[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.30,0:00:04.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This series is about perhaps\Nthe most powerful idea
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.42,0:00:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ever to occur to a human mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.50,0:00:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea is evolution\Nby natural selection.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.58,0:00:14.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the genius who thought\Nof it was Charles Darwin.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.06,0:00:19.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a biologist and Darwin\Nhas been an inspiration to me
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.02,0:00:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,throughout my whole career.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.06,0:00:25.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His masterpiece, On The Origin Of\NSpecies, was published 150 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.62,0:00:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it changed forever our view\Nof the world and our place in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.46,0:00:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Darwin achieved was nothing\Nless than a complete explanation
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.82,0:00:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the complexity\Nand diversity of all life.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.58,0:00:41.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And yet, it's one of the simplest\Nideas that anyone ever had.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.74,0:00:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this series,\NI want to persuade you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.74,0:00:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that evolution offers a far richer\Nand more spectacular view of life
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.30,0:00:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any religious story.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.70,0:00:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one reason why\NI don't believe in God.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.66,0:01:02.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to show you how Darwin opened\Nour eyes to the extraordinary reality
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.62,0:01:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of our world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.58,0:01:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this first programme, I'm going to\Ntell you who Charles Darwin was,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.86,0:01:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,explain how he discovered his\Ntheory of evolution, what it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.58,0:01:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why it matters.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.78,0:01:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the end, I hope to have convinced\Nyou of the truth
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.62,0:01:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that evolution is a fact,\Nbacked by undeniable evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.78,0:01:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to give you a glimpse\Nof the brutal elegance of the force
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.98,0:01:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, Darwin realised,\Ndrives evolution on...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.06,0:01:53.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..natural selection.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.86,0:02:15.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Charles Darwin\Nwas born 200 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.14,0:02:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sailors and explorers\Nwere sending home
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.06,0:02:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a dizzying array of specimens\Nlike these
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.06,0:02:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from all parts of Britain's\Ngrowing empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.26,0:02:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every animal was believed to have\Na unique place in God's creation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.98,0:02:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each made by God according to\Nhis perfect, unchanging design.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.82,0:02:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At school in Shrewsbury,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.54,0:02:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the young Charles Darwin was taught\Nthat God had created the Earth,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.26,0:02:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all this rich variety of life\Njust 6,000 years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.02,0:02:54.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, thanks to Darwin,\Nwe know differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.90,0:03:06.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even now, according to polls,\Nfour out of every ten British people
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.38,0:03:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prefer to cling to the old ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.94,0:03:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and believe that God\Ncreated our world
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.06,0:03:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every living creature in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.94,0:03:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's scandalous
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.46,0:03:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how little our children are taught\Nabout evolution at school.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.66,0:03:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A typical class gets\Njust a few hours
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.22,0:03:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to study one of the most\Nimportant ideas in science.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.26,0:03:32.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This lot got me.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.90,0:03:36.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I went to meet a science class\Nof 15 to 16-year-olds
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.54,0:03:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Park High School in London to\Ntry to open their eyes to Darwinism.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.18,0:03:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we need to find out\Nabout evolution?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.70,0:03:47.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do we need to find out\Nabout evolution?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.46,0:03:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it is the explanation\Nfor our existence and because
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.18,0:03:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it explains such a huge number\Nof facts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.30,0:03:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because everything we know\Nabout life is explained by it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.90,0:04:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe in my religion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.78,0:04:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so whenever I read about evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.66,0:04:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't understand it,\NI don't believe it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.14,0:04:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just, like, believe my religion.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.02,0:04:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, so you know what\Nyou believe when you start,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.74,0:04:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and any new book that says\Nanything different,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.26,0:04:15.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you don't read it?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.30,0:04:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if you've got evidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.86,0:04:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I just like...I've found\Na stronger evidence,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.58,0:04:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the Holy Book, so...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.26,0:04:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the reason you believe it
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.82,0:04:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because that's the one\Nyou were told first?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.26,0:04:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'I can see that a few hours\Nin the science lab is no match
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.58,0:04:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'for a lifetime of religious\Nindoctrination.'
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.18,0:04:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was brought up to believe it.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.86,0:04:38.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is that a good reason\Nto believe something?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.70,0:04:41.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, because I went to church\Nsince I was little.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.30,0:04:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, and it says it in the Bible.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.06,0:04:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes, but in the Hindu\Nsacred scriptures,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.38,0:04:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it says something different,\Ndoesn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.86,0:04:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, they're brought up\Nto believe that...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.22,0:04:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So everybody should believe\Nwhat they're brought up to believe
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.46,0:04:55.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though they contradict\Neach other?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.58,0:04:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can be made to believe\Nsomething in science, and then,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.58,0:05:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can be made to believe\Nsomething in religious studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.14,0:05:05.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's really up to you\Nwhat you believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.14,0:05:07.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't just say that...
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.66,0:05:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, look, I hate this phrase,\N"made to believe", that's awful,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.98,0:05:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I would hate anybody to think
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.90,0:05:15.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was trying to make\Nanybody believe anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.66,0:05:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm asking you to look\Nat the evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.82,0:05:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Perhaps you haven't got\Na full impression
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.34,0:05:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how strong the evidence\Nactually is.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.78,0:05:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody has seen evolution\Ntake place over a long period,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.94,0:05:28.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they've seen the after effects,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.90,0:05:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the after effects\Nare massively supported.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.50,0:05:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like a case in a court of law
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.50,0:05:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where nobody can stand up and say,\N"I saw the murder happen",
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.98,0:05:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but yet, you've got millions\Nand millions of pieces of evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.62,0:05:45.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which no reasonable person\Ncould possibly dispute.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.66,0:05:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's sort of the way it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.98,0:05:59.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'There's only one thing for it -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.02,0:06:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'I'm going to show them evidence -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.86,0:06:05.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'something they can touch with their\Nown hands, see with their own eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.90,0:06:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Later, we'll see if I can\Nmake them think again.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.90,0:06:15.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'When Charles Darwin was a teenager,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.06,0:06:17.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'he would have been\Nas much of a creationist
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.54,0:06:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'as some of these children.'
