopaths have an impaired ability

995
00:40:51,893 --> 00:40:53,608
to reason.

996
00:40:53,608 --> 00:40:56,182
What they found is that their frontal lobes,

997
00:40:56,182 --> 00:40:58,066
the brain's most recent addition,

998
00:40:58,066 --> 00:40:59,504
and the amygdala,

999
00:40:59,504 --> 00:41:01,388
one of the more primal parts of the brain,

1000
00:41:01,388 --> 00:41:03,257
are not communicating properly.

1001
00:41:03,257 --> 00:41:04,279


1002
00:41:04,279 --> 00:41:06,010
What's more, in a recent study,

1003
00:41:06,010 --> 00:41:08,492
Dr. Adrain Raine found that the brains

1004
00:41:08,492 --> 00:41:11,003
of psychopaths are physically different.

1005
00:41:11,003 --> 00:41:14,035
He was able to show for the first time that they have

1006
00:41:14,035 --> 00:41:15,427
a shrunken amygdala.

1007
00:41:15,427 --> 00:41:18,768
On average, 17 percent smaller than most people's.

1008
00:41:20,215 --> 00:41:22,707
And this is another crucial piece of the puzzle

1009
00:41:22,707 --> 00:41:24,867
in understanding why psychopaths are not

1010
00:41:24,867 --> 00:41:26,828
afraid to commit evil acts.

1011
00:41:26,828 --> 00:41:28,158


1012
00:41:28,158 --> 00:41:30,836
>> Psychopaths know it's wrong to kill someone

1013
00:41:31,512 --> 00:41:32,780
but why do they do it?

1014
00:41:32,780 --> 00:41:36,080
They don't have the feeling of what's moral.

1015
00:41:36,080 --> 00:41:37,980
I'm not going to stick a knife in you

1016
00:41:37,980 --> 00:41:40,287
because I'll feel the pain myself.

1017
00:41:40,287 --> 00:41:41,510
I'll experience the pain.

1018
00:41:41,510 --> 00:41:42,517
I've got empathy.

1019
00:41:42,517 --> 00:41:44,617
I can put myself into your shoes.

1020
00:41:44,617 --> 00:41:48,667


1021
00:41:48,667 --> 00:41:51,366
Murderers like Joel Rifkin can't do that.

1022
00:41:51,366 --> 00:41:54,162
He killed those prostitutes because he didn't

1023
00:41:54,162 --> 00:41:59,007
care about what it might feel like to be strangled.

1024
00:41:59,640 --> 00:42:02,739
>> How did you feel while you were strangling them?

1025
00:42:02,739 --> 00:42:05,686


1026
00:42:05,686 --> 00:42:08,730
>> Uh, just intensely focused on that.

1027
00:42:08,730 --> 00:42:11,870


1028
00:42:11,870 --> 00:42:16,893
And, uh, not thinking about much or much else.

1029
00:42:17,708 --> 00:42:20,240
>> Rifkin committed so many murders he was bound

1030
00:42:20,240 --> 00:42:22,429
to get caught eventually.

1031
00:42:22,429 --> 00:42:24,563
But what about all those other psychopaths,

1032
00:42:24,563 --> 00:42:25,939
that one in one hundred,

1033
00:42:25,939 --> 00:42:27,977
why don't they end up in jail?

1034
00:42:27,977 --> 00:42:31,755


1035
00:42:31,755 --> 00:42:34,130
Dr. Raine's research has pinpointed the difference

1036
00:42:34,130 --> 00:42:36,809
in the brains of white collar psychopaths.

1037
00:42:37,372 --> 00:42:39,431
The kind who think nothing of swindling people

1038
00:42:39,431 --> 00:42:40,961
out of their life's savings.

1039
00:42:40,961 --> 00:42:41,891


1040
00:42:41,891 --> 00:42:44,028
Yes, they have the smaller amygdala but it

1041
00:42:44,028 --> 00:42:46,051
appears to communicate with their frontal lobes

1042
00:42:46,051 --> 00:42:47,180
normally.

1043
00:42:47,180 --> 00:42:49,692


1044
00:42:49,692 --> 00:42:51,928
They have less capacity for empathy but

1045
00:42:51,928 --> 00:42:55,695
have the brainpower to be a good liar and a cheat.

1046
00:42:55,695 --> 00:42:58,297
Successful psychopaths showed very good

1047
00:42:58,297 --> 00:42:59,889
executive functions.

1048
00:42:59,889 --> 00:43:01,819
Very good planning ability.

1049
00:43:01,819 --> 00:43:04,640
Very good ability to regulate and control.

1050
00:43:04,640 --> 00:43:07,503
They have good awareness of themselves.

1051
00:43:07,503 --> 00:43:10,431
They have very good stress reactivity.

1052
00:43:10,431 --> 00:43:13,244
And frankly, you need these executive functions

1053
00:43:13,244 --> 00:43:16,708
to successfully con and manipulate individuals.

1054
00:43:16,708 --> 00:43:17,868


1055
00:43:17,868 --> 00:43:20,076
With scientists now sure that psychopaths

1056
00:43:20,076 --> 00:43:23,842
have impaired brains, it begs the question of

1057
00:43:23,842 --> 00:43:25,218
when they go wrong?

1058
00:43:25,218 --> 00:43:28,697


1059
00:43:28,697 --> 00:43:31,257
>> We believe that in large part the feeling

1060
00:43:31,257 --> 00:43:34,392
of what's right and wrong is wired into the brain.

1061
00:43:34,392 --> 00:43:37,586
The brain is set to be somewhat less moral

1062
00:43:37,586 --> 00:43:42,222
or more moral depending on your genetic

1063
00:43:42,222 --> 00:43:44,821
and your biological background.

1064
00:43:44,821 --> 00:43:47,198
>> In other words, it's in our genes.

1065
00:43:47,198 --> 00:43:49,530
And it's how our brain grows in the womb.

1066
00:43:49,530 --> 00:43:51,460
But according to Dr. Raine,

1067
00:43:51,460 --> 00:43:53,396
that's still only half the story.

1068
00:43:53,847 --> 00:43:55,823
>> Of course you can't rule out the environment,

1069
00:43:55,823 --> 00:43:58,648
that's 50 percent of the equation.

1070
00:43:58,648 --> 00:44:00,178
It's like two sides of a coin,

1071
00:44:00,178 --> 00:44:03,031
it's both genetic and environmental.

1072
00:44:03,830 --> 00:44:06,230
>> If finding the location of good and evil

1073
00:44:06,230 --> 00:44:08,584
in the brain has been a challenge for scientists,

1074
00:44:08,584 --> 00:44:11,012
there is an even bigger mystery waiting

1075
00:44:11,012 --> 00:44:14,228
to be unlocked - memory.

1076
00:44:14,228 --> 00:44:15,389
Thanks to memory,

1077
00:44:15,389 --> 00:44:17,618
the brain is constantly traveling through

1078
00:44:17,618 --> 00:44:19,533
time, pulling fragments of the past

1079
00:44:19,533 --> 00:44:21,494
into the present.

1080
00:44:21,494 --> 00:44:24,434
This ability is key to a human's existence.

1081
00:44:24,434 --> 00:44:26,557
>> The reason we have memory is so that you can

1082
00:44:26,557 --> 00:44:29,565
make better decisions the next time around.

1083
00:44:29,565 --> 00:44:32,690
So, all of your thinking and your future planning

1084
00:44:32,690 --> 00:44:34,865
is dictated by your memory.

1085
00:44:35,818 --> 00:44:37,708
>> While the workings of an organ like the heart

1086
00:44:37,708 --> 00:44:41,162
are well understood, scientists are still figuring out

1087
00:44:41,162 --> 00:44:43,431
memory in the brain.

1088
00:44:43,431 --> 00:44:46,278
The big breakthrough came 80 years ago.

1089
00:44:46,278 --> 00:44:47,854


1090
00:44:47,854 --> 00:44:48,969
>> So in the 1920's,

1091
00:44:48,969 --> 00:44:51,195
a neuroscientist named Karl Lashley,

1092
00:44:51,195 --> 00:44:52,864
taught rats to run a maze.

1093
00:44:52,864 --> 00:44:55,769
And then he damaged parts of their brains

1094
00:44:55,769 --> 00:44:58,277
selectively to see where the memory of how to

1095
00:44:58,277 --> 00:45:00,084
run the maze was stored.

1096
00:45:00,084 --> 00:45:03,076
Now what he found is that it is not stored

1097
00:45:03,076 --> 00:45:04,514
in any particular place.

1098
00:45:05,128 --> 00:45:06,858
And you have an extremely complicated,

1099
00:45:06,858 --> 00:45:08,388
very networked system.

1100
00:45:08,388 --> 00:45:09,257


1101
00:45:09,257 --> 00:45:11,049
>> The system is so complex in fact,

1102
00:45:11,049 --> 00:45:12,918
the most advanced super computers don't

1103
00:45:12,918 --> 00:45:15,758
even come close to the storage capacity of the brain.

1104
00:45:15,758 --> 00:45:16,965


1105
00:45:16,965 --> 00:45:20,131
10 trillion bytes of memory.

1106
00:45:20,131 --> 00:45:21,954
>> The brain is the most complicated device

1107
00:45:21,954 --> 00:45:23,592
we've found in the universe.

1108
00:45:23,592 --> 00:45:27,941
It has 10 billion cells just in the cortex

1109
00:45:27,941 --> 00:45:31,577
which is the outer part and in a single tiny

1110
00:45:31,577 --> 00:45:33,886
piece of cortex, a cubic millimeter,

1111
00:45:33,886 --> 00:45:36,402
you have more connections than you have stars

1112
00:45:36,402 --> 00:45:38,543
in the Milky Way Galaxy.

1113
00:45:38,543 --> 00:45:40,631
>> All those connections make the brain capable

1114
00:45:40,631 --> 00:45:42,577
of storing and retrieving massive amounts

1115
00:45:42,577 --> 00:45:44,707
of data in some amazing ways.

1116
00:45:44,707 --> 00:45:46,391


1117
00:45:46,391 --> 00:45:48,460
Perhaps none more incredible and extreme

1118
00:45:48,460 --> 00:45:51,031
than what's called photographic memory or

1119
00:45:51,031 --> 00:45:52,300
mnemonism.

1120
00:45:52,300 --> 00:45:53,646


1121
00:45:53,646 --> 00:45:55,730
>> As we try to understand vision and memory

1122
00:45:55,730 --> 00:45:58,834
in neuroscience, we're really fascinated by people

1123
00:45:58,834 --> 00:45:59,995
who are mnemonists.

1124
00:45:59,995 --> 00:46:02,485
They have a untaxable memory that can remember

1125
00:46:02,485 --> 00:46:03,754
everything going in.

1126
00:46:03,754 --> 00:46:04,761


1127
00:46:04,761 --> 00:46:06,461
>> British artist Stephen Wiltshire,

1128
00:46:06,461 --> 00:46:08,775
has this extraordinary ability.

1129
00:46:08,775 --> 00:46:11,518
He can remember complicated cityscapes

1130
00:46:11,518 --> 00:46:15,306
and reproduce them in staggering detail.

1131
00:46:15,306 --> 00:46:18,023
For his latest sketch, he's climbing to the top

1132
00:46:18,023 --> 00:46:20,969
of Tower Bridge for a bird's eye view of London.

1133
00:46:20,969 --> 00:46:23,498


1134
00:46:23,498 --> 00:46:25,624
He need only stay a few minutes since he claims

1135
00:46:25,624 --> 00:46:28,408
his visual memory of the scene will never fade.

1136
00:46:28,408 --> 00:46:31,684


1137
00:46:31,684 --> 00:46:35,545
>> I'm just looking at the buildings and skyscrapers.

1138
00:46:35,545 --> 00:46:38,559
Usually I like to take about 20 minutes

1139
00:46:38,559 --> 00:46:40,969
and then do it from memory.

1140
00:46:41,530 --> 00:46:44,373
>> To appreciate how incredible Stephen's skill is,

1141
00:46:44,373 --> 00:46:47,360
it helps to understand how vision works.

1142
00:46:47,360 --> 00:46:49,999


1143
00:46:49,999 --> 00:46:52,175
Sight is processed at the back of the brain

1144
00:46:52,175 --> 00:46:55,069
in the occipital lobes or visual cortex.

1145
00:46:55,069 --> 00:46:55,983


1146
00:46:55,983 --> 00:47:00,327
Two eyes give a field of vision of about 200 degrees.

1147
00:47:00,327 --> 00:47:03,187
They can detect 2.3 million different shades

1148
00:47:03,187 --> 00:47:04,517
of color.

1149
00:47:04,517 --> 00:47:07,781
And experts estimate they send 72 gigabytes

1150
00:47:07,781 --> 00:47:10,198
of information to the brain every second.

1151
00:47:10,198 --> 00:47:11,851


1152
00:47:11,851 --> 00:47:15,060
That's like 18,000 songs on an IPod.

1153
00:47:15,060 --> 00:47:17,181


1154
00:47:17,181 --> 00:47:19,326
Back at his gallery, Stephen begins to draw

1155
00:47:19,326 --> 00:47:20,995
what he saw.

