[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.74,0:00:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a tendency to assume the worst,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.76,0:00:06.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and once in a while,\Nthis habit plays tricks on me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.64,0:00:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, if I feel\Nunexpected pain in my body
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.95,0:00:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I have not experienced before\Nand that I cannot attribute,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.48,0:00:18.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then all of a sudden, my mind\Nmight turn a tense back into heart disease
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.02,0:00:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or calf muscle pain\Ninto deep vein thrombosis.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.70,0:00:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But so far, I haven't been diagnosed\Nwith any deadly or incurable disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.24,0:00:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes things just hurt\Nfor no clear reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.10,0:00:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not everyone is as lucky as me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.97,0:00:35.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every year, more than\N50 million people die worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.29,0:00:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially in high-income\Neconomies like ours,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.84,0:00:44.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a large fraction of deaths is caused\Nby slowly progressing diseases:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.62,0:00:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heart disease, chronic lung disease,\Ncancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.96,0:00:50.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to name a few.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.30,0:00:55.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, humanity has made tremendous progress\Nin diagnosing and treating many of these.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.86,0:01:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we are at a stage\Nwhere further advancement in health
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.08,0:01:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot be achieved only\Nby developing new treatments.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.40,0:01:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this becomes evident\Nwhen we look at one aspect
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.82,0:01:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of these\Ndiseases have in common:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.42,0:01:12.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the probability for successful treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.27,0:01:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strongly depends on\Nwhen treatment is started.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.37,0:01:18.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But a disease is typically only detected\Nonce symptoms occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.63,0:01:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The problem here is that, in fact,\Nmany diseases can remain asymptomatic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.05,0:01:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hence undetected,\Nfor a long period of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.90,0:01:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because of this, there is\Na persisting need for new ways
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.83,0:01:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of detecting disease at early stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.80,0:01:35.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way before any symptoms occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.14,0:01:39.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In health care, this is called screening.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.44,0:01:42.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as defined by\Nthe World Health Organization,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.62,0:01:48.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,screening is "the presumptive\Nidentification of unrecognized disease
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.31,0:01:50.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an apparently healthy [person],
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.89,0:01:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by means of tests ... that can be applied\Nrapidly and easily ..."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.43,0:01:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a long definition,\Nso let me repeat it:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.24,0:02:01.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,identification of unrecognized disease
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.75,0:02:04.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an apparently healthy person
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.25,0:02:08.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by means of tests that can be applied\Nboth rapidly and easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.29,0:02:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to put special emphasis\Non the words "rapidly" and "easily"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.70,0:02:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because many of the existing\Nscreening methods
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.97,0:02:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are exactly the opposite.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.19,0:02:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those of you\Nwho have undergone colonoscopy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.91,0:02:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as part of a screening program\Nfor colorectal cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.14,0:02:23.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will know what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.21,0:02:28.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, there's a variety\Nof medical tools available
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.31,0:02:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to perform screening tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.30,0:02:33.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ranges from imaging techniques\Nsuch as radiography
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.01,0:02:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or magnetic resonance imaging
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.16,0:02:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the analysis of blood or tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.19,0:02:40.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have all had such tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.34,0:02:44.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's one medium\Nthat for long has been overlooked;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.67,0:02:48.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a medium that is easily accessible,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.44,0:02:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically nondepletable,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.48,0:02:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it holds tremendous promise\Nfor medical analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.99,0:02:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that is our breath.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.51,0:03:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human breath is essentially\Ncomposed of five components:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.65,0:03:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,\Nwater and argon.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.35,0:03:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But besides these five, there are\Nhundreds of other components
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.77,0:03:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are present in very low quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.18,0:03:17.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are called volatile\Norganic compounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.76,0:03:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we release hundreds,\Neven thousands of them
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.11,0:03:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every time we exhale.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.11,0:03:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The analysis of these volatile\Norganic compounds in our breath
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.50,0:03:28.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called breath analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.54,0:03:33.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I believe that many of you\Nhave already experienced breath analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.33,0:03:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine: you're driving home\Nlate at night,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.96,0:03:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when suddenly, there's\Na friendly police officer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.68,0:03:42.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who asks you kindly but firmly
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.50,0:03:45.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pull over and blow\Ninto a device like this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.49,0:03:50.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an alcohol breath tester
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.73,0:03:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is used to measure\Nthe ethanol concentration in your breath
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.46,0:03:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and determine whether driving\Nin your condition is a clever idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.51,0:04:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'd say my driving was pretty good,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.48,0:04:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let me check.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.79,0:04:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Beep)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.44,0:04:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Zero point zero, so nothing\Nto worry about, all fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.43,0:04:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.30,0:04:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now imagine a device like this one,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.98,0:04:19.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that does not only measure\Nalcohol levels in your breath,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.95,0:04:23.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that detects diseases\Nlike the ones I've shown you