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.06,0:06:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin was born into a prosperous\NShropshire family in 1809.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.94,0:06:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His father was a doctor,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.34,0:06:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and keen that his son should\Nfollow in his scientific footsteps.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.82,0:06:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the adolescent Charles,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.46,0:06:37.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more interested in shooting and\Nfishing than academic prowess,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.06,0:06:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was contemplating an easy life\Nas a country parson.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.58,0:06:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Luckily for him, and for us,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.46,0:06:50.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had the opportunity to open\Nhis eyes to see the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.98,0:07:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1831, as a young man of 22,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.78,0:07:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's family connections got him\Na once-in-a-lifetime invitation -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.66,0:07:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a round-the-world voyage on\Nthe survey ship, HMS Beagle.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.58,0:07:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Over five years, Darwin collected\Nhundreds and hundreds of specimens
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.58,0:07:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to send back to the collections.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.42,0:07:24.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But increasingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.66,0:07:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he wasn't satisfied\Nwith just recording
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.18,0:07:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the animals and plants he saw.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.18,0:07:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was beginning to have doubts\Nabout the Biblical story
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.42,0:07:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how animals were created.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.46,0:07:41.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,While ashore, riding across\Nthe South American flatlands,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.34,0:07:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin amused himself
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.98,0:07:48.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by chasing after rheas -\Nshy, ostrich-like flightless birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.26,0:07:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was puzzled.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.38,0:07:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why had God bothered to create
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.30,0:07:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two very similar but slightly\Ndifferent types of rhea?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.50,0:08:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Had an original group\Nof rhea split in two,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.06,0:08:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and once separated,\Nstarted to develop in their own way?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.46,0:08:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The mystery deepened when Darwin\Nnoticed an even more marked effect -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.58,0:08:12.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.62,0:08:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was lucky enough to retread\NDarwin's footsteps
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.14,0:08:27.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Galapagos Islands last year.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.74,0:08:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, he began to wonder
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.14,0:08:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why God would have created\Ndistinctive kinds of tortoise,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.86,0:08:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,finch or iguana on more or less\Nidentical small islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.78,0:08:44.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were iguanas like these related\Nrather than separately created?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.58,0:08:49.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were they cousins of the similar but\Ndifferent iguanas on nearby islands?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.94,0:08:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This pattern of relationships
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.06,0:08:59.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became even more intriguing\Nwhen Darwin encountered fossils.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.82,0:09:01.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The evidence of fossils
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.62,0:09:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would help Darwin develop a theory\Nof life on Earth
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.26,0:09:08.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far more wonderful and more moving
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.02,0:09:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any religious story of creation.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.80,0:09:29.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This team of American scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.44,0:09:33.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has uncovered the remains of\Ntwo-million-year-old ground sloths.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.28,0:09:36.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I'm joining the dig
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.60,0:09:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was fossils like these
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.60,0:09:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that made a huge impression\Non the young Charles Darwin
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.80,0:09:43.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during his voyage on HMS Beagle.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.16,0:09:49.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To Darwin, they looked like ancient,\Ngiant versions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.68,0:09:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of animals he saw around him.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.72,0:09:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(MAN) The ground sloths flourished
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.92,0:09:57.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for millions of years,\Nand were quite successful.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.68,0:10:00.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- They were huge, weren't they?\N- Some of them were.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.40,0:10:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were bear-sized, up to...almost\Nrivalling mammoths and mastodons,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.40,0:10:10.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to six metres in height when\Nthey reared up onto their hind legs.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.24,0:10:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(DAWKINS) What struck Darwin was\Nhow, apart from their enormous size,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.28,0:10:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fossils closely resembled\Nin every other detail
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.24,0:10:22.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the skeletons of modern sloths\Nliving nearby.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.56,0:10:28.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(MAN) You can see similarities in the\Ndetails of their teeth,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.48,0:10:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,peculiar features that they share\Nwith modern armadillos,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.48,0:10:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,modern tree sloths\Nand modern anteaters.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.16,0:10:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can infer that they are\Nrelated to these animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.12,0:10:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(DAWKINS) The discovery of fossils\Nwas a huge challenge
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.80,0:10:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the religious orthodoxy\Nof Darwin's youth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.44,0:10:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What were these animals?\NWhen had they lived?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.80,0:10:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And why didn't they exist any more?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.68,0:11:00.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some suggested that fossils were just\NGod playfully ornamenting his world.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.36,0:11:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others claimed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.12,0:11:05.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were the bones of sinners\Ndrowned in Noah's flood.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.48,0:11:09.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Darwin was one of the first\Nscientists
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.68,0:11:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to correctly identify them as\Nlong-dead species of animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.00,0:11:19.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was starting to grasp that\Nthe Earth might be a lot older
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.76,0:11:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the Bible led us to believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.60,0:11:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And how had he realised this?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.04,0:11:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through a fascination with geology.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.28,0:11:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the voyage of the Beagle,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.28,0:11:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin had had time to immerse\Nhimself
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.68,0:11:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the pioneering work\Nof Charles Lyell.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.64,0:11:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lyell argued that the landscape\Nwe saw around us was formed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.80,0:11:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the slow action of vast forces,\Nnot thousands,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.36,0:11:57.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but millions of years of gradual\Nchange.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.24,0:12:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, if the Earth was shaped\Nand reshaped
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.84,0:12:07.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over an immense period of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.08,0:12:10.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was there room,\NDarwin began to wonder,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.04,0:12:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for life to undergo slow changes\Nas well?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.88,0:12:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know how old these rocks are?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.72,0:12:24.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're about 200 million years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.28,0:12:27.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in the 19th century,\Nlots and lots of people
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.08,0:12:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came here to look for fossils.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.00,0:12:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And some of the most famous\Nfossils have been found here.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.92,0:12:37.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'I'm taking the science class\NI met earlier to the beach.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.76,0:12:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Many of these teenagers\Nhave been brought up
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.32,0:12:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'to mistrust the idea of evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.36,0:12:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'I'm hoping they'll find a small\Nfragment of the kind of evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.76,0:12:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'that made Charles Darwin\Nthink again.'
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.64,0:13:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know what our ancestors\Nwere like 200 million years ago?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.92,0:13:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- They weren't...\N- They were around,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.92,0:13:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they wouldn't have been here
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.44,0:13:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because this would have been\Nthe bottom of the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.08,0:13:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They would have been kind of like\Nshrews, little whiskery, twitchy...