1156
00:47:20,995 --> 00:47:23,156
He's using several areas of his brain.

1157
00:47:23,156 --> 00:47:26,535
His parietal lobes in particular are working to

1158
00:47:26,535 --> 00:47:28,450
control his spacial manipulation

1159
00:47:28,450 --> 00:47:30,150
and hand-eye coordination.

1160
00:47:30,150 --> 00:47:31,865


1161
00:47:31,865 --> 00:47:33,703
Cross-checking his sketch with the view

1162
00:47:33,703 --> 00:47:36,883
reveals just how uncannily accurate it is.

1163
00:47:36,883 --> 00:47:39,150


1164
00:47:39,150 --> 00:47:41,455
In little more than an hour he's recreated

1165
00:47:41,455 --> 00:47:42,985
the panorama.

1166
00:47:42,985 --> 00:47:45,997


1167
00:47:45,997 --> 00:47:48,759
This picture will sell for $4,000.

1168
00:47:48,759 --> 00:47:51,329


1169
00:47:51,329 --> 00:47:54,530
Stephen's talent is almost super human.

1170
00:47:54,530 --> 00:47:56,824
But his skill comes at a cost.

1171
00:47:56,824 --> 00:47:58,724
He is an autistic savant

1172
00:47:58,724 --> 00:48:01,194
which means his brain has developed differently.

1173
00:48:01,485 --> 00:48:04,715
>> Most of us don't have the capacities he does

1174
00:48:04,715 --> 00:48:08,162
because our brains are doing 57 other things.

1175
00:48:08,162 --> 00:48:10,367
We're thinking about our careers, our mortgages,

1176
00:48:10,367 --> 00:48:11,743
our futures, and what we're doing at the

1177
00:48:11,743 --> 00:48:13,443
grocery store later on, and so on,

1178
00:48:13,443 --> 00:48:16,487
and as a result, the neural real estate

1179
00:48:16,487 --> 00:48:18,448
is divided up among lots of different tasks.

1180
00:48:18,448 --> 00:48:21,075
In a savant's brain, essentially all of that

1181
00:48:21,075 --> 00:48:23,204
real estate is devoted towards one thing like

1182
00:48:23,204 --> 00:48:25,580
solving that Rubik's Cube or playing the piano

1183
00:48:25,580 --> 00:48:27,587
and as a result they have they deficits in

1184
00:48:27,587 --> 00:48:28,886
other aspects of their life.

1185
00:48:28,886 --> 00:48:31,799
For example, in their capacity to socialize.

1186
00:48:31,799 --> 00:48:33,067


1187
00:48:33,067 --> 00:48:35,075
>> Geniuses like Leonardo Da Vinci,

1188
00:48:35,075 --> 00:48:38,709
Mozart, and Monet all had incredible memories

1189
00:48:38,709 --> 00:48:40,716
and there is speculation they may have been

1190
00:48:40,716 --> 00:48:42,246
autistic, too.

1191
00:48:42,246 --> 00:48:47,414


1192
00:48:47,414 --> 00:48:49,771
While some brains can remember nearly everything

1193
00:48:49,771 --> 00:48:52,297
they see, other brains can barely remember

1194
00:48:52,297 --> 00:48:53,720
anything at all.

1195
00:48:53,720 --> 00:48:55,546


1196
00:48:55,546 --> 00:48:57,646
Welcome to the life of Clive Wearing,

1197
00:48:57,646 --> 00:49:00,737
a man with the worst case of amnesia

1198
00:49:00,737 --> 00:49:01,975
in the world.

1199
00:49:01,975 --> 00:49:03,736
>> What were we doing before we sat on the bench?

1200
00:49:03,736 --> 00:49:04,774
>> No idea.

1201
00:49:04,774 --> 00:49:13,108


1202
00:49:13,108 --> 00:49:16,126
>> Well! Yay!

1203
00:49:16,126 --> 00:49:16,826


1204
00:49:16,826 --> 00:49:18,617
Even though Clive Wearing has seen his wife,

1205
00:49:18,617 --> 00:49:20,425
Deborah, numerous times today,

1206
00:49:20,425 --> 00:49:23,705
every time he meets her, it's like he's seeing her

1207
00:49:23,705 --> 00:49:24,958
for the first time.

1208
00:49:24,958 --> 00:49:26,365


1209
00:49:26,365 --> 00:49:29,613
Clive has the worst case of amnesia in the world.

1210
00:49:30,404 --> 00:49:33,923
His memory span is at most 30 seconds long.

1211
00:49:33,923 --> 00:49:35,592


1212
00:49:35,592 --> 00:49:37,492
>> What were we doing before we sat on the bench?

1213
00:49:37,492 --> 00:49:38,592
>> No idea.

1214
00:49:39,791 --> 00:49:41,552
>> Do you know what this building is?

1215
00:49:41,552 --> 00:49:42,798
>> No.

1216
00:49:42,802 --> 00:49:43,886
>> Have you seen it before?

1217
00:49:43,886 --> 00:49:44,755
>> No.

1218
00:49:44,755 --> 00:49:48,149
>> He said to me it's like between before waking up

1219
00:49:48,149 --> 00:49:49,141
and waking up.

1220
00:49:49,141 --> 00:49:50,641
It's like the in-between stage,

1221
00:49:50,641 --> 00:49:52,770
you haven't yet grasped where you are.

1222
00:49:53,523 --> 00:49:55,037
What do you know?

1223
00:49:55,037 --> 00:49:56,368
>> Nothing at all.

1224
00:49:56,368 --> 00:49:57,760
>> Nothing?

1225
00:49:57,760 --> 00:49:58,582


1226
00:49:58,582 --> 00:50:00,805
>> Never had a thought or a dream.

1227
00:50:01,974 --> 00:50:03,520
Day and night the same.

1228
00:50:03,520 --> 00:50:04,573
>> Day and night the same?

1229
00:50:04,573 --> 00:50:06,473
>> Yeah, blank all the time.

1230
00:50:06,473 --> 00:50:09,565


1231
00:50:09,565 --> 00:50:11,603
>> Clive was an acclaimed British conductor

1232
00:50:11,603 --> 00:50:14,216
and musicologist until a viral infection

1233
00:50:14,216 --> 00:50:17,267
developed into encephalitis in his brain.

1234
00:50:18,205 --> 00:50:20,448
When the acute inflammation subsided,

1235
00:50:20,448 --> 00:50:23,011
his brain had been severely damaged.

1236
00:50:23,011 --> 00:50:24,987


1237
00:50:24,987 --> 00:50:26,840
It's left him with only a very limited

1238
00:50:26,840 --> 00:50:28,340
short-term memory.

1239
00:50:28,340 --> 00:50:29,747


1240
00:50:29,747 --> 00:50:33,724
>> Clive has absolutely no memory of anything

1241
00:50:33,724 --> 00:50:35,814
that's happened in his life since the ambulance

1242
00:50:35,814 --> 00:50:38,891
took him away in March 1985.

1243
00:50:38,891 --> 00:50:41,735
And his autobiographical memory is so vague

1244
00:50:41,735 --> 00:50:43,588
it's to be almost not there.

1245
00:50:43,588 --> 00:50:45,226


1246
00:50:45,226 --> 00:50:46,572
Who's that?

1247
00:50:46,572 --> 00:50:47,872
>> I can't remember.

1248
00:50:48,979 --> 00:50:50,694
>> That's him.

1249
00:50:50,694 --> 00:50:51,732
>> My son.

1250
00:50:51,732 --> 00:50:53,262
>> Your son, that's right.

1251
00:50:53,262 --> 00:50:57,140
That's Antony and that's his children.

1252
00:50:57,140 --> 00:50:57,808
>> His children?

1253
00:50:57,808 --> 00:50:58,415
>> Yeah.

1254
00:50:58,415 --> 00:50:59,422
>> I see.

1255
00:50:59,422 --> 00:51:00,645
>> Only they're much bigger now.

1256
00:51:00,645 --> 00:51:03,156


1257
00:51:03,156 --> 00:51:05,344
Although memories are spread across the entire

1258
00:51:05,344 --> 00:51:08,358
brain, there is one part that acts like a key

1259
00:51:08,358 --> 00:51:11,158
to the storage and retrieval process,

1260
00:51:11,158 --> 00:51:13,863
the hippocampus within the limbic system.

1261
00:51:13,863 --> 00:51:15,270


1262
00:51:15,270 --> 00:51:17,632
We know this because without the hippocampus,

1263
00:51:17,632 --> 00:51:19,948
new memories do not form.

1264
00:51:19,948 --> 00:51:21,278
There are at least two types of memory

1265
00:51:21,278 --> 00:51:23,208
in the brain and most generally we divide that

1266
00:51:23,208 --> 00:51:24,369
into short and long-term memory.

1267
00:51:24,369 --> 00:51:27,342
So, short-term memory is if I tell you my

1268
00:51:27,342 --> 00:51:28,780
phone number and you have to remember that

1269
00:51:28,780 --> 00:51:31,156
for a few seconds while you go over to dial it.

1270
00:51:31,156 --> 00:51:33,409
Long-term memory involves things like

1271
00:51:33,409 --> 00:51:36,108
where you grew up and where you went to school

1272
00:51:36,108 --> 00:51:37,377
and what you did today.

1273
00:51:37,377 --> 00:51:38,892
That's all stored in long-term memory.

1274
00:51:38,892 --> 00:51:40,745
What's happening with Clive is that he has a very

1275
00:51:40,745 --> 00:51:42,321
short-term window of memory.

1276
00:51:42,321 --> 00:51:44,067
He is not able to translate the short-term

1277
00:51:44,067 --> 00:51:45,274
into long-term.

1278
00:51:45,274 --> 00:51:47,817
He's not able to cement down the activity in

1279
00:51:47,817 --> 00:51:50,078
the short-term into something in the physical

1280
00:51:50,078 --> 00:51:51,393
structure in his brain.

1281
00:51:51,393 --> 00:51:52,107


1282
00:51:52,107 --> 00:51:53,899
>> Neurologists who have examined Clive

1283
00:51:53,899 --> 00:51:57,007
have found severe damage in his hippocampus

1284
00:51:57,007 --> 00:51:59,692
and they think that's what preventing his brain

1285
00:51:59,692 --> 00:52:01,622
from storing memories.

1286
00:52:01,622 --> 00:52:03,568
>> Clive Wearing suffers from both

1287
00:52:03,568 --> 00:52:05,668
anterograde and retrograde amnesia.

1288
00:52:05,668 --> 00:52:08,622
That is he can't learn new things but he also

1289
00:52:08,622 --> 00:52:10,950
has a hard time recollecting old things.

1290
00:52:10,950 --> 00:52:15,205
And it primarily seems to be affecting his ability

1291
00:52:15,205 --> 00:52:16,843
to recollect information at will.

1292
00:52:17,458 --> 00:52:19,746
>> Watch what happens when Clive's wife asks

1293
00:52:19,746 --> 00:52:21,799
him what his son does for a living.

1294
00:52:22,552 --> 00:52:25,925
>> Do you know what Antony's profession is?

1295
00:52:25,925 --> 00:52:27,301


1296
00:52:27,301 --> 00:52:28,677
>> He's an electrical engineer.

1297
00:52:28,677 --> 00:52:29,407
>> Oh, is he?

1298
00:52:29,407 --> 00:52:31,606
>> Yes. And do you know what he designs?

1299
00:52:31,606 --> 00:52:32,644
>> No.

1300
00:52:33,582 --> 00:52:34,774
>> Have a guess.

1301
00:52:34,774 --> 00:52:35,335


1302
00:52:35,335 --> 00:52:37,349
>> No idea. Not the faintest idea.

1303
00:52:37,851 --> 00:52:38,843
>> Car motors.

1304
00:52:38,843 --> 00:52:39,943
>> Oh, car motors!

1305
00:52:39,943 --> 00:52:41,889
>> Yes, electrical car motors.

1306
00:52:41,889 --> 00:52:43,358
>> What a good idea that is.

1307
00:52:43,358 --> 00:52:44,642
>> Yeah, yeah.

1308
00:52:44,642 --> 00:52:45,834
>> Stop the poisonous gas coming out

1309
00:52:45,834 --> 00:52:46,980
the petrol engine.

1310
00:52:46,980 --> 00:52:48,664
>> That's right. It does, doesn't it?

1311
00:52:48,664 --> 00:52:50,133
>> Yeah, that was a very disastrous idea -

1312
00:52:50,133 --> 00:52:51,094
>> That's right.

1313
00:52:51,094 --> 00:52:52,955


1314
00:52:52,955 --> 00:52:54,947
Do you know anyone who designs

1315
00:52:54,947 --> 00:52:56,385
electrical car motors?

1316
00:52:56,385 --> 00:52:57,084
>> No, I don't.

1317
00:52:57,084 --> 00:52:58,153
>> Do you know anyone who does that?

1318
00:52:58,153 --> 00:52:59,306
>> No.

1319
00:52:59,595 --> 00:53:00,525
>> Your son does.

1320
00:53:00,525 --> 00:53:01,778
>> Oh, I see!