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.79,0:04:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and potentially many more.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.87,0:04:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The concept of correlating\Nthe smell of a person's breath
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.69,0:04:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with certain medical conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.83,0:04:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, dates back to Ancient Greece.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.90,0:04:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But only recently, research efforts\Non breath analysis have skyrocketed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.90,0:04:44.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what once was a dream\Nis now becoming reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.31,0:04:48.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let me pull up this list again\Nthat I showed you earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.05,0:04:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the majority of diseases listed here,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.50,0:04:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's substantial scientific evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.71,0:04:58.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suggesting that the disease\Ncould be detected by breath analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.92,0:05:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how does it work, exactly?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.42,0:05:05.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The essential part is a sensor device
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.22,0:05:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that detects the volatile\Norganic compounds in our breath.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.36,0:05:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply put: when exposed\Nto a breath sample,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.32,0:05:15.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sensor outputs a complex signature
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.03,0:05:19.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that results from the mixture of volatile\Norganic compounds that we exhale.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.14,0:05:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this signature represents\Na fingerprint of your metabolism,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.48,0:05:25.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your microbiome
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.67,0:05:29.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the biochemical processes\Nthat occur in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.98,0:05:31.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have a disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.60,0:05:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your organism will change,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.91,0:05:36.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so will the composition\Nof your exhaled breath.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.48,0:05:42.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then the only thing that is left to do\Nis to correlate a certain signature
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.63,0:05:45.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the presence or absence\Nof certain medical conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.92,0:05:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The technology promises\Nseveral undeniable benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.72,0:05:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly, the sensor can be miniaturized
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.84,0:05:57.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and integrated into small,\Nhandheld devices
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.71,0:05:59.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this alcohol breath tester.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.44,0:06:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This would allow the test to be used\Nin many different settings
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.47,0:06:05.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even at home,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.27,0:06:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that a visit at the doctor's office
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.29,0:06:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not needed each time\Na test shall be performed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.95,0:06:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, breath analysis is noninvasive
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.35,0:06:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can be as simple as blowing\Ninto an alcohol breath tester.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.90,0:06:23.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such simplicity and ease of use\Nwould reduce patient burden
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.92,0:06:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and provide an incentive\Nfor broad adoption of the technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.97,0:06:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, the technology is so flexible
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.10,0:06:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the same device could be used
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.37,0:06:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect a broad range\Nof medical conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.22,0:06:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breath analysis could be used to screen\Nfor multiple diseases at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.20,0:06:47.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, each disease typically requires\Na different medical tool
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.55,0:06:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to perform a screening test.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.56,0:06:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this means you can only find\Nwhat you're looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.64,0:06:58.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With all of these features,\Nbreath analysis is predestined
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.52,0:07:01.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deliver what many traditional\Nscreening tests are lacking.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.67,0:07:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And most importantly,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.33,0:07:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these features should\Neventually provide us
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.71,0:07:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a platform for medical analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.24,0:07:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can operate at attractively\Nlow cost per test.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.71,0:07:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the contrary, existing medical tools
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.99,0:07:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often lead to rather high cost per test.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.92,0:07:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, in order to keep costs down,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.22,0:07:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of tests\Nneeds to be restricted,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.56,0:07:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this means: a) that the tests\Ncan only be performed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.83,0:07:35.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a narrow part of the population,\Nfor example, the high-risk population;
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.54,0:07:40.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and b) that the number of tests per person\Nneeds to be kept at a minimum.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.46,0:07:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But wouldn't it actually be beneficial
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.33,0:07:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the test was performed\Non a larger group of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.31,0:07:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more often and over a longer period\Nof time for each individual?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.84,0:07:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially the latter would give access\Nto something very valuable
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.73,0:07:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is called longitudinal data.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.95,0:08:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Longitudinal data is a data set\Nthat tracks the same patient
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.08,0:08:05.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the course of many months or years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.32,0:08:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, medical decisions\Nare often based on a limited data set,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.39,0:08:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where only a glimpse\Nof a patient's medical history
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.61,0:08:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is available for decision-making.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.21,0:08:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In such a case,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.53,0:08:23.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abnormalities are typically detected
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.35,0:08:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by comparing a patient's health profile
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.94,0:08:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the average health profile\Nof a reference population.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.42,0:08:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Longitudinal data would\Nopen up a new dimension
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.36,0:08:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow abnormalities to be detected