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.68,0:13:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems to be like a dream,\Nbut it's real.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.84,0:13:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah, yes, it does, doesn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.76,0:13:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is all sedimentary rock,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.40,0:13:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning it's laid down at the bottom\Nof the sea, mud coming down,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.28,0:13:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,layer after layer after layer -\Nthat's what fossils are.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.96,0:13:44.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'On a beach like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.24,0:13:47.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'the pounding sea gradually\Nexposes different layers of rock
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.80,0:13:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'and within them, hidden treasure -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.28,0:13:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'a history of past life on Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.44,0:13:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'So, each layer you go down to,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.72,0:13:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'you find a completely\Ndifferent set of animals.'
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.44,0:14:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you look at the animals\Nthat you find, and plants,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.40,0:14:04.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the great span of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.64,0:14:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you find that they form\Na kind of ordered sequence,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.44,0:14:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you find fish,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.60,0:14:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,400 million years ago,\Nbut you find no mammals at all
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.80,0:14:16.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,400 million years ago.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.28,0:14:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fish gradually changed into\Namphibians, changed into reptiles,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.56,0:14:23.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reptiles changed into birds,\Nchanged into mammals.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.28,0:14:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you find that?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.44,0:14:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- Yes.\N- Oh, that's terrific.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.16,0:14:36.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's really great. Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.68,0:14:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a beautiful ammonite.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.68,0:14:45.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's really beautiful. Well done\Nfor finding that. That's wonderful.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:48.00,0:14:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'The fossil hunt has been a success.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.84,0:14:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Like Darwin, these teenagers\Nhave been brought face to face
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.20,0:14:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'with some tangible remnants\Nof evolution.'
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.56,0:15:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The evidence Darwin had seen with his\Nown eyes on the voyage of the Beagle
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.84,0:15:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seeded huge heretical\Nquestions in his mind.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.92,0:15:15.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And once he started thinking,\Nhe couldn't stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.24,0:15:18.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin, once\Nan easily distracted student,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.28,0:15:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,returned from the voyage\Nof the Beagle
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.96,0:15:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a determined, even\Nobsessive research scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.84,0:15:30.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The trip had changed him and it was\Nsoon to change the world forever.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.12,0:15:53.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in London in the late 1830s,\Nthe specimens he'd collected
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.68,0:15:58.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his reporting of the voyage\Nmade Darwin a scientific celebrity.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.92,0:16:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even more importantly,\Nwhile cataloguing his finds,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:02.60,0:16:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin realised that\Nlife forms weren't fixed.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.08,0:16:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had changed over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.80,0:16:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They must have evolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.08,0:16:16.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, he wanted to pull together\Nall the evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.64,0:16:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to understand how and why\Nthis had happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.04,0:16:27.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It took Darwin 20 years of research,\Non and off, to develop the ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.88,0:16:31.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would eventually be set out in\NThe Origin Of Species.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.88,0:16:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wanted to be fully certain\Nof his facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.28,0:16:35.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BIRDS TWITTER
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.76,0:16:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hard graft was done here\Nat Darwin's home,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.68,0:16:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Down House in Kent.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.08,0:16:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Long before the days\Nof the internet, of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.08,0:16:53.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin drew upon\Nthe collective knowledge
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.60,0:16:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an entire generation of\Nnaturalists all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.68,0:17:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He sent out thousands of letters\Nasking for data,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.96,0:17:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,posing questions,\Ntrying out theories.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:11.20,0:17:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And back the letters flowed
Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.12,0:17:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from all around the world into\NDown House, a river of information.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.00,0:17:24.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin studied the detail\Nof how different mammals
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.12,0:17:26.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,share remarkably similar skeletons.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:26.64,0:17:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Their limbs have the same\Nbones in the same order,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:30.44,0:17:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just reshaped and resized\Nto suit different ways of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:34.52,0:17:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was drawn to the similarity\Nof early embryo development
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.96,0:17:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in very different types of animals -
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.08,0:17:43.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fish, birds, reptiles.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.64,0:17:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Increasingly, he became convinced
Dialogue: 0,0:17:48.00,0:17:52.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that every living thing\Nmust be related to every other.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.52,0:17:57.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin began to see the history\Nof life as a vast family tree.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.00,0:18:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life began millions of years ago\Nat the base of the tree,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.16,0:18:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as time went by,\Nour ancestors evolved,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.36,0:18:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,split off and multiplied along\Nbranches
Dialogue: 0,0:18:06.52,0:18:09.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until now,\Nevery species on the planet
Dialogue: 0,0:18:09.24,0:18:11.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a twig at the end of a branch -
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.48,0:18:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all are related, all cousins.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.28,0:18:25.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life had evolved from single cells\Ninto complex sophisticated beings.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.16,0:18:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It may seem like a huge leap,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:28.04,0:18:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Darwin realised it had\Nbeen achieved by small steps
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.28,0:18:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over a vast span of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:34.36,0:18:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He grasped the immense age\Nof the Earth.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.24,0:18:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin believed the world was\Nhundreds of millions of years old.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:45.64,0:18:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, we know it's\Nover four billion years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.92,0:18:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the life we can\Nactually see around us
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.52,0:18:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has existed for an insignificant\Nblink of that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:57.76,0:19:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's wife Emma used to play\Nto him on the piano
Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.28,0:19:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in this very room,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.60,0:19:04.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Darwin would lie\Non the sofa and listen.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:04.96,0:19:07.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not clear how much\Nhe got out of it, though,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:07.24,0:19:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was once said of him
Dialogue: 0,0:19:08.84,0:19:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was so tone deaf that people\Nhad to nudge him to stand up
Dialogue: 0,0:19:11.96,0:19:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were playing\NGod Save The Queen.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.76,0:19:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want to use this piano
Dialogue: 0,0:19:17.00,0:19:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to illustrate\Nthe vastness of geological time,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:19.48,0:19:21.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet how comparatively\Nlittle of it
Dialogue: 0,0:19:21.52,0:19:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is occupied by those animals and\Nplants that we know anything about.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:25.20,0:19:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we have the origin of life at\Nthe bottom of the piano there,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:29.60,0:19:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and recent times at the top,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.20,0:19:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I find it astonishing
Dialogue: 0,0:19:34.68,0:19:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have nothing\Nbut bacteria all the way up here,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:38.20,0:19:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,past middle C,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:41.44,0:19:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way up to about here,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:43.04,0:19:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when more complicated cells\Nthan bacteria first evolve.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:48.44,0:19:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we get\Nthe first mini-celled animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:51.80,0:19:53.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first large animals\Nsomewhere here,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:53.96,0:19:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fish start around here,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:56.00,0:20:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the dinosaurs don't come in\Nuntil about here,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:00.12,0:20:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, the extinction\Nof the dinosaurs around here.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:03.40,0:20:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About here, the apes and monkeys,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.40,0:20:10.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the whole of human history
Dialogue: 0,0:20:10.60,0:20:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would occupy a space less than\Nthe width of one piano STRING
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.04,0:20:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right at the top of the keyboard.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:20.72,0:20:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life had evolved over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.92,0:20:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how had this happened?\NWhy hadn't creatures stayed the same?