1321
00:53:01,778 --> 00:53:02,831
>> Antony does.

1322
00:53:03,877 --> 00:53:06,144
He's actually got his own business.

1323
00:53:06,144 --> 00:53:07,213
>> Oh, well done!

1324
00:53:07,213 --> 00:53:08,082
>> Yeah.

1325
00:53:08,082 --> 00:53:09,551
>> Oh.

1326
00:53:10,812 --> 00:53:13,812
>> Do you remember what Antony's doing

1327
00:53:13,812 --> 00:53:14,358
these days?

1328
00:53:14,358 --> 00:53:17,029
>> No idea. Still at school last time I was conscious.

1329
00:53:17,029 --> 00:53:19,664


1330
00:53:19,664 --> 00:53:22,381
>> What makes Clive such a unique case is that while

1331
00:53:22,381 --> 00:53:24,796
he can't remember details about his family,

1332
00:53:24,796 --> 00:53:27,326
he can recall other things.

1333
00:53:27,326 --> 00:53:29,595
>> The fact that his language is preserved so well

1334
00:53:29,595 --> 00:53:32,590
and he is articulate illustrates the procedural

1335
00:53:32,590 --> 00:53:34,950
memory for how to speak and how to construct

1336
00:53:34,950 --> 00:53:37,961
words is stored separately than the issues

1337
00:53:37,961 --> 00:53:41,004
about episodic memory, what you did, the facts

1338
00:53:41,004 --> 00:53:41,950
about your life.

1339
00:53:41,950 --> 00:53:42,973


1340
00:53:42,973 --> 00:53:45,039
>> Different types of memories are stored very

1341
00:53:45,039 --> 00:53:47,015
differently in the brain.

1342
00:53:47,015 --> 00:53:49,607
Experts believe language memory could live

1343
00:53:49,607 --> 00:53:51,557
in one of the temporal lobes,

1344
00:53:51,557 --> 00:53:53,364
the one responsible for sound and speech

1345
00:53:53,364 --> 00:53:55,604
on the left side of the brain.

1346
00:53:55,604 --> 00:53:58,777
What's even more amazing is that Clive can still

1347
00:53:58,777 --> 00:54:00,169
play the piano.

1348
00:54:00,169 --> 00:54:01,684


1349
00:54:01,684 --> 00:54:03,678
His procedural memory for playing the piano,

1350
00:54:03,678 --> 00:54:05,515
on the right side of his brain,

1351
00:54:05,515 --> 00:54:07,091
is undamaged.

1352
00:54:07,091 --> 00:54:15,199


1353
00:54:15,199 --> 00:54:17,719
>> When he is performing music,

1354
00:54:17,719 --> 00:54:21,732
that is where Clive finds a continuum.

1355
00:54:21,732 --> 00:54:25,658
He has a momentum that kind of carries him

1356
00:54:25,658 --> 00:54:26,850
through time.

1357
00:54:26,850 --> 00:54:28,611


1358
00:54:28,611 --> 00:54:30,610
>> It's a great illustration of the way that these

1359
00:54:30,610 --> 00:54:33,110
different types of memory can be separated out.

1360
00:54:33,494 --> 00:54:34,886
>> Do you know what month this is?

1361
00:54:34,886 --> 00:54:35,662
>> No.

1362
00:54:37,215 --> 00:54:38,206
>> It's April.

1363
00:54:38,206 --> 00:54:38,828
>> April?

1364
00:54:38,828 --> 00:54:39,774
>> Mm-hmm.

1365
00:54:40,327 --> 00:54:41,364
It's your birthday next month.

1366
00:54:41,364 --> 00:54:42,449
>> Yes.

1367
00:54:42,449 --> 00:54:45,252
>> Clive today appears upbeat but that was not

1368
00:54:45,252 --> 00:54:46,275
always the case.

1369
00:54:46,275 --> 00:54:50,588


1370
00:54:50,588 --> 00:54:53,511
This was Clive in 1988, three years into his

1371
00:54:53,511 --> 00:54:56,210
amnesia when he was frustrated and angry.

1372
00:54:56,210 --> 00:54:58,079


1373
00:54:58,079 --> 00:55:01,134
>> For the first ten years, Clive lived in a world

1374
00:55:01,134 --> 00:55:04,088
where he said the same few things over and

1375
00:55:04,088 --> 00:55:08,844
over again because of the anxiety,

1376
00:55:08,844 --> 00:55:10,205
the fear,

1377
00:55:10,205 --> 00:55:11,166
the terror,

1378
00:55:11,166 --> 00:55:13,600
the horror of his situation.

1379
00:55:13,600 --> 00:55:15,768
>> Each new moment he felt he was awake

1380
00:55:15,768 --> 00:55:17,498
he wanted to write it down.

1381
00:55:17,498 --> 00:55:19,213
>> Well, it was such a compulsion that he would

1382
00:55:19,213 --> 00:55:21,189
have written it on the table,

1383
00:55:21,189 --> 00:55:22,427
on the wall,

1384
00:55:22,427 --> 00:55:24,080
on any available surface.

1385
00:55:24,080 --> 00:55:25,010


1386
00:55:25,010 --> 00:55:26,402
>> So how do you think you got there?

1387
00:55:26,402 --> 00:55:27,640
>> I don't know.

1388
00:55:27,640 --> 00:55:28,786
I presume the doctors don't know.

1389
00:55:28,786 --> 00:55:29,177
>> But you must have -

1390
00:55:29,177 --> 00:55:30,293
>> No! I haven't!

1391
00:55:30,293 --> 00:55:32,116
You listen to me please for Heaven's sake!

1392
00:55:32,116 --> 00:55:32,585
>> Sorry.

1393
00:55:32,585 --> 00:55:33,946
When I say no, I mean exactly that!

1394
00:55:33,946 --> 00:55:36,479


1395
00:55:36,479 --> 00:55:37,963
>> The pages of his diary are filled with

1396
00:55:37,963 --> 00:55:40,823
exclamations and words crossed out.

1397
00:55:40,823 --> 00:55:44,109
Eventually though, his anger subsided.

1398
00:55:45,001 --> 00:55:47,070
>> He started to change

1399
00:55:47,070 --> 00:55:50,364
after about the first 14 to 15 years.

1400
00:55:50,364 --> 00:55:52,402
He began to remember things for longer.

1401
00:55:52,402 --> 00:55:53,625
His mood changed.

1402
00:55:53,625 --> 00:55:54,740


1403
00:55:54,740 --> 00:55:56,824
>> Deborah attributes this change to her faith

1404
00:55:56,824 --> 00:55:58,216
and her prayers.

1405
00:55:58,216 --> 00:56:00,525
Scientists have their own explanation.

1406
00:56:00,525 --> 00:56:02,847
>> We do know that your brain physically changes

1407
00:56:02,847 --> 00:56:05,474
and that's what we mean by plasticity.

1408
00:56:05,474 --> 00:56:07,574
It's always rewriting it's own circuitry.

1409
00:56:07,574 --> 00:56:10,297
With children the brains are extremely plastic.

1410
00:56:10,297 --> 00:56:13,023
That's why children can learn language

1411
00:56:13,023 --> 00:56:14,491
so much more easily or learn how to play

1412
00:56:14,491 --> 00:56:15,729
a new instrument.

1413
00:56:15,729 --> 00:56:17,090
What we are now discovering is that the

1414
00:56:17,090 --> 00:56:19,542
adult human brain is much more plastic than

1415
00:56:19,542 --> 00:56:21,657
we previously thought so when people get

1416
00:56:21,657 --> 00:56:23,982
brain damage, other parts of their brain can

1417
00:56:23,982 --> 00:56:27,724
shift around and take over the missing functions.

1418
00:56:27,724 --> 00:56:29,731
>> This year, Deborah wondered whether Clive

1419
00:56:29,731 --> 00:56:31,831
still needed his diary.

1420
00:56:31,831 --> 00:56:33,992
>> When he looks through the previous

1421
00:56:33,992 --> 00:56:37,461
days and weeks and months and saw that he'd

1422
00:56:37,461 --> 00:56:39,845
just written the same thing over and over again,

1423
00:56:39,845 --> 00:56:43,198
it tended to upset him and we thought,

1424
00:56:43,198 --> 00:56:44,990
well, let's just take it away and see whether

1425
00:56:44,990 --> 00:56:46,058
he misses it.

1426
00:56:46,058 --> 00:56:48,545
>> To everyone's surprise, after writing in his

1427
00:56:48,545 --> 00:56:51,150
diary every single day for 23 years,

1428
00:56:51,150 --> 00:56:53,925
Clive didn't ask for it back.

1429
00:56:53,925 --> 00:56:56,085
That compulsive need to record each moment

1430
00:56:56,085 --> 00:56:58,292
of awakening must have passed.

1431
00:56:58,292 --> 00:57:01,391


1432
00:57:01,391 --> 00:57:03,522
Scientists have learned a lot about memory by

1433
00:57:03,522 --> 00:57:04,991
studying Clive.

1434
00:57:04,991 --> 00:57:05,891


1435
00:57:05,891 --> 00:57:07,714
But they've also gained valuable insight on

1436
00:57:07,714 --> 00:57:09,275
other brain functions that contribute

1437
00:57:09,275 --> 00:57:10,775
to a person's identity.

1438
00:57:10,775 --> 00:57:12,228


1439
00:57:12,228 --> 00:57:14,851
>> A lot of people say memory makes us who we are

1440
00:57:14,851 --> 00:57:18,853
and boy did I find out how wrong that was.

1441
00:57:18,853 --> 00:57:21,320
Clive's personality, thank God,

1442
00:57:21,320 --> 00:57:22,758
is intact.

1443
00:57:22,758 --> 00:57:23,765
>> Fancy a cup of coffee?

1444
00:57:23,765 --> 00:57:26,729
>> Oh, I'd love it! That would be marvelous!

1445
00:57:26,729 --> 00:57:28,044
>> I thought you'd be pleased.

1446
00:57:28,044 --> 00:57:30,036
He's funny.

1447
00:57:30,036 --> 00:57:31,951
He's also very compassionate.

1448
00:57:31,951 --> 00:57:33,881
>> Lead the way to Heaven on earth.

1449
00:57:33,881 --> 00:57:35,596
He has no knowledge about himself.

1450
00:57:35,596 --> 00:57:37,753
But he is who he is.

1451
00:57:37,753 --> 00:57:39,406
Unchanged.

1452
00:57:39,406 --> 00:57:40,706
Pure Clive.

1453
00:57:40,706 --> 00:57:42,206


1454
00:57:42,206 --> 00:57:45,246
>> Memory plays a pivotal role in everything we do

1455
00:57:45,246 --> 00:57:47,130
including sports.

1456
00:57:47,130 --> 00:57:50,312
It's finally dawning on athletes that it's not only

1457
00:57:50,312 --> 00:57:53,588
brawn but also brain that makes a champion.

1458
00:57:53,588 --> 00:57:54,364


1459
00:57:54,364 --> 00:57:56,660
>> Well, in the 80's we developed a lot of muscle

1460
00:57:56,660 --> 00:57:59,328
training methods to increase sports performance.

1461
00:57:59,328 --> 00:58:01,411
And now, in the 21st Century,

1462
00:58:01,411 --> 00:58:03,658
we're taking the brain to the weight room.

1463
00:58:03,658 --> 00:58:09,099


1464
00:58:09,099 --> 00:58:13,166
(Commercials)

1465
00:58:13,166 --> 01:01:25,996


1466
01:01:25,996 --> 01:01:28,003
>> The more we learn about the brain,

1467
01:01:28,003 --> 01:01:30,987
the more it informs every aspect of our lives

1468
01:01:30,987 --> 01:01:33,565
including professional sports.

1469
01:01:33,565 --> 01:01:39,793


1470
01:01:39,793 --> 01:01:41,800
>> Sports performance is all about the brain

1471
01:01:41,800 --> 01:01:43,823
but it wasn't like that all that time.

1472
01:01:43,823 --> 01:01:46,596
For a long part of history of sports,

1473
01:01:46,596 --> 01:01:48,249
people didn't care about the brain.

1474
01:01:48,249 --> 01:01:50,272
They would consider an athlete a good player

1475
01:01:50,272 --> 01:01:53,444
if they had good muscle definition and they were

1476
01:01:53,444 --> 01:01:55,625
very coordinated.

1477
01:01:55,625 --> 01:01:56,848
Just within the last ten years,

1478
01:01:56,848 --> 01:02:00,963
we think that about 50% of all sports performance,

1479
01:02:00,963 --> 01:02:02,647
and sometimes the most important part,

1480
01:02:02,647 --> 01:02:04,885
that elite performance,

1481
01:02:04,885 --> 01:02:07,331
is related to brain functioning.

1482
01:02:07,331 --> 01:02:09,596
>> Now, athletes have caught on to how important

1483
01:02:09,596 --> 01:02:12,420
the brain is to their performance on the field.

1484
01:02:12,774 --> 01:02:16,324
>> 90% is mental, it's a tough game, ya know?

1485
01:02:16,324 --> 01:02:18,224
You really have to have control of your mind

1486
01:02:18,224 --> 01:02:19,462
to play this game.