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.25,0:08:39.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on a patient's own medical history.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.86,0:08:43.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This will pave the way\Nfor personalized treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.74,0:08:46.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds pretty great, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.19,0:08:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you will certainly have a question\Nthat is something like,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.19,0:08:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If the technology is as great as he says,\Nthen why aren't we using it today?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.01,0:08:57.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the only answer I can give you is:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.51,0:09:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not everything is as easy as it sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.98,0:09:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are technical\Nchallenges, for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.49,0:09:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's the need for\Nextremely reliable sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.53,0:09:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can detect mixtures\Nof volatile organic compounds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.82,0:09:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with sufficient reproducibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.63,0:09:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another technical challenge is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.09,0:09:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you sample a person's breath\Nin a very defined manner
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.10,0:09:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the sampling process itself
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.47,0:09:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not alter the result of the analysis?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.19,0:09:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's the need for data.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.56,0:09:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breath analysis needs\Nto be validated in clinical trials,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.54,0:09:36.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enough data needs to be collected
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.05,0:09:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that individual conditions\Ncan be measured against baselines.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.17,0:09:43.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breath analysis can only succeed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.66,0:09:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a large enough data set\Ncan be generated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.46,0:09:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made available for broad use.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.05,0:09:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If breath analysis\Nholds up to its promises,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.74,0:09:57.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a technology\Nthat could truly aid us
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.30,0:09:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to transform our health care system --
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.41,0:10:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transform it from a reactive system
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.59,0:10:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where treatment is triggered\Nby symptoms of disease
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.77,0:10:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a proactive system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.81,0:10:12.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where disease detection,\Ndiagnosis and treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.05,0:10:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can happen at early stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.96,0:10:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way before any symptoms occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.59,0:10:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this brings me to my last point,\Nand it's a fundamental one.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.54,0:10:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What, exactly, is a disease?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.59,0:10:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that breath analysis\Ncan be commercialized as I describe it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.65,0:10:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and early detection becomes routine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.42,0:10:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A problem that remains\Nis, in fact, a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.74,0:10:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that any screening activity has to face
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.76,0:10:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, for many diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.60,0:10:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is often impossible to predict\Nwith sufficient certainty
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.45,0:10:45.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the disease\Nwould ever cause any symptoms
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.02,0:10:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or put a person's life at risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.99,0:10:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called overdiagnosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.57,0:10:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it leads to a dilemma.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.93,0:10:56.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a disease is identified,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.04,0:10:58.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could decide not to treat it
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.10,0:11:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there's a certain probability\Nthat you would never suffer from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.96,0:11:04.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how much would you suffer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.48,0:11:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just from knowing that you have\Na potentially deadly disease?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.89,0:11:10.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And wouldn't you actually regret\Nthat the disease was detected
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.81,0:11:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the first place?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.28,0:11:17.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your second option\Nis to undergo early treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.19,0:11:18.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the hope for curing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.48,0:11:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But often, this would not come\Nwithout side effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.62,0:11:27.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be precise:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.75,0:11:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bigger problem is not overdiagnosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.35,0:11:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's overtreatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.83,0:11:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because not every disease\Nhas to be treated immediately
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.86,0:11:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because a treatment is available.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.44,0:11:42.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The increasing adoption\Nof routine screening
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.16,0:11:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will raise the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.08,0:11:49.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do we call a disease\Nthat can rationalize treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.20,0:11:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what is just an abnormality\Nthat should not be a source of concern?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.40,0:12:00.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My hopes are that routine screening\Nusing breath analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.36,0:12:03.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can provide enough data and insight
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.14,0:12:07.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that at some point,\Nwe'll be able to break this dilemma
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.71,0:12:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and predict with sufficient certainty
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.17,0:12:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether and when to treat at early stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.79,0:12:19.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our breath and the mixture of volatile\Norganic compounds that we exhale
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.54,0:12:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hold tremendous amounts of information\Non our physiological condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.26,0:12:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With what we know today,\Nwe have only scratched the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.99,0:12:34.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we collect more and more data\Nand breath profiles across the population,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.26,0:12:38.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including all varieties of gender,\Nage, origin and lifestyle,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.81,0:12:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the power of breath analysis\Nshould increase.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.15,0:12:47.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And eventually, breath analysis\Nshould provide us with a powerful tool
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.75,0:12:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only to proactively detect\Nspecific diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.24,0:12:55.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to predict\Nand ultimately prevent them.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.11,0:12:59.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this should be enough motivation
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.75,0:13:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to embrace the opportunities\Nand challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.96,0:13:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that breath analysis can provide,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.44,0:13:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even for people that are not\Npart-time hypochondriacs like me.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.53,0:13:11.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.71,0:13:15.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)