Dialogue: 0,0:20:29.04,0:20:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,WINGS FLAP, PIGEONS COO
Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.60,0:20:36.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin wasn't just\Nan abstract theorist,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.00,0:20:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he like to get his hands dirty,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:37.80,0:20:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,testing his ideas,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:39.92,0:20:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the 1850s, he became\Nfascinated by pigeons,
Dialogue: 0,0:20:43.48,0:20:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by how man had remoulded\Nthe wild rock dove
Dialogue: 0,0:20:47.48,0:20:50.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into a rich variety of forms.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:53.56,0:20:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's bird specimens\Nare now stored
Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.16,0:20:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Natural History Museum\Nat Tring.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:00.36,0:21:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a very weird feeling,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.80,0:21:05.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are actually\NDarwin's own specimens.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:05.92,0:21:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I see from Darwin's own label here\Nthat this is a blue owl pigeon.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:11.20,0:21:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tumblers are characterised by\Nthis curious tumbling behaviour
Dialogue: 0,0:21:14.80,0:21:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they show, sort of\Nfalling through the sky.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:17.44,0:21:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one has been relabelled,\Nit is a Darwin specimen.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.36,0:21:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This one actually has\NDarwin's original label here.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:27.08,0:21:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin realised that, for centuries,\Nthrough small steps, pigeon breeders
Dialogue: 0,0:21:31.32,0:21:33.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been in the business of\Nevolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:33.76,0:21:37.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here was life in constant flux.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.12,0:21:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the big things\NDarwin had to fight against
Dialogue: 0,0:21:40.24,0:21:42.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was the feeling that people had
Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.00,0:21:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that species were species and they\Nnever changed into anything else.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.80,0:21:49.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Artificial selection on dogs,\Npigeons, cabbages,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:49.04,0:21:53.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was a beautiful illustration for\NDarwin of how plastic things were,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:53.24,0:21:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could pull them, it was\Nlike modelling clay, almost -
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.40,0:21:58.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could take a wild animal\Nand pull bits out,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:58.84,0:22:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,press other bits in, enlarge bits.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:00.76,0:22:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was showing that there's\Nnothing static about species.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:05.60,0:22:07.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Species can change.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:11.88,0:22:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in his 40s, Darwin\Nbecame a pigeon fancier.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:15.80,0:22:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He kept some 90 birds of 16 types,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.64,0:22:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,devoured books on breeding\Nand attended numerous pigeon shows.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.32,0:22:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What excited Darwin was the powerful\Ncomparison that could be drawn
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.08,0:22:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between domestic breeding\Nand what he'd observed of nature
Dialogue: 0,0:22:31.48,0:22:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,acting on wild animals
Dialogue: 0,0:22:33.60,0:22:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the finches he'd\Ncollected in Galapagos.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:36.20,0:22:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the pigeon's case,\Nit's artificial selection,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:39.84,0:22:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's human breeders using their eye\Nto choose -
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.36,0:22:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think I'll breed from that one,\NI want the beak longer, or shorter,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:45.60,0:22:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I want the plumage\Nto be whiter or fluffier.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:48.44,0:22:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, breed from the one that\Nhas the quality you want,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:51.76,0:22:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, after surprisingly few\Ngenerations, you can produce
Dialogue: 0,0:22:55.56,0:22:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a change in the breed. In nature,\Nit's not like that, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:59.72,0:23:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody comes along and says,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.32,0:23:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I want one that has\Na great big, thick beak."
Dialogue: 0,0:23:03.80,0:23:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nevertheless, given that\Nthere are tough seeds
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.12,0:23:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that only a thick beak can crack,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:10.20,0:23:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural selection favours\Nthose individual birds
Dialogue: 0,0:23:13.60,0:23:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that succeed\Nin cracking the seeds,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:16.04,0:23:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until you end up with this sort of\Nclimax beak, which is really huge,
Dialogue: 0,0:23:20.68,0:23:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the product of tens of thousands\Nof generations of...
Dialogue: 0,0:23:24.72,0:23:29.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural selection breeding for\Nability to open tough seeds.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:31.88,0:23:33.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,BARKING
Dialogue: 0,0:23:33.48,0:23:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Man had utterly transformed\Nmany animals and plants
Dialogue: 0,0:23:36.80,0:23:39.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by selecting for particular\Ncharacteristics
Dialogue: 0,0:23:39.56,0:23:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over and over again.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:43.20,0:23:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature was also doing this.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:45.60,0:23:49.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how could nature make\Nspecific choices, as humans could?
Dialogue: 0,0:23:51.24,0:23:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's answer would\Ncome in understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:23:53.92,0:23:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly what nature is.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.70,0:24:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,150 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:17.74,0:24:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Darwin's work revolutionised\Nthe way we understand our world.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:22.42,0:24:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For 20 years, he had pieced together\Nevidence that proved the fact of\Nevolution
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.46,0:24:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and developed a theory\Nof how nature, not God,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:30.54,0:24:35.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,selects life in a similar way\Nto humans breeding pigeons.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:36.94,0:24:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does nature select?