1487
01:02:19,462 --> 01:02:20,300


1488
01:02:20,300 --> 01:02:22,580
>> So, how does the brain improve the game?

1489
01:02:22,580 --> 01:02:25,841
>> Almost all of sports is dynamic and requires

1490
01:02:25,841 --> 01:02:28,351
millisecond to millisecond decision making

1491
01:02:28,351 --> 01:02:31,566
and if you miss it by a small percentage,

1492
01:02:31,566 --> 01:02:33,791
you miss the put.

1493
01:02:33,791 --> 01:02:36,541
You're a tenth of a second too slow.

1494
01:02:36,541 --> 01:02:39,651
Your shot falls off the rim.

1495
01:02:39,651 --> 01:02:42,040
That's that little differentiation between

1496
01:02:42,040 --> 01:02:45,098
super world class and good.

1497
01:02:45,098 --> 01:02:48,135
>> At a basic level, it's about hand-eye coordination

1498
01:02:48,135 --> 01:02:50,711
and practice, practice, practice.

1499
01:02:50,711 --> 01:02:51,595


1500
01:02:51,595 --> 01:02:53,838
And there's no better place to see this than at the

1501
01:02:53,838 --> 01:02:55,814
Cirque du Soleil where performers

1502
01:02:55,814 --> 01:02:57,944
must practice constantly.

1503
01:02:57,944 --> 01:03:03,856


1504
01:03:03,856 --> 01:03:06,077
We use our frontal lobes to learn how to carry

1505
01:03:06,077 --> 01:03:08,688
out an activity but the area of the brain that

1506
01:03:08,688 --> 01:03:11,880
benefits most from practice is the cerebellum,

1507
01:03:11,880 --> 01:03:13,487
at the back of the brain.

1508
01:03:13,487 --> 01:03:16,980


1509
01:03:16,980 --> 01:03:19,134
It helps to think of the brain as an old house

1510
01:03:19,134 --> 01:03:22,846
with new rooms slowly added over time.

1511
01:03:22,846 --> 01:03:24,992
The brain stem is the basement because

1512
01:03:24,992 --> 01:03:26,738
it evolved first.

1513
01:03:26,738 --> 01:03:28,591
The cerebellum came next.

1514
01:03:28,591 --> 01:03:30,121
>> It's an old part of the brain,

1515
01:03:30,121 --> 01:03:31,682
it's sort of set off, off the first floor

1516
01:03:31,682 --> 01:03:33,012
in the basement.

1517
01:03:33,012 --> 01:03:35,705
It's almost entirely responsible for movement,

1518
01:03:35,705 --> 01:03:38,417
complicated sequencing of movements.

1519
01:03:38,417 --> 01:03:40,409
>> The cerebellum sends out signals to the

1520
01:03:40,409 --> 01:03:43,130
100 billion nerve cells in our bodies

1521
01:03:43,130 --> 01:03:45,316
which in turn tell the muscles what we want

1522
01:03:45,316 --> 01:03:46,262
them to do.

1523
01:03:46,262 --> 01:03:48,946


1524
01:03:48,946 --> 01:03:51,199
>> The frontal lobe is monitoring the activity

1525
01:03:51,199 --> 01:03:53,898
but most of the time gets out of the way

1526
01:03:53,898 --> 01:03:56,790
and allows the cerebellum and the rest of brain

1527
01:03:56,790 --> 01:03:59,889
to engage in this behavior that's been practiced

1528
01:03:59,889 --> 01:04:02,012
over and over and over again.

1529
01:04:02,012 --> 01:04:03,619
>> Scientists think that the frontal lobe

1530
01:04:03,619 --> 01:04:05,334
simply cannot keep up with the speed

1531
01:04:05,334 --> 01:04:07,855
of information processing necessary to perform a

1532
01:04:07,855 --> 01:04:09,539
high level skill.

1533
01:04:09,539 --> 01:04:11,873


1534
01:04:11,873 --> 01:04:14,222
Which is why the cerebellum takes over.

1535
01:04:14,222 --> 01:04:16,291
Its procedural memory, the same kind

1536
01:04:16,291 --> 01:04:19,658
Clive Wearing uses to play the piano.

1537
01:04:19,658 --> 01:04:22,848
>> It's the idea that you can go into a filing cabinet

1538
01:04:22,848 --> 01:04:24,855
and pick out a motor memory that you've

1539
01:04:24,855 --> 01:04:26,278
already practiced.

1540
01:04:26,278 --> 01:04:29,926
>> And experts now know why practice makes perfect.

1541
01:04:29,926 --> 01:04:32,273
The more you practice, the better the cerebellum

1542
01:04:32,273 --> 01:04:34,326
becomes at knowing exactly which nerves

1543
01:04:34,326 --> 01:04:36,644
and muscles to trigger each time.

1544
01:04:36,644 --> 01:04:38,436


1545
01:04:38,436 --> 01:04:40,597
>> In sports psychology there's suggestions that it

1546
01:04:40,597 --> 01:04:44,050
takes 10,000 hours of deliberate practice

1547
01:04:44,050 --> 01:04:46,858
in order to achieve the level of expertise.

1548
01:04:46,858 --> 01:04:48,019


1549
01:04:48,019 --> 01:04:49,984
>> Such extreme levels of ability may actually

1550
01:04:49,984 --> 01:04:52,718
lead to memory within the muscle itself

1551
01:04:52,718 --> 01:04:56,036
guiding a sequence of contractions and relaxations

1552
01:04:56,036 --> 01:04:59,295
but the brain is still essential.

1553
01:04:59,295 --> 01:05:02,588
>> You damage your brain, there is very little activity.

1554
01:05:02,588 --> 01:05:04,800
Of course you need an intact body.

1555
01:05:04,800 --> 01:05:07,052
You need physiology that works.

1556
01:05:08,867 --> 01:05:10,967
In basketball it helps to be tall.

1557
01:05:10,967 --> 01:05:13,381
In racing horses it helps to be small.

1558
01:05:13,381 --> 01:05:15,861
But every of those athletes has a brain

1559
01:05:15,861 --> 01:05:17,130
that has to be synchronized

1560
01:05:17,130 --> 01:05:19,106
with their athletic activity.

1561
01:05:19,106 --> 01:05:20,021


1562
01:05:20,021 --> 01:05:21,936
>> But beyond practice and having the right body

1563
01:05:21,936 --> 01:05:25,183
type, the brain plays another vital role in sports.

1564
01:05:25,183 --> 01:05:29,642


1565
01:05:29,642 --> 01:05:33,171
Just imagine a weight lifter who's trying to lift

1566
01:05:33,171 --> 01:05:35,849
an amazing amount of weights.

1567
01:05:35,849 --> 01:05:38,178
They have to be extremely pumped up.

1568
01:05:39,039 --> 01:05:41,062
>> The navy seals use a breathing technique

1569
01:05:41,062 --> 01:05:43,773
to calm down whereas athletes need to vary

1570
01:05:43,773 --> 01:05:45,811
their level of excitement.

1571
01:05:45,811 --> 01:05:47,880
Sports scientists call this process

1572
01:05:47,880 --> 01:05:50,152
arousal modulation.

1573
01:05:51,014 --> 01:05:54,341
>> We think of arousal modulation as the volume button

1574
01:05:54,341 --> 01:05:55,948
of the brain.

1575
01:05:55,948 --> 01:05:58,703
>> Once again, it's the amygdala in the limbic system

1576
01:05:58,703 --> 01:06:02,120
that controls our emotional response.

1577
01:06:02,120 --> 01:06:05,148
In this instance, it gets us psyched up to compete.

1578
01:06:05,148 --> 01:06:06,955


1579
01:06:06,955 --> 01:06:08,685
Back when the brain was evolving,

1580
01:06:08,685 --> 01:06:11,303
it's how early man would get ready for the hunt.

1581
01:06:11,303 --> 01:06:15,064


1582
01:06:15,064 --> 01:06:18,056
But the amygdala needs to be triggered.

1583
01:06:18,056 --> 01:06:20,542
One simple way is by using sensory stimulation

1584
01:06:20,542 --> 01:06:22,821
such as cheering and clapping.

1585
01:06:22,821 --> 01:06:25,719


1586
01:06:25,719 --> 01:06:29,176
>> You can control it externally through loud noises,

1587
01:06:29,176 --> 01:06:30,829
by slapping a person.

1588
01:06:30,829 --> 01:06:31,529
Why?

1589
01:06:31,529 --> 01:06:35,282
Because those sensory mechanisms go into the

1590
01:06:35,282 --> 01:06:37,535
first floor of the brain.

1591
01:06:37,535 --> 01:06:39,296


1592
01:06:39,296 --> 01:06:42,157
So, you'll see in sports a lot of times people using

1593
01:06:42,157 --> 01:06:44,602
this intuitively, a lot of noise -

1594
01:06:44,602 --> 01:06:46,686
C'mon! C'mon! C'mon! Go! Go! Go!

1595
01:06:46,686 --> 01:06:50,011


1596
01:06:50,011 --> 01:06:51,880
Athletes need to get themselves into a position

1597
01:06:51,880 --> 01:06:53,733
where when the game starts,

1598
01:06:53,733 --> 01:06:56,989
they're at the right level of arousal because

1599
01:06:56,989 --> 01:06:59,325
basketball is a contact sport.

1600
01:07:00,140 --> 01:07:01,932
You gotta push out.

1601
01:07:01,932 --> 01:07:05,248
You have to fight for the rebounds.

1602
01:07:05,248 --> 01:07:07,443


1603
01:07:07,443 --> 01:07:09,527
And it's almost this simulated war.

1604
01:07:09,527 --> 01:07:18,852


1605
01:07:18,852 --> 01:07:20,490
Once you're in a higher arousal level and you

1606
01:07:20,490 --> 01:07:24,112
gotta come down, it's just as difficult as it is

1607
01:07:24,112 --> 01:07:25,150
to go up.

1608
01:07:25,150 --> 01:07:26,696
It might even be more difficult.

1609
01:07:26,696 --> 01:07:28,334


1610
01:07:28,334 --> 01:07:30,147
All of a sudden the game stops and they have to

1611
01:07:30,147 --> 01:07:31,447
shoot a free throw.

1612
01:07:31,447 --> 01:07:32,685


1613
01:07:32,685 --> 01:07:34,431
>> The player needs to turn from pumped

1614
01:07:34,431 --> 01:07:37,386
to quietly focused in seconds.

1615
01:07:37,386 --> 01:07:39,859
Inside the player's brain the frontal lobes

1616
01:07:39,859 --> 01:07:42,663
must quickly muffle the amygdala response

1617
01:07:42,663 --> 01:07:47,010
to calm emotions, relax the body, breathe slower,

1618
01:07:47,010 --> 01:07:49,510
and lower heart rate so that he stands a better

1619
01:07:49,510 --> 01:07:52,111
chance at making the shot.

1620
01:07:52,111 --> 01:07:54,392
This is tough because the player's body

1621
01:07:54,392 --> 01:07:55,830
might be too pumped.

1622
01:07:55,830 --> 01:07:58,302


1623
01:07:58,302 --> 01:08:00,355
Or the frontal lobes might be distracted by

1624
01:08:00,355 --> 01:08:03,254
other nervous thoughts like the fear of failure.

1625
01:08:03,254 --> 01:08:04,276


1626
01:08:04,276 --> 01:08:06,206
If these thoughts are strong enough,

1627
01:08:06,206 --> 01:08:08,182
they could feed back to the limbic system

1628
01:08:08,182 --> 01:08:10,970
and trigger the fear response.

1629
01:08:10,970 --> 01:08:13,146
This would then make it extremely difficult to

1630
01:08:13,146 --> 01:08:17,037
focus on performing a complicated action well.

1631
01:08:17,037 --> 01:08:21,119
It's a situation experts call performance anxiety.

1632
01:08:21,119 --> 01:08:27,782


1633
01:08:27,782 --> 01:08:30,078
>> Performance anxiety is the largest culprit

1634
01:08:30,078 --> 01:08:33,486
of poor athletic performance and the successful

1635
01:08:33,486 --> 01:08:36,000
athlete has complete control over that.

1636
01:08:36,000 --> 01:08:39,188


1637
01:08:39,188 --> 01:08:41,041
>> It is tough to get your heart rate down

1638
01:08:41,041 --> 01:08:42,756
and get focused

1639
01:08:42,756 --> 01:08:44,944
and get concentrated on what you have to do

1640
01:08:44,944 --> 01:08:46,367
because everything is so chaotic

1641
01:08:46,367 --> 01:08:48,447
that all you want to do is go as fast as you can

1642
01:08:48,447 --> 01:08:51,241
and you just need to relax and just try to stay cool.

1643
01:08:51,241 --> 01:08:54,128


1644
01:08:54,128 --> 01:08:56,239
>> Stay away from that white line, Graham.

1645
01:08:56,239 --> 01:08:58,062
Stay way from that white line.

1646
01:08:58,062 --> 01:08:58,684


1647
01:08:58,684 --> 01:09:02,082
>> Get it wrong and the consequences can be fatal.

1648
01:09:02,082 --> 01:09:03,843


1649
01:09:03,843 --> 01:09:05,544
>> If you're concentration slips

1650
01:09:05,544 --> 01:09:08,169
for any moment of time

1651
01:09:08,169 --> 01:09:10,564
most often it would result in a crash.

1652
01:09:10,564 --> 01:09:13,423
Top speeds can be up around 230 miles an hour

1653
01:09:13,423 --> 01:09:15,230
and at those speeds anything can happen

1654
01:09:15,230 --> 01:09:17,951
and when you hit the wall, you hit it hard.

1655
01:09:17,951 --> 01:09:22,471


1656
01:09:22,471 --> 01:09:24,944
>> Few sports demonstrate performance anxiety

1657
01:09:24,944 --> 01:09:26,828
better than golf.

1658
01:09:26,828 --> 01:09:29,347
>> People love golf because you'll see a

1659
01:09:29,347 --> 01:09:33,296
world class athlete miss a two foot put to win a

1660
01:09:33,296 --> 01:09:35,969
major tournament and lose hundreds of thousands

1661
01:09:35,969 --> 01:09:37,407
of dollars.

1662
01:09:37,407 --> 01:09:40,650
Putting requires a very low volume of activity.

1663
01:09:40,650 --> 01:09:43,432
It's a small motor movement and the frontal lobes

1664
01:09:43,432 --> 01:09:45,085
should probably be turned off.

1665
01:09:45,085 --> 01:09:47,661
We know that Tiger Woods can do this because

1666
01:09:47,661 --> 01:09:51,155
he's done it many times but what is it about his

1667
01:09:51,155 --> 01:09:53,935
brain that he's able to put the ball into the hole?

1668
01:09:53,935 --> 01:10:06,769


1669
01:10:06,769 --> 01:10:09,052
What we found is that the brain can either

1670
01:10:09,052 --> 01:10:11,889
help you succeed in this athletic activity

1671
01:10:11,889 --> 01:10:13,989
or it can help you fail.

1672
01:10:13,989 --> 01:10:16,110


1673
01:10:16,110 --> 01:10:17,717
And we think Tiger Woods has found a way to

1674
01:10:17,717 --> 01:10:21,147
succeed most of the time because of his ability

1675
01:10:21,147 --> 01:10:23,814
to modulate his own brain functioning.

1676
01:10:23,814 --> 01:10:25,912
>> Scientists can't scan Tiger Woods' brain

1677
01:10:25,912 --> 01:10:27,012
in action.

1678
01:10:27,012 --> 01:10:29,606
He would need to lie motionless which would

1679
01:10:29,606 --> 01:10:31,982
make playing golf impossible.

1680
01:10:32,519 --> 01:10:35,876
So instead, they must make an educated guess.

1681
01:10:36,814 --> 01:10:39,949
>> Because he's blinking so little during a putt,

1682
01:10:39,949 --> 01:10:43,440
we think that his anxiety is very low

1683
01:10:43,440 --> 01:10:47,088
because eye blinking is usually related to anxiety.

1684
01:10:47,088 --> 01:10:48,818
So he's very relaxed.

1685
01:10:48,818 --> 01:10:52,259
Like a drowsy state, a drowsy sleepy level

1686
01:10:52,259 --> 01:10:54,232
but yet enough concentration that you can

1687
01:10:54,232 --> 01:10:55,608
focus on the task.

1688
01:10:55,608 --> 01:11:01,698


1689
01:11:01,698 --> 01:11:03,934
>> Athletes call this special feeling

1690
01:11:03,934 --> 01:11:05,818
being in the zone

1691
01:11:05,818 --> 01:11:07,840
when their movements seem to flow without

1692
01:11:07,840 --> 01:11:09,309
conscious effort.

1693
01:11:09,309 --> 01:11:10,270


1694
01:11:10,270 --> 01:11:12,323
It is the supreme combination of practice

1695
01:11:12,323 --> 01:11:14,253
involving the cerebellum,

1696
01:11:14,253 --> 01:11:16,309
concentration in the frontal lobes,

1697
01:11:16,309 --> 01:11:18,597
and low anxiety of the amygdala

1698
01:11:18,597 --> 01:11:20,611
within the limbic system.

1699
01:11:20,611 --> 01:11:22,705
>> Zone, it's very hard to get into.

1700
01:11:22,705 --> 01:11:24,728
I really feel like if I can control my breath

1701
01:11:24,728 --> 01:11:27,006
and I can get it as slow as possible,

1702
01:11:27,006 --> 01:11:29,298
that will slow down my heart.

1703
01:11:29,298 --> 01:11:31,744
As soon as that happens, I feel like I get total

1704
01:11:31,744 --> 01:11:33,182
consciousness of everything.

1705
01:11:33,182 --> 01:11:34,974
All five senses are working the best they can

1706
01:11:34,974 --> 01:11:36,181
possibly work.

1707
01:11:36,181 --> 01:11:37,111


1708
01:11:37,111 --> 01:11:39,230
>> Experts think the brain gets so focused

1709
01:11:39,230 --> 01:11:41,551
it's somehow able to block or ignore

1710
01:11:41,551 --> 01:11:43,404
any irrelevant input.

1711
01:11:43,988 --> 01:11:46,984
Brain and body begin working in perfect sync.

1712
01:11:46,984 --> 01:11:49,904
>> Athletes and everybody else for that matter

1713
01:11:49,904 --> 01:11:51,956
all want to be in that zone and there's something

1714
01:11:51,956 --> 01:11:53,070
special about it.

1715
01:11:53,070 --> 01:11:56,231
Everything gets aimed at the one task at hand

1716
01:11:56,231 --> 01:11:59,211
and when you do that, incredible things can happen.

1717
01:11:59,211 --> 01:12:02,835
You have real clarity of thought and decision making.

1718
01:12:03,081 --> 01:12:05,358
>> When I'm in that moment, everything around

1719
01:12:05,358 --> 01:12:07,196
me is slow and I can control what I'm thinking,

1720
01:12:07,196 --> 01:12:08,511
I can control what I look at,

1721
01:12:08,511 --> 01:12:11,071
I can control what thoughts enter my mind,

1722
01:12:11,071 --> 01:12:13,859
and in turn that gives me the greatest chance

1723
01:12:13,859 --> 01:12:15,066
for success.

1724
01:12:15,066 --> 01:12:18,134


1725
01:12:18,134 --> 01:12:19,957
>> Being in the zone could be the brain's

1726
01:12:19,957 --> 01:12:22,456
ultimate control over the body.

1727
01:12:22,456 --> 01:12:24,819
But there are some people who claim its

1728
01:12:24,819 --> 01:12:27,217
ability extends even beyond that.

1729
01:12:27,217 --> 01:12:28,840


1730
01:12:28,840 --> 01:12:30,001
>> I am being pulled here.

1731
01:12:30,308 --> 01:12:33,375
>> The notion that the brain has a sixth sense.

1732
01:12:33,727 --> 01:12:35,364
>> He's also telling me to talk about -

1733
01:12:36,348 --> 01:12:38,710
either Staten Island or -

1734
01:12:38,710 --> 01:12:39,717
>> That's where we live.

1735
01:12:39,717 --> 01:12:40,893
>> Okay, let me tell you exactly what he's showing

1736
01:12:40,893 --> 01:12:42,300
me then so you know where.

1737
01:12:42,300 --> 01:12:43,693
If you were to go over the bridge and through the

1738
01:12:43,693 --> 01:12:45,658
toll and then take that first long road down the left -

1739
01:12:45,658 --> 01:12:46,512
>> That's where I live.

1740
01:12:46,512 --> 01:12:47,247
>> OK.

1741
01:12:47,247 --> 01:12:49,693


1742
01:12:49,693 --> 01:12:54,363


1743
01:12:54,363 --> 01:12:57,256
>> Our five senses are the gateways between our

1744
01:12:57,256 --> 01:13:00,340
brains and the outside world.

1745
01:13:00,340 --> 01:13:04,129
We receive signals from our skin, eyes, nose,

1746
01:13:04,129 --> 01:13:06,237
tongue, and ears.

1747
01:13:06,237 --> 01:13:08,099


1748
01:13:08,099 --> 01:13:10,350
The different areas of the brain interpret

1749
01:13:10,350 --> 01:13:13,422
this sensory information as touch, sight, smell,

1750
01:13:13,422 --> 01:13:15,168
taste and hearing.

1751
01:13:15,168 --> 01:13:18,136


1752
01:13:18,136 --> 01:13:21,777
But what if there were a sixth sense that enabled

1753
01:13:21,777 --> 01:13:24,869
our brains to see into other people's minds,

1754
01:13:24,869 --> 01:13:26,215
anticipate events

1755
01:13:26,215 --> 01:13:28,566
or pass on messages from the dead?

1756
01:13:28,566 --> 01:13:30,019


1757
01:13:30,019 --> 01:13:32,150
Although one in four Americans say they believe

1758
01:13:32,150 --> 01:13:34,387
in extrasensory perception,

1759
01:13:34,387 --> 01:13:38,027
only a handful of scientists entertain this possibility.

1760
01:13:39,436 --> 01:13:42,452
Dr. Dean Radin, researches psychic phenomena

1761
01:13:42,452 --> 01:13:44,598
at the Institute of Noetic Sciences

1762
01:13:44,598 --> 01:13:46,143
in northern California.

1763
01:13:47,266 --> 01:13:50,064
His working theory is our brains might all have

1764
01:13:50,064 --> 01:13:52,910
some extrasensory ability though we may call

1765
01:13:52,910 --> 01:13:54,768
it something different.

1766
01:13:54,768 --> 01:13:56,653
>> One thing that people commonly talk about is

1767
01:13:56,653 --> 01:13:59,498
a gut feeling and a way it expresses itself

1768
01:13:59,498 --> 01:14:01,342
often is while driving.

1769
01:14:01,342 --> 01:14:03,895
They get a sense there's something wrong about

1770
01:14:03,895 --> 01:14:05,810
this corner and more often than not,

1771
01:14:05,810 --> 01:14:08,005
a car is coming from the other direction.

1772
01:14:08,005 --> 01:14:11,196
So, I've learned to pay attention to my gut feelings.

1773
01:14:11,196 --> 01:14:13,879
It's like pushing your attention a few seconds

1774
01:14:13,879 --> 01:14:15,932
into the future.

1775
01:14:15,932 --> 01:14:18,823
Other things are the feeling of being stared at

1776
01:14:18,823 --> 01:14:22,442
which is very commonly reported effect

1777
01:14:22,442 --> 01:14:25,377
typically by women feeling that a man somewhere

1778
01:14:25,377 --> 01:14:26,753
is staring at them.

1779
01:14:26,753 --> 01:14:29,448
There's also telephone telepathy without looking at

1780
01:14:29,448 --> 01:14:32,236
your caller ID, sometimes people will hear the

1781
01:14:32,236 --> 01:14:34,909
phone ring and immediately know who it is.

1782
01:14:34,909 --> 01:14:37,574
And these are not cases where only one person

1783
01:14:37,574 --> 01:14:40,636
ever calls but somebody unusual is calling.

1784
01:14:40,636 --> 01:14:42,867
So, these are ways that these kinds of events

1785
01:14:42,867 --> 01:14:46,062
appear in the every day world.

1786
01:14:46,849 --> 01:14:48,672
>> Move your hand a little bit.

1787
01:14:48,672 --> 01:14:51,796
Yes. Ooh, that's a very good signal.

1788
01:14:51,796 --> 01:14:54,441
OK, I think we're ready to go!

1789
01:14:54,441 --> 01:14:55,387


1790
01:14:55,387 --> 01:14:58,494
>> Dr. Radin has tested more than 300 volunteers

1791
01:14:58,494 --> 01:15:00,938
in electromagnetically shielded rooms.

1792
01:15:00,938 --> 01:15:02,838


1793
01:15:02,838 --> 01:15:04,933
He shows them a series of images and

1794
01:15:04,933 --> 01:15:06,786
measures their reactions.

1795
01:15:06,786 --> 01:15:09,501
We were sent in a random sequence,

1796
01:15:09,501 --> 01:15:12,122
pictures which are calm or emotional.

1797
01:15:12,122 --> 01:15:13,806
And also pictures in between.

1798
01:15:14,606 --> 01:15:16,352
The more emotional pictures

1799
01:15:16,352 --> 01:15:18,544
evoke a stronger response.

1800
01:15:18,544 --> 01:15:20,930


1801
01:15:20,930 --> 01:15:22,937
What Dr. Radin found is that

1802
01:15:22,937 --> 01:15:25,563
while his pool of subjects is randomly chosen,

1803
01:15:25,563 --> 01:15:27,555
he always finds people who respond

1804
01:15:27,555 --> 01:15:30,254
accurately before they see the image.

1805
01:15:31,069 --> 01:15:33,813
They seem to know ahead of time the kind of picture

1806
01:15:33,813 --> 01:15:34,990
they'll see.

1807
01:15:34,990 --> 01:15:36,182


1808
01:15:36,182 --> 01:15:38,020
Though their degree of psychic ability appears

1809
01:15:38,020 --> 01:15:39,120
to vary.