Dialogue: 0,0:24:39.26,0:24:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the cruellest way.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:41.86,0:24:46.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, much of the world is\Ncontrolled and cultivated by man,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:46.02,0:24:50.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are still a few remote\Nplaces red in tooth and claw.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:50.82,0:24:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've come to Kenya, where I was born.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:54.34,0:24:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's one of the wilder places on\NEarth,
Dialogue: 0,0:24:57.02,0:25:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the full force of natural\Nselection can still be seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:02.38,0:25:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As night falls, it's kill, or be\Nkilled.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:05.26,0:25:07.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ANIMALS GRUNT
Dialogue: 0,0:25:09.58,0:25:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The total amount of suffering\Nin the natural world
Dialogue: 0,0:25:13.34,0:25:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is beyond all decent contemplation.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:15.78,0:25:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the minute that it takes me to\Nsay these words,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.14,0:25:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of animals are running for\Ntheir lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:21.74,0:25:26.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whimpering with fear, feeling teeth\Nsink into their throats.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:27.54,0:25:30.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thousands are dying from starvation\Nor disease
Dialogue: 0,0:25:30.62,0:25:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or feeling a parasite rasping away\Nfrom within.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.54,0:25:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There is no central authority, no\Nsafety net.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:39.10,0:25:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For most animals, the reality of life\Nis struggling, suffering, and death.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:00.74,0:26:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For Darwin, grappling with nature's\Nhorrors must have been a huge\Nchallenge.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:06.82,0:26:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a young man,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.34,0:26:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had wanted to become\Na country parson.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:11.82,0:26:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had believed in an orderly\Nand harmonious animal kingdom.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:17.22,0:26:20.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, he contemplated\Nthe brutal reality of nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:20.38,0:26:25.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's brilliance was to connect\Nwhat he was seeing
Dialogue: 0,0:26:25.74,0:26:31.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with an idea from a completely\Ndifferent discipline - economics.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:31.14,0:26:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thomas Malthus had written\Na popular influential diatribe
Dialogue: 0,0:26:35.90,0:26:39.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the perils of population growth\Nin early industrial Britain,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.74,0:26:45.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how this would inevitably be\Nstopped by food shortage and disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:49.34,0:26:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin seized upon Malthus's warning\Nabout a human struggle for resources,
Dialogue: 0,0:26:54.22,0:26:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he applied it\Nto what was happening in nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.98,0:27:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As more individuals are produced\Nthan can possibly survive,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.42,0:27:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there must in every case\Nbe a struggle for existence.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:10.70,0:27:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature is an arena of pressure.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.90,0:27:14.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of every individual born,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.38,0:27:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the chance of it surviving to\Nreproduce the next generation\Nis very, very small.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.62,0:27:20.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most animals die young.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:23.10,0:27:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next step for Darwin\Nwas to realise this -
Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.82,0:27:29.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what makes the difference\Nbetween success and failure
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.90,0:27:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the struggle for existence\Nisn't just chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:33.78,0:27:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All living things vary,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.70,0:27:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if only slightly.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:42.30,0:27:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin realised this was the key,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:44.94,0:27:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a tiny variation - sharper teeth\Nor faster legs, keener eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.86,0:27:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better camouflage, better sense of\Nsmell can make a crucial difference
Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.86,0:27:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an animals chances of survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.98,0:28:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If an animal survives,\Nit is more likely to reproduce
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.26,0:28:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and crucially, pass those variations\Non to its offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:13.42,0:28:18.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nature's struggle for existence means\Nthat organisms with helpful\Nvariations
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.06,0:28:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tend on average to survive\Nand reproduce.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:23.74,0:28:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those without die without offspring.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:29.54,0:28:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The race is survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:31.66,0:28:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The finishing line is reproduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.02,0:28:41.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what Darwin defined\Nas natural selection...
Dialogue: 0,0:28:43.62,0:28:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..the key to evolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:57.90,0:29:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Natural selection is daily and\Nhourly scrutinising throughout\Nthe world
Dialogue: 0,0:29:02.70,0:29:04.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"every variation, even the slightest,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.86,0:29:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"rejecting that which is bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:06.58,0:29:08.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"preserving and adding up\Nall that is good,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.94,0:29:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"silently and insensibly working.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.22,0:29:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We see nothing of these\Nslow changes in progress,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.02,0:29:19.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"until the hand of time\Nhas marked the lapse of ages."
Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.10,0:29:27.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gradually, very gradually, as\Nsuccessful variations are inherited,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:27.82,0:29:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural selection sculpts life\Ninto different shapes,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:31.06,0:29:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,better and better adapted to eke\Nresources out of their\Nparticular surroundings.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:36.42,0:29:40.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Longer necks are favoured\Nto feed from tall trees.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:40.54,0:29:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thinner fur for warmer climates.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.58,0:29:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Life forms become ever more\Nspecialised.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:48.38,0:29:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if separated from their\Nancestral group by geography,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:52.18,0:29:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a forest or desert, on an island,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:55.02,0:30:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can specialise to such an extent\Nthat they no longer breed\Nsuccessfully
Dialogue: 0,0:30:00.54,0:30:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with that ancestral group.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.42,0:30:05.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are then classified\Nas a distinct species.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.94,0:30:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the origin of species.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.74,0:30:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But evolution doesn't stop there.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:20.42,0:30:26.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These species are then themselves\Nhoned by the presence of other\Nspecies.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:29.10,0:30:32.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The environment in the form of lions\Nis getting systematically worse
Dialogue: 0,0:30:32.82,0:30:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the point of view of a zebra.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:35.66,0:30:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And from the point of view of a lion,\Nzebras are getting systematically\Nworse,
Dialogue: 0,0:30:39.70,0:30:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're getting better at\Nrunning away.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.86,0:30:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Predators are getting better\Nat catching prey.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:44.46,0:30:48.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prey are getting better\Nat escaping from predators.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:48.78,0:30:51.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a kind of escalation,\Nit's an arms race.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:59.10,0:31:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arms races account for\Nthe spectacularly advanced
Dialogue: 0,0:31:02.58,0:31:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,engineering of life -
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.34,0:31:07.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,camouflage systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:07.06,0:31:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,camera lens eyes, venomous stings.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:14.22,0:31:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arms races can be seen\Nin unexpected places.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:17.78,0:31:22.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mankind is certainly not immune\Nto the nightmare Darwin called,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:22.46,0:31:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"the war of nature."
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.26,0:31:28.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We humans are currently\Nin a battle with viruses.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.22,0:31:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's being fought all round\Nour world.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:38.14,0:31:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, in the slums of Nairobi,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.42,0:31:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural selection acts\Nthrough a virulent disease
Dialogue: 0,0:31:44.22,0:31:47.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cutting through the population.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:47.02,0:31:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nairobi's prostitutes have,\Non average,\Nseven to ten clients per day
Dialogue: 0,0:31:52.34,0:31:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a high prevalence of\NHIV which causes AIDS.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:57.86,0:32:01.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But genetic researchers have\Nfound that some lucky individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:32:01.42,0:32:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a weapon in the arms race with\NHIV...
Dialogue: 0,0:32:04.34,0:32:06.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Salome?\NYeah. >
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.02,0:32:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are you?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.86,0:32:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Richard.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:07.90,0:32:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'..a remarkable resistance to the\Nvirus.'
Dialogue: 0,0:32:11.50,0:32:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can I ask, how long have\Nyou been a sex worker?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:19.42,0:32:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,25 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:21.26,0:32:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And during that time,\Nhave you lost many friends to AIDS?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.34,0:32:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have lost\Nmany friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:31.62,0:32:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many friends?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.98,0:32:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When did you first discover\Nthat you are resistant to HIV?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:43.42,0:32:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She knew for a long time,
Dialogue: 0,0:32:45.90,0:32:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but she actually believed\Ncompletely in 1990
Dialogue: 0,0:32:49.46,0:32:52.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she was resistant.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:52.42,0:32:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She feels God has been good\Nto her and she's the lucky one.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:55.34,0:32:56.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.38,0:33:04.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not God at work here in\Nall this squalor and suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:04.82,0:33:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not luck either.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:07.70,0:33:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Canadian scientist, Larry Gelmon,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:10.86,0:33:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has studied the odds of survival.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:13.30,0:33:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We knew the prevalence of HIV
Dialogue: 0,0:33:16.30,0:33:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the sex worker population,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:18.38,0:33:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we knew the prevalence in\Nthe clients they were dealing with,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:21.98,0:33:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we knew how often they were\Nhaving sex with these people,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:25.50,0:33:29.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was a mathematical\Nimpossibility that\Nthey should have been sex workers
Dialogue: 0,0:33:29.50,0:33:32.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for as long as they have with\Nthe number of contacts they had,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:32.66,0:33:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not become HIV infected.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:34.30,0:33:37.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The resistance\Nthese women have
Dialogue: 0,0:33:37.26,0:33:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems to be a variation that can be\Npassed on to their children.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.62,0:33:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of the women\Nare related to each other familially,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:46.38,0:33:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we also think there is some factor\Nin their blood, in their cells
Dialogue: 0,0:33:51.38,0:33:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is probably genetically\Ntransmitted.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:54.34,0:33:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(DAWKINS) I suppose if we\Ncame back in 1,000 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:57.42,0:34:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might expect to see\Na major shift in the frequency
Dialogue: 0,0:34:00.74,0:34:03.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these genes in the population?
Dialogue: 0,0:34:03.62,0:34:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(GELMON) Yes, I think in any epidemic\Nsituation, those people who are
Dialogue: 0,0:34:07.58,0:34:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very vulnerable and susceptible\Nwill get sick and die.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:10.54,0:34:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those people who are going to\Nsurvive are going\Nto have some kind of resistance
Dialogue: 0,0:34:14.70,0:34:17.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which they'll transmit on\Nto their descendants.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:28.86,0:34:33.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as Europeans today are\Ndescendents of those who\Nhad the genes
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.62,0:34:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to survive the plague,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:35.14,0:34:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if Africa's AIDS epidemic\Ntook its course,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.58,0:34:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,natural selection would favour\Ndescendents\Nof women with resistance to HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:51.38,0:34:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the unstoppable force of\Nnatural selection\Nfirst revealed by Darwin,
Dialogue: 0,0:34:56.90,0:34:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now observed by modern science.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:08.38,0:35:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in England at Down House,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:10.98,0:35:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now 20 years after his\Nvoyage on the Beagle,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:13.54,0:35:18.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin had worked out the answers\Nto the biggest questions ever asked.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:20.42,0:35:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was strangely reluctant\Nto go public with his idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:24.82,0:35:29.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin himself said that he'd\Nbecome a kind of machine
Dialogue: 0,0:35:29.94,0:35:33.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for grinding theories out of\Nhuge assemblages of facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:33.70,0:35:36.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that wasn't really\Nwhat it was like at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:36.42,0:35:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was an extraordinarily\Nimaginative, deep thinker.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.70,0:35:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had a prodigiously\Ncurious mind as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:43.98,0:35:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was drawn to facts\Nthat didn't fit.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:47.18,0:35:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He once said,\N"I cannot bear to be beaten."
Dialogue: 0,0:35:55.42,0:36:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin's theory explained how\Nthe diversity of life from the planet
Dialogue: 0,0:36:00.66,0:36:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had evolved spontaneously\Nwithout interference from any god.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:05.54,0:36:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was acutely aware\Nof how upsetting
Dialogue: 0,0:36:08.34,0:36:12.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this flat contradiction of\Nthe religious story would be.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:12.14,0:36:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He hesitated to publish.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:18.10,0:36:22.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, in June 1858,\NDarwin received a letter
Dialogue: 0,0:36:22.02,0:36:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a naturalist travelling in the\NFar East, Alfred Russel Wallace,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:26.42,0:36:28.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which set our similar ideas.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:28.38,0:36:32.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin was in despair about\Nbeing scooped.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:32.50,0:36:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was even ready to drop\Nhis life's work.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:35.98,0:36:40.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was persuaded by\NCharles Lyell and others
Dialogue: 0,0:36:40.22,0:36:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to present his unpublished work\Nalongside Wallace's notes,
Dialogue: 0,0:36:43.98,0:36:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then complete his masterpiece\Nfor publication.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:48.50,0:36:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've come to meet Randal Keynes,\NDarwin's great-great-grandson
Dialogue: 0,0:36:53.98,0:36:56.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to try to understand\NDarwin's frame of mind
Dialogue: 0,0:36:56.74,0:36:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as he finished his book.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:59.18,0:37:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a book about\Ngeology by Mr Greenough.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:03.26,0:37:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has this wonderful inscription -
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.46,0:37:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Charles Darwin, Buenos Aires,\NOctober 1832."