1810
01:15:39,120 --> 01:15:40,081


1811
01:15:40,081 --> 01:15:41,811
>> Not everybody is going to be able to play golf

1812
01:15:41,811 --> 01:15:43,904
as good as Tiger Woods

1813
01:15:43,904 --> 01:15:46,709
but everybody can play golf a little bit.

1814
01:15:46,709 --> 01:15:48,455
So, what we tend to see in the laboratory

1815
01:15:48,455 --> 01:15:50,627
is everybody playing golf a little bit.

1816
01:15:50,627 --> 01:15:52,542
And occasionally we are lucky and we get

1817
01:15:52,542 --> 01:15:54,411
the equivalent of Tiger Woods.

1818
01:15:54,411 --> 01:15:56,264
>> Somebody is claiming they were buried with gum.

1819
01:15:56,264 --> 01:15:59,061


1820
01:15:59,061 --> 01:16:00,961
Somebody was buried with gum.

1821
01:16:00,961 --> 01:16:02,890
You buried somebody with chewing gum?

1822
01:16:02,890 --> 01:16:04,325
Take the mic, please.

1823
01:16:04,881 --> 01:16:07,559
>> John Edwards' success as a TV medium

1824
01:16:07,559 --> 01:16:11,231
would suggest he's in the Tiger Woods category.

1825
01:16:11,231 --> 01:16:14,897
>> In the history of science, we've often been wrong.

1826
01:16:14,897 --> 01:16:16,366
We used to think the earth was flat.

1827
01:16:16,366 --> 01:16:17,450
We were wrong.

1828
01:16:17,450 --> 01:16:19,350
We used to think the sun revolved around the earth.

1829
01:16:19,350 --> 01:16:20,496
We were wrong.

1830
01:16:21,172 --> 01:16:24,243
We used to think physical objects were solid

1831
01:16:24,243 --> 01:16:25,589
and static.

1832
01:16:25,589 --> 01:16:27,492
We now know that was wrong.

1833
01:16:28,560 --> 01:16:31,806
So, I start from a point of view when anybody

1834
01:16:31,806 --> 01:16:34,738
makes a claim whether it's a medium or a healer

1835
01:16:34,738 --> 01:16:37,415
I approach it as I don't know.

1836
01:16:37,415 --> 01:16:38,345
Could be yes.

1837
01:16:38,345 --> 01:16:39,629
Could be no.

1838
01:16:39,629 --> 01:16:40,959
Show me the data.

1839
01:16:40,959 --> 01:16:42,059
I'm open.

1840
01:16:42,059 --> 01:16:43,497
>> You only put a couple of sticks in?

1841
01:16:43,497 --> 01:16:47,516
>> His old secretary, they used to chew

1842
01:16:47,516 --> 01:16:50,419
the same gum and we put it in the casket with him.

1843
01:16:50,419 --> 01:16:51,472
>> A couple of sticks?

1844
01:16:51,472 --> 01:16:55,126
>> It was, I think they're like individual packet,

1845
01:16:55,126 --> 01:16:57,504
like um, like the Bazooka,

1846
01:16:57,504 --> 01:16:58,895
the one with the comics.

1847
01:16:58,895 --> 01:16:59,934
>> OK, so that's why I'm feeling.

1848
01:16:59,934 --> 01:17:00,772
>> They're individual.

1849
01:17:00,772 --> 01:17:02,348
>> Right. Would this be like a father figure to you?

1850
01:17:02,348 --> 01:17:03,293
>> It's my dad.

1851
01:17:03,293 --> 01:17:04,108
>> OK.

1852
01:17:04,478 --> 01:17:06,131
And do you still see his assistant?

1853
01:17:06,131 --> 01:17:07,123
>> Yes.

1854
01:17:08,399 --> 01:17:09,929
>> He wants you to tease her, like what she

1855
01:17:09,929 --> 01:17:11,629
couldn't spare a few more slices or what?

1856
01:17:12,321 --> 01:17:14,282
Like I couldn't have the whole pack?

1857
01:17:14,282 --> 01:17:15,935
[Audience laughing]

1858
01:17:15,935 --> 01:17:19,278
>> The way the process of mediumship typically

1859
01:17:19,278 --> 01:17:23,769
operates is that the mediums get little pieces

1860
01:17:23,769 --> 01:17:24,761
of information.

1861
01:17:24,761 --> 01:17:25,999
>> Because he's making me feel like,

1862
01:17:25,999 --> 01:17:27,329
wasn't he already kind of gone?

1863
01:17:27,329 --> 01:17:28,490
>> Yes, he was.

1864
01:17:28,490 --> 01:17:31,322
>> Not because the other side is fragmented

1865
01:17:31,322 --> 01:17:33,838
but because they're just able to pick up little

1866
01:17:33,838 --> 01:17:34,615
snippets.

1867
01:17:34,615 --> 01:17:36,873
It's like you've got a semi-good connection

1868
01:17:36,873 --> 01:17:38,557
on your cellphone and get a piece of information

1869
01:17:38,557 --> 01:17:40,533
here and a piece of information there.

1870
01:17:40,533 --> 01:17:42,487
>> People say well, where are they and how do you

1871
01:17:42,487 --> 01:17:43,432
do this?

1872
01:17:43,432 --> 01:17:44,808
It's like, well where's the Internet?

1873
01:17:44,808 --> 01:17:46,897
It's a place that exists but you can't go there

1874
01:17:46,897 --> 01:17:48,258
with a physical body.

1875
01:17:48,258 --> 01:17:49,727
You have to have a conduit of some sort,

1876
01:17:49,727 --> 01:17:52,031
some sort of connection to get to it.

1877
01:17:52,031 --> 01:17:53,607
You've got to be plugged in somehow.

1878
01:17:53,607 --> 01:17:55,799
>> Anybody have a plastic frog with them?

1879
01:17:55,799 --> 01:17:57,883
I'm being pulled here.

1880
01:17:57,883 --> 01:17:59,813
So like from here over, you guys are safe.

1881
01:17:59,813 --> 01:18:02,191
Over here - no.

1882
01:18:02,191 --> 01:18:04,707
When I've doing an event I will get a pull

1883
01:18:04,707 --> 01:18:06,637
to the section of the room or specific area

1884
01:18:06,637 --> 01:18:07,890
of the people.

1885
01:18:07,890 --> 01:18:10,591
>> My nephew asked for Christmas a toy frog

1886
01:18:10,591 --> 01:18:14,096
and it was his dad who passed away.

1887
01:18:14,096 --> 01:18:16,141
>> And his dad passed before Christmas?

1888
01:18:16,141 --> 01:18:17,441
>> Yes.

1889
01:18:17,441 --> 01:18:20,198
>> When I'm hearing something I don't hear it in my ear.

1890
01:18:20,198 --> 01:18:22,294
I fell like I'm hearing it outside of me but

1891
01:18:22,294 --> 01:18:23,732
it's a thought that I'm hearing.

1892
01:18:24,393 --> 01:18:26,976
>> John is one of several psychic mediums who

1893
01:18:26,976 --> 01:18:29,283
agreed to undergo scientific testing

1894
01:18:29,283 --> 01:18:31,479
at the University of Arizona.

1895
01:18:31,758 --> 01:18:33,304
>> We're going to put a cap on you

1896
01:18:33,304 --> 01:18:35,542
that has 19 electrodes.

1897
01:18:35,542 --> 01:18:39,017
>> I did three experiments with John Edwards.

1898
01:18:39,017 --> 01:18:42,812
Each one more controlled than the next.

1899
01:18:42,812 --> 01:18:44,773
The most controlled of them involved fitting

1900
01:18:44,773 --> 01:18:47,763
the mediums and the volunteers with EEGs

1901
01:18:47,763 --> 01:18:51,222
on their heads and EKGs on their chests.

1902
01:18:51,222 --> 01:18:53,075
One of the ways to address the question,

1903
01:18:53,075 --> 01:18:56,307
is the medium reading the mind of the sitter

1904
01:18:56,307 --> 01:18:59,381
versus reading the mind of the deceased

1905
01:18:59,381 --> 01:19:03,504
is to record the brainwave activity and the

1906
01:19:03,504 --> 01:19:06,242
cardiac activity, the heart and brain,

1907
01:19:06,242 --> 01:19:08,822
of the medium and simultaneously record

1908
01:19:08,822 --> 01:19:11,419
the brain and the heart of the sitter.

1909
01:19:11,419 --> 01:19:13,925


1910
01:19:13,925 --> 01:19:15,501
>> The medium never meets the subject

1911
01:19:15,501 --> 01:19:18,298
and they sit separated by a screen.

1912
01:19:18,298 --> 01:19:20,571
John and the other mediums have to get

1913
01:19:20,571 --> 01:19:22,163
whatever information they can

1914
01:19:22,163 --> 01:19:24,662
about the subject's deceased loved ones.

1915
01:19:24,662 --> 01:19:25,576


1916
01:19:25,576 --> 01:19:27,075
>> I'm going to tell you what I'm seeing, hearing,

1917
01:19:27,075 --> 01:19:29,219
and feeling and basically ask you to confirm

1918
01:19:29,219 --> 01:19:31,318
and verify simply by yes's and no's.

1919
01:19:31,318 --> 01:19:31,741
>> OK.

1920
01:19:31,741 --> 01:19:33,410
>> OK, the first thing that's coming through is

1921
01:19:33,410 --> 01:19:34,479
they're telling me to talk to you about a male

1922
01:19:34,479 --> 01:19:35,409
figure to your side.

1923
01:19:35,409 --> 01:19:36,662
A male figure to your side would be

1924
01:19:36,662 --> 01:19:38,285
a husband or a brother who has crossed over.

1925
01:19:38,285 --> 01:19:39,154
Do you understand that?

1926
01:19:39,154 --> 01:19:39,930
>> Yes.

1927
01:19:39,930 --> 01:19:41,091
>> OK, actually there's two.

1928
01:19:41,091 --> 01:19:42,006
There's three.

1929
01:19:42,006 --> 01:19:43,598
There were a couple occasions that I sat

1930
01:19:43,598 --> 01:19:45,421
with people and got nothing.

1931
01:19:45,421 --> 01:19:47,929
You know, and like I got absolutely nothing.

1932
01:19:47,929 --> 01:19:49,490
So, and they'd be like why is that happening?

1933
01:19:49,490 --> 01:19:51,251
I'm like, I don't know.

1934
01:19:51,251 --> 01:19:52,566
I'm like maybe it's me.

1935
01:19:52,566 --> 01:19:53,589
I don't know.

1936
01:19:53,589 --> 01:19:55,135
So I got zeroes for that.

1937
01:19:55,135 --> 01:19:58,934
>> But sometimes John will get accurate information,

1938
01:19:58,934 --> 01:20:02,062
the sitter will either think he's wrong and later

1939
01:20:02,062 --> 01:20:05,395
discover he's correct, or the sitter won't know the

1940
01:20:05,395 --> 01:20:07,664
answer and they'll have to then contact some

1941
01:20:07,664 --> 01:20:09,533
of the family members and friends

1942
01:20:09,533 --> 01:20:12,074
and low and behold discover that it was correct.

1943
01:20:12,074 --> 01:20:14,375
And we found that in that experiment as well.

1944
01:20:14,375 --> 01:20:16,246


1945
01:20:16,246 --> 01:20:18,192
>> John's accuracy rate typically averaged

1946
01:20:18,192 --> 01:20:20,136
80-90%.

1947
01:20:21,705 --> 01:20:23,712
And the monitoring machinery showed his

1948
01:20:23,712 --> 01:20:26,247
brainwaves and heart rate were not mimicking

1949
01:20:26,247 --> 01:20:27,362
the subject's.

1950
01:20:27,362 --> 01:20:29,031


1951
01:20:29,031 --> 01:20:32,185
>> We discovered that John's heart actually went out

1952
01:20:32,185 --> 01:20:36,737
of sync with the sitter which implied, of course

1953
01:20:36,737 --> 01:20:39,282
that his attention was somewhere else.

1954
01:20:39,282 --> 01:20:40,428
>> They're also telling me to talk about the dog

1955
01:20:40,428 --> 01:20:41,958
that's named after a drink.

1956
01:20:41,958 --> 01:20:43,058
So, I don't know if there's like a -

1957
01:20:43,058 --> 01:20:44,173
>> My dog Jager.

1958
01:20:44,173 --> 01:20:44,657
>> Jager?

1959
01:20:44,657 --> 01:20:45,695
>> Yes!

1960
01:20:45,695 --> 01:20:47,916


1961
01:20:47,916 --> 01:20:49,539
>> By the way, apparently he needs a bath.

1962
01:20:49,539 --> 01:20:52,308
>> Yes, he smells right now, he does.

1963
01:20:52,308 --> 01:20:55,924
>> Based on the laboratory experiments

1964
01:20:55,924 --> 01:20:58,531
that I've done with John,

1965
01:20:58,531 --> 01:21:03,368
I am clearly led to the conclusion

1966
01:21:03,368 --> 01:21:06,931
that John is a real medium.

1967
01:21:06,931 --> 01:21:07,646


1968
01:21:07,646 --> 01:21:09,860
>> The so-called Afterlife Experiments

1969
01:21:09,860 --> 01:21:12,016
remain highly controversial within

1970
01:21:12,016 --> 01:21:13,608
the scientific community

1971
01:21:13,608 --> 01:21:15,952
in part, because they raise more questions

1972
01:21:15,952 --> 01:21:17,790
than they answer.

1973
01:21:17,790 --> 01:21:21,111
>> At the present time, scientifically, we don't

1974
01:21:21,111 --> 01:21:24,596
know how real mediums like John Edwards

1975
01:21:24,596 --> 01:21:26,909
do what they do.

1976
01:21:26,909 --> 01:21:29,575
The working hypothesis that we entertain

1977
01:21:29,575 --> 01:21:32,449
in our laboratory is that we all have energy.

1978
01:21:32,449 --> 01:21:36,117
This energy continues like the light from

1979
01:21:36,117 --> 01:21:37,278
distant stars.

1980
01:21:37,278 --> 01:21:39,116
And what John does and others do

1981
01:21:39,116 --> 01:21:41,149
is that their brains and consciousness

1982
01:21:41,149 --> 01:21:43,317
serve as an antenna and receiver

1983
01:21:43,332 --> 01:21:45,809
and what they do is they learn how to tune

1984
01:21:45,809 --> 01:21:48,230
into the signals that are present and keep

1985
01:21:48,230 --> 01:21:53,072
their noise low and then receive these subtle signals.

1986
01:21:53,072 --> 01:21:57,165
>> The concept of a connected fabric of reality

1987
01:21:57,165 --> 01:21:59,249
of which we are part of that,

1988
01:21:59,249 --> 01:22:00,241
by virtue of being here,

1989
01:22:00,241 --> 01:22:03,532
is similar to something like The Force from Star Wars.

1990
01:22:05,438 --> 01:22:08,834
Obi-Wan at some point suddenly feels a disturbance

1991
01:22:08,834 --> 01:22:11,263
in The Force when a planet is blown up.

1992
01:22:11,263 --> 01:22:13,803


1993
01:22:13,803 --> 01:22:16,988
And in a sense he's feeling ripples through this

1994
01:22:16,988 --> 01:22:20,411
space time medium that he's able to sense directly.

1995
01:22:21,933 --> 01:22:24,720
The phenomena that we call ESP,

1996
01:22:24,720 --> 01:22:28,125
probably operate on something like that.

1997
01:22:28,125 --> 01:22:29,638
>> Physics has a name for this

1998
01:22:29,638 --> 01:22:31,089
distant connectedness,

1999
01:22:31,089 --> 01:22:33,959
it's called the quantum entanglement.

2000
01:22:33,959 --> 01:22:36,215
At the moment it's just a theory being applied

2001
01:22:36,215 --> 01:22:38,819
to electrons and molecules.

2002
01:22:38,819 --> 01:22:42,026
Scientists don't know yet if it could apply to the brain.

2003
01:22:42,026 --> 01:22:43,234


2004
01:22:43,234 --> 01:22:45,134
But the breakthrough that confirms

2005
01:22:45,134 --> 01:22:47,516
extra sensory perception could come sooner

2006
01:22:47,516 --> 01:22:49,339
than we think.

2007
01:22:49,339 --> 01:22:50,639


2008
01:22:50,639 --> 01:22:52,754
>> It's always very difficult predict.

2009
01:22:52,754 --> 01:22:54,438
when such things happen.

2010
01:22:54,438 --> 01:22:56,495


2011
01:22:56,495 --> 01:22:59,105
I would guess maybe 20 years.

2012
01:22:59,105 --> 01:23:04,196
Sometime between tomorrow and 20 years.

2013
01:23:04,196 --> 01:23:06,713
>> The next two decades promise to unlock many

2014
01:23:06,713 --> 01:23:09,208
mysteries about the brain.

2015
01:23:09,208 --> 01:23:11,563
Neuroscientists are already working on smart

2016
01:23:11,563 --> 01:23:13,803
technologies that could change our lives

2017
01:23:13,803 --> 01:23:15,964
in ways we'd never imagine.

2018
01:23:15,964 --> 01:23:18,247


2019
01:23:18,247 --> 01:23:20,300
>> We will get to a point, I believe,

2020
01:23:20,300 --> 01:23:23,463
when there will be instantaneous communication

2021
01:23:23,463 --> 01:23:25,547
from the web to our brains.

2022
01:23:25,547 --> 01:23:26,662
That I'm sure.

2023
01:23:26,662 --> 01:23:31,146


2024
01:23:31,146 --> 01:23:34,081
>> What if we could supercharge our brains using

2025
01:23:34,081 --> 01:23:36,728
machines and take the next leap of evolution

2026
01:23:36,728 --> 01:23:38,612
within a single lifetime

2027
01:23:38,612 --> 01:23:41,155
instead of over many lifetimes?

2028
01:23:41,155 --> 01:23:42,808


2029
01:23:42,808 --> 01:23:45,155
Radical innovation is the goal of programs

2030
01:23:45,155 --> 01:23:47,901
being funded by the semi-secret DARPA,

2031
01:23:47,901 --> 01:23:51,306
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

2032
01:23:51,306 --> 01:23:53,348


2033
01:23:53,348 --> 01:23:56,935
Their mission is to be kind of the blue sky thinkers

2034
01:23:56,935 --> 01:24:01,167
of science for the National Security Establishment.

2035
01:24:01,167 --> 01:24:03,891
And they've produced some amazing technologies

2036
01:24:03,891 --> 01:24:05,221
that we take for granted.

2037
01:24:05,221 --> 01:24:06,874
Besides the Internet, the computer mouse,

2038
01:24:06,874 --> 01:24:08,758
and of course the Stealth Bomber.

2039
01:24:08,758 --> 01:24:10,811


2040
01:24:10,811 --> 01:24:12,480
They take some of the smartest scientists

2041
01:24:12,480 --> 01:24:16,040
in the country and they ask them to push

2042
01:24:16,040 --> 01:24:19,071
current science 30, 40 years into the future.

2043
01:24:19,071 --> 01:24:20,463
To take big leaps.

2044
01:24:21,708 --> 01:24:23,768
>> DARPA is funding one such leap

2045
01:24:23,768 --> 01:24:26,195
at Columbia University in New York.

2046
01:24:26,195 --> 01:24:27,371


2047
01:24:27,371 --> 01:24:30,130
Scientists there are developing a computer program

2048
01:24:30,130 --> 01:24:32,699
that helps the brain process visual information

2049
01:24:32,699 --> 01:24:35,223
at lightning speed.

2050
01:24:35,223 --> 01:24:36,989
>> In our modern society

2051
01:24:36,989 --> 01:24:38,859
we are bombarded with information.

2052
01:24:38,859 --> 01:24:41,303
Whether it's images from television,

2053
01:24:41,303 --> 01:24:43,018
images on the web,

2054
01:24:43,018 --> 01:24:46,204
from one's job and it's starting to be overwhelming.

2055
01:24:46,204 --> 01:24:48,435
And we need to figure which images we really

2056
01:24:48,435 --> 01:24:49,765
need to spend time looking at

2057
01:24:49,765 --> 01:24:51,864
and which we can ignore.

2058
01:24:51,864 --> 01:24:54,878
The idea behind Cortically-Coupled Computer Vision

2059
01:24:54,878 --> 01:24:57,267
is to create the best of both worlds.

2060
01:24:57,267 --> 01:24:59,482
The versatility of the human brain

2061
01:24:59,482 --> 01:25:02,343
enhanced by the speed of computer.

2062
01:25:02,343 --> 01:25:02,919


2063
01:25:02,919 --> 01:25:05,382
>> It's very hard to tell a computer vision system,

2064
01:25:05,382 --> 01:25:08,029
find something that's funny or out of the ordinary

2065
01:25:08,029 --> 01:25:09,159
or suspicious.

2066
01:25:09,159 --> 01:25:11,783
It's much easier to have a person do that.

2067
01:25:11,783 --> 01:25:14,097
Of course, computer vision systems are very fast

2068
01:25:14,097 --> 01:25:16,287
so the question is, how can we actually make the

2069
01:25:16,303 --> 01:25:18,971
human visual processor faster?

2070
01:25:18,971 --> 01:25:21,674
>> In this example, the images are aerial shots

2071
01:25:21,674 --> 01:25:23,650
of Seoul in South Korea.

2072
01:25:24,957 --> 01:25:26,903
The analyst is looking for helipads.

2073
01:25:26,903 --> 01:25:29,704


2074
01:25:29,704 --> 01:25:32,448
The old slow method would require a methodical

2075
01:25:32,448 --> 01:25:34,849
search of thousands of individual photos

2076
01:25:34,849 --> 01:25:36,949
before marking each helipad.

2077
01:25:36,949 --> 01:25:38,172


2078
01:25:38,172 --> 01:25:40,364
The new method involves the analyst wearing

2079
01:25:40,364 --> 01:25:42,016
an EEG cap.

2080
01:25:43,246 --> 01:25:45,826
Dozens of electrodes can now detect electrical

2081
01:25:45,826 --> 01:25:49,834
brain activity just below the surface of the skull.

2082
01:25:49,834 --> 01:25:52,460
In normal brain processing, the visual cortex

2083
01:25:52,460 --> 01:25:54,818
extracts detail from a scene.

2084
01:25:54,818 --> 01:25:57,622
Information is sent forward to the frontal lobes

2085
01:25:57,622 --> 01:25:59,649
for decision making.

2086
01:25:59,649 --> 01:26:02,072
Then the motor cortex generates a response;

2087
01:26:02,072 --> 01:26:05,372
the click of a mouse or the movement of the eyes.

2088
01:26:06,079 --> 01:26:08,566
The prototype program intercepts the signals,

2089
01:26:08,566 --> 01:26:11,563
filters out irrelevant brain activity,

2090
01:26:11,563 --> 01:26:14,828
and focuses on the subliminal "aha" moment

2091
01:26:14,828 --> 01:26:17,486
when the eyes spot a helipad.

2092
01:26:17,486 --> 01:26:20,548
In just a few seconds, the analyst can sift through

2093
01:26:20,548 --> 01:26:22,755
the thousands of images.

2094
01:26:22,755 --> 01:26:25,545
Although he may not be consciously aware of it,

2095
01:26:25,545 --> 01:26:28,482
his brain is remarkably accurate at identifying

2096
01:26:28,482 --> 01:26:30,873
the few shots that have helipads in them

2097
01:26:30,873 --> 01:26:32,865
so they can be marked up later.

2098
01:26:32,865 --> 01:26:33,779


2099
01:26:33,779 --> 01:26:36,210
So essentially we're going to tap into the signals

2100
01:26:36,210 --> 01:26:39,563
that are involved in deciding whether there is

2101
01:26:39,563 --> 01:26:42,279
something interesting and without having the subject

2102
01:26:42,279 --> 01:26:46,050
having to make a response, use that to now reorder

2103
01:26:46,050 --> 01:26:49,060
or resort image databases to improve search.

2104
01:26:49,060 --> 01:26:53,975


2105
01:26:53,975 --> 01:26:56,047
>> This boosted vision technology helps the

2106
01:26:56,047 --> 01:26:58,928
image analyst work up to four times faster.

2107
01:26:58,928 --> 01:27:01,055


2108
01:27:01,055 --> 01:27:03,311
It could be adapted to help fighter pilots

2109
01:27:03,311 --> 01:27:05,861
make better split second decisions

2110
01:27:05,861 --> 01:27:08,167
or to improve the sifting of surveillance footage

2111
01:27:08,167 --> 01:27:10,647
by police or security personnel.

2112
01:27:10,647 --> 01:27:13,543


2113
01:27:13,543 --> 01:27:15,612
And then there are possibilities beyond

2114
01:27:15,612 --> 01:27:17,527
defense and intelligence.

2115
01:27:17,527 --> 01:27:18,103


2116
01:27:18,103 --> 01:27:20,099
>> One potential application that is of interest

2117
01:27:20,099 --> 01:27:22,229
in which there's high-throughput of information

2118
01:27:22,229 --> 01:27:24,928
might been in the stock market or in trading.

2119
01:27:24,928 --> 01:27:28,160
Many times traders are assimilating this information

2120
01:27:28,160 --> 01:27:29,890
across different screens,

2121
01:27:29,890 --> 01:27:32,094
something might catch their eye but they can't

2122
01:27:32,094 --> 01:27:34,259
actually act on that at that moment.

2123
01:27:34,259 --> 01:27:36,938
So that information can be tagged that it grabbed

2124
01:27:36,938 --> 01:27:39,435
the interest of the trader and processed by

2125
01:27:39,435 --> 01:27:41,821
some other person down the line.

2126
01:27:41,821 --> 01:27:42,613


2127
01:27:42,613 --> 01:27:44,574
>> Medical research might be interested in these

2128
01:27:44,574 --> 01:27:46,166
devices, too.