Dialogue: 0,0:37:09.34,0:37:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he's on the Beagle,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.38,0:37:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really getting into\Nhis stride as a geologist.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:15.26,0:37:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a scrapbook,\Na children's scrapbook
Dialogue: 0,0:37:17.82,0:37:20.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that belonged to Darwin's daughter\NAnnie.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:20.82,0:37:23.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'Darwin was\Nno aggressive polemicist.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.78,0:37:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'He didn't take to the stage\Nto publicise his work,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:26.74,0:37:30.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'but sought to influence leading\Nthinkers behind the scenes,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.78,0:37:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'by sending them proof copies of the\Nbook with apologetic letters\Nattached.'
Dialogue: 0,0:37:36.58,0:37:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would write things like,\N"This vile rag of a theory of mine."
Dialogue: 0,0:37:40.06,0:37:45.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was that genuine modesty or was there\Nan element of false modesty about it?
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.34,0:37:50.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was entirely real, um, and this is\Na very strange point about him.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:50.22,0:37:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through the years when he was\Nsteeling himself for publication,
Dialogue: 0,0:37:55.82,0:38:02.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,um, he was, at different times,\Nenormously confident in it,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:02.74,0:38:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at other times,\Nhe was utterly uncertain.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:07.26,0:38:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had a deep fear, I think,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:11.86,0:38:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that one species would be discovered
Dialogue: 0,0:38:15.34,0:38:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had some element of its make-up
Dialogue: 0,0:38:19.70,0:38:23.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could only have been designed.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.58,0:38:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doubts may have lingered\Nin Darwin's mind,
Dialogue: 0,0:38:28.34,0:38:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but finally, 150 years ago,\Nhe set out his ideas on evolution
Dialogue: 0,0:38:33.26,0:38:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how it worked\Nin The Origin Of Species.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:38.78,0:38:43.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The book sold out its first run\Nof 1,250 copies within two days.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:45.50,0:38:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It has never been out of print since.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:50.50,0:38:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Origin turned our world\Nupside down...
Dialogue: 0,0:38:54.70,0:39:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..but still there was one big gap\Nin Darwin's understanding.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:11.82,0:39:14.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,150 years ago, at the age of 50,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:14.58,0:39:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Darwin finally published\Nthe big idea
Dialogue: 0,0:39:17.58,0:39:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had sat on for almost 20 years...
Dialogue: 0,0:39:21.30,0:39:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,..a natural law that explains\Nlife itself
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.90,0:39:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the evidence available to him\Nto back it up.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:28.62,0:39:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the most precious book\Nin my collection.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:31.58,0:39:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a genuine first edition\NOrigin Of Species.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:35.14,0:39:38.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not just the most precious\Nbook in my library.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:38.82,0:39:41.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Darwin's Origin Of Species
Dialogue: 0,0:39:41.38,0:39:45.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of the most precious books\Nin the entire library of our species.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:45.78,0:39:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This book made it possible
Dialogue: 0,0:39:48.98,0:39:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no longer to feel the necessity\Nto believe in anything supernatural.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:55.10,0:39:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It completely revolutionised\Nthe way we see ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:39:58.90,0:40:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world and our origins.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:11.86,0:40:14.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what Darwin never cracked
Dialogue: 0,0:40:14.26,0:40:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was how the improvements\Nof natural selection
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.06,0:40:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were preserved\Nfrom generation to generation,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:19.78,0:40:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why they didn't become diluted\Nby interbreeding.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:24.58,0:40:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was only in the 20th century,\Nin the neo-Darwinian revolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:29.10,0:40:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that scientists married\Nevolution with genetics.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:35.34,0:40:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Genes are the long strings of code,
Dialogue: 0,0:40:38.06,0:40:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instructions to the cells that build\Nall living things.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:43.50,0:40:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists now realise\Nthat genes from the parents
Dialogue: 0,0:40:47.10,0:40:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't blend as they combine\Nduring reproduction.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:50.66,0:40:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Each gene is inherited in its\Nentirety...or not at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:57.26,0:41:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The science of the genes also showed\Nhow new variations arose.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:02.46,0:41:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When animals reproduce,\Ntheir genes are copied,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.54,0:41:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put into sperm and eggs.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:06.98,0:41:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During that copying process,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:09.30,0:41:11.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,occasionally\Nthere's a random mistake.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:11.98,0:41:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those mistakes are mutations,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:14.22,0:41:17.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which give rise\Nto new characteristics
Dialogue: 0,0:41:17.06,0:41:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on which Darwinian natural selection\Nthen acts.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:23.02,0:41:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, what's more,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.26,0:41:27.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,genes can be compared\Nwith pinpoint precision.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:27.46,0:41:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The genes in every cell\Nof every living thing
Dialogue: 0,0:41:30.90,0:41:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are made up of DNA -
Dialogue: 0,0:41:32.54,0:41:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a code of the same four chemicals,\Nknown as A, T, C and G,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:38.38,0:41:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which these machines can analyse.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.02,0:41:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether the cell builds a hamster,\Na horse or a human
Dialogue: 0,0:41:45.82,0:41:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply depends on the order\Nof the letters in the code.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:52.34,0:41:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as Darwin might have predicted,
Dialogue: 0,0:41:55.46,0:41:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,animals more closely related\Nby evolution
Dialogue: 0,0:41:57.90,0:42:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have more similarities in their code\Nthan more distantly related animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:02.54,0:42:08.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And these codes can be printed out\Nright here in this man's lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:10.18,0:42:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 2000, Craig Venter\Nwas among the first scientists
Dialogue: 0,0:42:13.62,0:42:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to map the human genome,\Nour sequence of code letters.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:17.86,0:42:19.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:19.22,0:42:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this unlocked the ultimate proof\Nof Darwin's Tree of Life.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:26.94,0:42:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'He was looking at the visible world\Nand seeing how different it was.'
Dialogue: 0,0:42:31.74,0:42:34.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We now have the opportunity,\Nwith this toolset,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:34.54,0:42:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to look at the invisible world,\Nthat he could only get hints of.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:38.18,0:42:42.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it shows that\Nthere's vast continuity
Dialogue: 0,0:42:42.18,0:42:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the simplest life forms\Nto the more complex.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:46.58,0:42:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He, of course, emphasised diversity,\Nbecause that's what he saw,
Dialogue: 0,0:42:50.06,0:42:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the whole organism, but you're\Nfinding the incredible similarity
Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.26,0:42:57.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is between creatures.\NEven bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:57.42,0:43:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, it's not a theory any more.\NI've looked at the genetic code
Dialogue: 0,0:43:01.02,0:43:04.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this wide diversity of species,\Nand it's a continuum.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:04.50,0:43:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yes. Well, evolution is a fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:07.22,0:43:08.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's right.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:08.30,0:43:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, there's no question\Nabout that,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:11.26,0:43:14.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm always being asked,\N"Well, produce the evidence!"
Dialogue: 0,0:43:14.70,0:43:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, really, you're producing\Nthe best evidence of any.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:17.58,0:43:19.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, fossils are nice,
Dialogue: 0,0:43:19.34,0:43:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if we haven't got a single fossil\Nanywhere...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:21.94,0:43:23.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The genetic code on its own\Nis enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:23.86,0:43:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the evidence from this lab alone\Nwould be...
Dialogue: 0,0:43:26.34,0:43:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just enough but overwhelmingly,\Nstaggeringly enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:42.14,0:43:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin anticipated problems\Nwith his theory.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.98,0:43:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Modern science has answered them.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:47.66,0:43:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Evolution by natural selection
Dialogue: 0,0:43:49.78,0:43:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has been triumphantly vindicated\Nas fact.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:52.62,0:43:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Case closed, surely.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:55.26,0:43:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But can I convince\Nthose school children?
Dialogue: 0,0:43:58.10,0:44:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's so beautiful about DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:44:01.30,0:44:05.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it's turned biology into a\Nkind of branch of computer science,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:05.66,0:44:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that every animal and plant\Nis carrying around,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:08.86,0:44:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside every one of its cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:10.90,0:44:15.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an instruction book for making\Nthat animal and making its children.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:15.74,0:44:19.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got billions of letters\Nand you can actually line them up
Dialogue: 0,0:44:19.38,0:44:21.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can take the rat DNA\Nand the mouse DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:44:21.74,0:44:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you line them up and you say,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:23.42,0:44:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Same, same, same...\NAh! A difference there.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:25.82,0:44:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"..same, same, same, same...\NA difference there."
Dialogue: 0,0:44:28.58,0:44:32.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that means that when you say that\Ntwo animals like rats and mice
Dialogue: 0,0:44:32.98,0:44:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have a common ancestor, you can be\Ntotally confident that that's right
Dialogue: 0,0:44:38.42,0:44:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the sheer number\Nof similarities is so gigantic,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:42.10,0:44:44.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far, far more than Darwin\Ncould ever have dreamed of,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:44.90,0:44:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Darwin would just have loved\Nto know about DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:48.98,0:44:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's such a shame that he didn't\Nlive long enough to learn about DNA.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:53.62,0:44:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I already believed in evolution,
Dialogue: 0,0:44:55.94,0:44:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this has just helped me to\Nunderstand a bit more about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:44:58.98,0:45:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have talked about it in class\Nmore, but I still do believe in God.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:03.10,0:45:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm starting to think whether\Nevolution is true or false.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:06.46,0:45:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do believe in evolution
Dialogue: 0,0:45:08.34,0:45:12.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I don't think it's ever\Ngoing to be 100% accepted
Dialogue: 0,0:45:12.02,0:45:14.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there are many\Nreligious people out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:14.94,0:45:17.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I thought about it more
Dialogue: 0,0:45:17.30,0:45:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I still believe in\Nwhat the Bible tells me.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:20.66,0:45:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Richard came to our school\Ntoday,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:23.58,0:45:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I started learning about evolution
Dialogue: 0,0:45:26.38,0:45:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'd really love to learn more\Nabout it but I don't want to, like,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:31.38,0:45:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leave my religion\Nand go down that path.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:34.42,0:45:38.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think evolution is the main part\Nof how the Earth developed,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:38.50,0:45:42.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'll still say my prayers\Nand just keep life going.
Dialogue: 0,0:45:46.18,0:45:49.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I only had a few hours\Nwith these children,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:49.58,0:45:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I hope it'll help them\Nbegin to open their eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:45:53.30,0:45:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the wonderful reality of life\Nand, at the very least,
Dialogue: 0,0:45:56.18,0:46:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ask questions about what they've been\Nbrought up to believe.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:04.78,0:46:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin used to do\Na lot of his thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:46:07.02,0:46:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on solitary walks along this path\Naround his home, Down House.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:11.62,0:46:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of Origin Of Species,\Nhe contemplated how an entangled bank
Dialogue: 0,0:46:17.66,0:46:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along a lane like this,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:19.18,0:46:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with its teeming life of plants,\Nbirds, worms and insects,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:22.98,0:46:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been formed by the unseen laws\Nacting around us.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:29.66,0:46:32.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"There is grandeur\Nin this view of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:32.54,0:46:35.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Whilst this planet\Nhas gone cycling on
Dialogue: 0,0:46:35.14,0:46:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"according to the fixed law\Nof gravity,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:37.22,0:46:39.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"from so simple a beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:46:39.42,0:46:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"endless forms most beautiful
Dialogue: 0,0:46:41.94,0:46:43.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"and most wonderful
Dialogue: 0,0:46:43.94,0:46:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"have been, and are being, evolved."
Dialogue: 0,0:46:48.38,0:46:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks to Darwin,\Nwe, alone of all species,
Dialogue: 0,0:46:51.38,0:46:53.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know that each and every one of us
Dialogue: 0,0:46:53.46,0:46:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a thread in the evolved fabric\Nof life.
Dialogue: 0,0:46:56.02,0:46:57.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwin showed us
Dialogue: 0,0:46:57.22,0:47:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the world is beautiful\Nand inspiring without a god.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:01.02,0:47:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He revealed to us the glory of life
Dialogue: 0,0:47:03.70,0:47:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and opened our eyes\Nto who we really are
Dialogue: 0,0:47:06.34,0:47:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and where we've come from.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:14.82,0:47:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the next programme,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:16.06,0:47:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darwinism applied to mankind\Nand our society,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:19.86,0:47:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its terrible misuse in attempts\Nto justify cut-throat competition,
Dialogue: 0,0:47:25.22,0:47:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even genocide.
Dialogue: 0,0:47:26.82,0:47:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the world of the selfish gene,\Nwhat hope for the human species?