2129
01:27:46,166 --> 01:27:48,230
And marketing teams could use them to record

2130
01:27:48,230 --> 01:27:50,037
people's first reaction to a product

2131
01:27:50,037 --> 01:27:52,198
or advertising campaign.

2132
01:27:52,198 --> 01:27:54,589
A video game company in California

2133
01:27:54,589 --> 01:27:57,166
is already ditching the joy stick in favor of

2134
01:27:57,166 --> 01:27:58,958
brain power.

2135
01:27:58,958 --> 01:28:01,611
A headset similar to an EEG picks up

2136
01:28:01,611 --> 01:28:04,179
electrical activity from the brain as well as

2137
01:28:04,179 --> 01:28:07,001
twitches from facial muscles.

2138
01:28:07,001 --> 01:28:08,870
The signals get translated into onscreen

2139
01:28:08,870 --> 01:28:10,354
commands.

2140
01:28:10,354 --> 01:28:11,915


2141
01:28:11,915 --> 01:28:14,392
Players raise rocks and vanquish villains

2142
01:28:14,392 --> 01:28:16,844
not with a click but with a thought.

2143
01:28:16,844 --> 01:28:20,325


2144
01:28:20,325 --> 01:28:22,409
The future potential for implanted

2145
01:28:22,409 --> 01:28:24,746
Personal Data Assistance or PDAs

2146
01:28:24,746 --> 01:28:27,176
is almost mind-boggling.

2147
01:28:28,145 --> 01:28:29,931
>> As we get older, we all worry about our

2148
01:28:29,931 --> 01:28:31,969
inability to remember names and faces.

2149
01:28:31,969 --> 01:28:34,088
We're going to find ways to compensate for that

2150
01:28:34,088 --> 01:28:37,380
loss of natural evolved memory revolving in the

2151
01:28:37,380 --> 01:28:38,941
direction where we will have devices

2152
01:28:38,941 --> 01:28:40,625
that will do that for us.

2153
01:28:40,625 --> 01:28:42,140
And I think ultimately we will have a Facebook

2154
01:28:42,140 --> 01:28:43,347
in our heads.

2155
01:28:43,347 --> 01:28:45,948
At that point, it's going to be pretty hard

2156
01:28:45,948 --> 01:28:49,827
to see where we end and the technology begins.

2157
01:28:49,827 --> 01:28:51,663


2158
01:28:51,663 --> 01:28:53,839
At Duke University in North Carolina,

2159
01:28:53,839 --> 01:28:57,668
neuroscientists are taking that next step already.

2160
01:28:57,668 --> 01:29:00,257
They've implanted electrodes into a monkey's brain

2161
01:29:00,257 --> 01:29:03,375
and isolated the brain signals for walking.

2162
01:29:03,375 --> 01:29:04,998


2163
01:29:04,998 --> 01:29:06,867
During one recent experiment,

2164
01:29:06,867 --> 01:29:09,129
a monkey paced on a treadmill while her brain

2165
01:29:09,129 --> 01:29:11,999
activity was sent via the Internet to Japan

2166
01:29:11,999 --> 01:29:14,484
to instantly control the walking of a five foot

2167
01:29:14,484 --> 01:29:16,276
humanoid robot.

2168
01:29:16,276 --> 01:29:17,986


2169
01:29:17,986 --> 01:29:19,762
The monkey got raisin treats for making

2170
01:29:19,762 --> 01:29:21,646
the robot walk.

2171
01:29:21,646 --> 01:29:24,461
Then her treadmill was switched off.

2172
01:29:24,461 --> 01:29:24,975


2173
01:29:24,975 --> 01:29:27,397
In her desire for more treats,

2174
01:29:27,397 --> 01:29:29,497
the monkey kept the robot walking

2175
01:29:29,497 --> 01:29:32,531
using only her thoughts.

2176
01:29:32,531 --> 01:29:34,200
And there's been a similar breakthrough

2177
01:29:34,200 --> 01:29:37,068
at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania.

2178
01:29:37,641 --> 01:29:40,558
Monkeys fitted with tiny sensors in their brains

2179
01:29:40,558 --> 01:29:42,853
have learned to control a mechanical arm

2180
01:29:42,853 --> 01:29:45,169
and use it to reach for snacks.

2181
01:29:45,169 --> 01:29:45,868


2182
01:29:45,868 --> 01:29:48,013
It will have tremendous applications for medicine,

2183
01:29:48,013 --> 01:29:49,959
for people who are amputees,

2184
01:29:49,959 --> 01:29:51,935
for people who are quadriplegic;

2185
01:29:51,935 --> 01:29:54,314
giving them the ability to move a robot

2186
01:29:54,314 --> 01:29:57,273
prosthetic arms and legs in ways that will allow

2187
01:29:57,273 --> 01:29:59,188
them to interact with their environments

2188
01:29:59,188 --> 01:30:02,073
which they have not been able to do before.

2189
01:30:02,073 --> 01:30:04,173
>> Could there be hope in the future for someone

2190
01:30:04,173 --> 01:30:07,012
like Clive Waring whose brain damage means

2191
01:30:07,012 --> 01:30:09,127
he can't process new memories?

2192
01:30:09,127 --> 01:30:10,980
>> I don't remember sitting down on this seat.

2193
01:30:10,980 --> 01:30:12,371
That was unknown to me.

2194
01:30:12,371 --> 01:30:12,547


2195
01:30:12,547 --> 01:30:15,035
>> There's work being done currently with rats

2196
01:30:15,035 --> 01:30:16,965
that might one day create a synthetic

2197
01:30:16,965 --> 01:30:19,191
hippocampus for humans.

2198
01:30:19,191 --> 01:30:20,798
>> If you could do that in theory,

2199
01:30:20,798 --> 01:30:23,655
you could actually introduce instantaneously

2200
01:30:23,655 --> 01:30:26,743
new memories as we do in computer chips

2201
01:30:26,743 --> 01:30:28,289
every day these days.

2202
01:30:28,289 --> 01:30:30,578
But what if instead of taking months and months

2203
01:30:30,578 --> 01:30:32,170
to learn a language we could download

2204
01:30:32,170 --> 01:30:34,485
a basic dictionary of a language?

2205
01:30:34,485 --> 01:30:36,308
Or what if having never been somewhere

2206
01:30:36,308 --> 01:30:39,106
instead of having to carry that tour guide

2207
01:30:39,106 --> 01:30:41,067
or book around, that clumsy book,

2208
01:30:41,067 --> 01:30:42,259
and stopping in the middle of the sidewalk

2209
01:30:42,259 --> 01:30:43,543
every few minutes to see where we were going,

2210
01:30:43,543 --> 01:30:46,566
we actually had a rudimentary map that had been

2211
01:30:46,566 --> 01:30:49,270
downloaded into our brains of that new city

2212
01:30:49,270 --> 01:30:50,877
that we're visiting or those monuments

2213
01:30:50,877 --> 01:30:51,977
that we're looking at?

2214
01:30:51,977 --> 01:30:54,981


2215
01:30:54,981 --> 01:30:57,417
>> Drugs are being developed for combat troops

2216
01:30:57,417 --> 01:30:59,024
that would allow them to stay awake

2217
01:30:59,024 --> 01:31:01,738
for two or three days with no ill effects.

2218
01:31:01,738 --> 01:31:02,653


2219
01:31:02,653 --> 01:31:04,905
A new class of chemicals called ampakines,

2220
01:31:04,905 --> 01:31:07,453
are thought to help the neurotransmitter glutamate

2221
01:31:07,453 --> 01:31:09,568
work better in a tired brain

2222
01:31:09,568 --> 01:31:13,184
and so improve memory, learning, and cognition.

2223
01:31:13,184 --> 01:31:14,591


2224
01:31:14,591 --> 01:31:16,640
These could eventually find their way into

2225
01:31:16,640 --> 01:31:18,537
everyday use.

2226
01:31:18,537 --> 01:31:20,452
>> Lack of sleep historically has meant that you are

2227
01:31:20,452 --> 01:31:22,105
inclined to make mistakes.

2228
01:31:22,105 --> 01:31:23,528
I think we're going to be able to resolve

2229
01:31:23,528 --> 01:31:24,335
that problem.

2230
01:31:24,335 --> 01:31:26,250
Shift workers, people that have to work all night

2231
01:31:26,250 --> 01:31:28,401
might be able to do without sleep and function

2232
01:31:28,401 --> 01:31:29,362
very well.

2233
01:31:29,362 --> 01:31:32,322
Students who are studying for exams,

2234
01:31:32,322 --> 01:31:34,579
people who have to travel across time zones

2235
01:31:34,579 --> 01:31:35,987
as part of their work.

2236
01:31:35,987 --> 01:31:37,410


2237
01:31:37,410 --> 01:31:40,238
>> In the near future, scientists expect to perfect

2238
01:31:40,238 --> 01:31:42,414
portable brain scanners.

2239
01:31:42,414 --> 01:31:45,180
Light-emitting diodes fitted in a headband

2240
01:31:45,180 --> 01:31:47,627
would bounce light into the frontal lobes

2241
01:31:47,627 --> 01:31:49,727
to detect brain activity.

2242
01:31:49,727 --> 01:31:50,488


2243
01:31:50,488 --> 01:31:52,234
That information would be fed into a unit

2244
01:31:52,234 --> 01:31:55,263
no bigger than a pack of playing cards.

2245
01:31:55,263 --> 01:31:58,832
Instead of lying motionless in a giant MRI machine,

2246
01:31:58,832 --> 01:32:01,395
wearers could discover what's going on in their

2247
01:32:01,395 --> 01:32:04,119
brains while, for example, playing sports.

2248
01:32:04,119 --> 01:32:08,178


2249
01:32:08,178 --> 01:32:10,355
>> We will be able to look into a super athlete's

2250
01:32:10,355 --> 01:32:14,060
brain like Federeror or Agasi or Tiger Woods

2251
01:32:14,060 --> 01:32:17,122
and see not that they're different anatomically

2252
01:32:17,122 --> 01:32:20,106
necessarily, but functionally they are different

2253
01:32:20,106 --> 01:32:22,481
in terms of how they process information.

2254
01:32:22,481 --> 01:32:24,842
The second application is that you can use this

2255
01:32:24,842 --> 01:32:27,936
new technology to help athletes perform better

2256
01:32:27,936 --> 01:32:29,940
or perform up to their capacity.

2257
01:32:29,940 --> 01:32:32,908
>> Imaging technology is still in its infancy.

2258
01:32:32,908 --> 01:32:35,651
In widespread use for less than 20 years,

2259
01:32:35,651 --> 01:32:38,523
compared with over 100 years for X-rays,

2260
01:32:38,523 --> 01:32:41,389
it's limited only by our imagination.

2261
01:32:41,389 --> 01:32:42,827
>> The pictures that we get of the brain right now

2262
01:32:42,827 --> 01:32:44,803
though there are several amazing technologies

2263
01:32:44,803 --> 01:32:47,194
are pretty gross, they're at a large level.

2264
01:32:47,194 --> 01:32:49,240
Now people are saying, wow it would be really

2265
01:32:49,240 --> 01:32:51,446
good if we could get a more granular,

2266
01:32:51,446 --> 01:32:54,800
more fine grained deeper images of the brain,

2267
01:32:54,800 --> 01:32:56,730
at the molecular level and I think that's the

2268
01:32:56,730 --> 01:32:59,022
next frontier for brain imaging.

2269
01:32:59,022 --> 01:33:01,820
>> For all that we have learned about the brain,

2270
01:33:01,820 --> 01:33:04,865
we still have so much to discover.

2271
01:33:04,865 --> 01:33:06,749
>> There are many unsolved questions that remain

2272
01:33:06,749 --> 01:33:09,033
about the brain and they're surprisingly

2273
01:33:09,033 --> 01:33:11,961
simple; how is memory actually stored and

2274
01:33:11,961 --> 01:33:13,645
how does it get reconstructed?

2275
01:33:13,645 --> 01:33:15,514
Why do brains sleep and dream?

2276
01:33:15,514 --> 01:33:17,275
What is intelligence?

2277
01:33:17,275 --> 01:33:19,375
Why do people have a variety of skills

2278
01:33:19,375 --> 01:33:20,521
and talents?

2279
01:33:20,521 --> 01:33:21,897
How do we perceive the world?

2280
01:33:21,897 --> 01:33:23,458
How does the brain represent time?

2281
01:33:23,458 --> 01:33:25,158
What is consciousness?

2282
01:33:25,158 --> 01:33:27,701
>> If we do manage to answer these questions,

2283
01:33:27,701 --> 01:33:30,412
over the course of perhaps one more lifetime,

2284
01:33:30,412 --> 01:33:32,450
what will this mean for the brain?

2285
01:33:32,450 --> 01:33:35,301
An organ that is so complicated and so often

2286
01:33:35,301 --> 01:33:37,914
driven by primitive instincts.

2287
01:33:37,914 --> 01:33:40,733
>> We evolved in a world very different than the

2288
01:33:40,733 --> 01:33:45,354
world we live in today so we have to adapt - now.

2289
01:33:45,354 --> 01:33:47,192
And this to me is the greatest mystery

2290
01:33:47,192 --> 99:59:59,999
of neuroscience right now-