[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.95,0:00:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a tendency to assume the worst,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.92,0:00:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and once in a while,\Nthis habit plays tricks on me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.85,0:00:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, if I feel\Nunexpected pain in my body
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.99,0:00:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I have not experienced before\Nand that I cannot attribute,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.34,0:00:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then all of a sudden, my mind\Nmy turn a tense back into heart disease
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.23,0:00:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or calf muscle pain into ??.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.91,0:00:25.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But so far I haven't been diagnosed\Nwith any deadly or incurable disease.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.41,0:00:28.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes things just hurt\Nfor no clear reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.56,0:00:32.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not everyone is as lucky as me.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.18,0:00:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every year, more than\N50 million people die worldwide.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.50,0:00:40.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially in high-income\Neconomies like ours,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.05,0:00:44.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a large fraction of deaths\Nis caused by slowly progressing diseases:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.49,0:00:49.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,heart disease, chronic lung disease,\Ncancer, Alzheimer's, diabetes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.16,0:00:51.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just to name a few.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.51,0:00:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, humanity has made tremendous progress\Nin diagnosing and treating many of these,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.04,0:01:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we are at stage\Nwhere further advancement in health
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.29,0:01:03.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot be achieved only\Nby developing new treatments,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.31,0:01:05.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this becomes evident\Nwhen we look at one aspect
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.85,0:01:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that many of these\Ndiseases have in common.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.39,0:01:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The probability for successful treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.48,0:01:15.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,strongly depends on\Nwhen treatment is started,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.58,0:01:19.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but a disease is typically only detected\Nonce symptoms occur,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.65,0:01:24.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the problem here is that in fact\Nmany disease can remain asymptomatic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.26,0:01:28.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hence undetected,\Nfor a long period of time.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.24,0:01:34.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because of this, there is\Na persisting need for new ways
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.01,0:01:37.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of detecting disease at early stage,\Nway before any symptoms occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.32,0:01:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In health care, this is called screening,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.69,0:01:42.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as defined by\Nthe World Health Organization,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.95,0:01:46.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,screening is the\Npresumptive identification
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.20,0:01:48.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of unrecognized disease
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.52,0:01:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an apparently healthy person
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.21,0:01:55.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by means of tests that can be applied\Nrapidly and easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.72,0:01:58.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a long definition,\Nso let me repeat it:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.41,0:02:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,identification of unrecognized disease
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.06,0:02:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in an apparently healthy person
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.61,0:02:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by means of tests that can be applied\Nboth rapidly and easily.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.04,0:02:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I want to put special emphasis\Non the words "rapidly" and "easily,"
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.58,0:02:14.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because many of\Nthe existing screening methods
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.22,0:02:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are exactly the opposite.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.40,0:02:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those of you who have gone colonoscopy
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.03,0:02:22.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as part of a screening program\Nfor colorectal cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.34,0:02:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will know what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.44,0:02:28.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, there's a variety\Nof medical tools available
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.52,0:02:30.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to perform screening tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.53,0:02:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This ranges from imaging techniques
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.79,0:02:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as radiography\Nor magnetic resonance imaging
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.37,0:02:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the analysis of blood or tissue.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.58,0:02:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have all had such tests.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.62,0:02:45.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's one medium\Nthat for long has been overlooked,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.88,0:02:48.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a medium that is easily accessible,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.65,0:02:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically non-depletable,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.77,0:02:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it holds tremendous promise\Nfor medical analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.28,0:02:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is our breath.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.97,0:03:02.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Human breath is essentially\Ncomposed of five components:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.60,0:03:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nitrogen, oxygen,\Ncarbon dioxide, water and argon,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.60,0:03:13.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but besides these five, there are\Nhundreds of other components
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.06,0:03:15.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are present in very low quantity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.71,0:03:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are called volatile\Norganic compounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.05,0:03:20.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we release hundreds,\Neven thousands of them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.22,0:03:23.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,every time we exhale.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.41,0:03:26.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The analysis of these volatile\Norganic compounds in our breath
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.82,0:03:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called breath analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.88,0:03:33.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, I believe that many of you\Nhave already experienced breath analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.46,0:03:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine, you're driving home late at night
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.17,0:03:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when suddenly there's\Na friendly police officer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.99,0:03:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who asks you kindly but firmly
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.44,0:03:46.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pull over and blow\Ninto a device like this one.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.76,0:03:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an alcohol breath tester
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.06,0:03:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is used to measure\Nthe ethanol concentration in your breath
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.77,0:03:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and determine whether driving\Nin your condition is a clever idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.75,0:04:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'd say my driving was pretty good,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.68,0:04:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but let me check.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.37,0:04:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Beep)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.66,0:04:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,0.0, so nothing to worry about, all fine.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.65,0:04:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, imagine a device like this one
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.19,0:04:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that does not only measure\Nalcohol levels in your breath,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.16,0:04:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that detects diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.50,0:04:26.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the ones I've shown you\Nand potentially many more.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.14,0:04:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The concept of correlating\Nthe smell of a person's breath
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.74,0:04:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with certain medical conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.04,0:04:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact dates back to Ancient Greece,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.15,0:04:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but only recently, research efforts\Non breath analysis have skyrocketed,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.11,0:04:45.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what once was a dream\Nis now becoming reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.13,0:04:48.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let me pull up this list again\Nthat I showed you earlier.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.26,0:04:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the majority of diseases listed here,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.76,0:04:56.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's substantial scientific evidence\Nsuggesting that the disease
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.46,0:05:00.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be detected by breath analysis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.17,0:05:02.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how does it work exactly?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.34,0:05:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The essential part is a sensor device
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.43,0:05:09.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that detects the volatile\Norganic compounds in our breath.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.69,0:05:12.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simply put, when exposed\Nto a breath sample,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.66,0:05:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the sensor outputs a complex signature
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.53,0:05:20.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that results from the mixture of volatile\Norganic compounds that we exhale.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.51,0:05:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this signature represents\Na fingerprint of your metabolism,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.23,0:05:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your microbiome,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.78,0:05:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the biochemical processes\Nthat occur in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.25,0:05:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you have a disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.93,0:05:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your organisms will change,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.29,0:05:37.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so will the composition\Nof your exhaled breath,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.87,0:05:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then the only thing that is left to do
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.21,0:05:42.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to correlate a certain signature
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.84,0:05:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the presence or absence\Nof certain medical conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.98,0:05:52.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The technology promises\Nseveral undeniable benefits.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.00,0:05:55.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly, the sensor can be miniaturized
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.18,0:05:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and integrated into small,\Nhandheld devices
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.13,0:06:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this alcohol breath tester.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.89,0:06:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This would allow the test to be used\Nin many different settings
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.03,0:06:05.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even at home,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.62,0:06:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that a visit at a doctor's office
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.65,0:06:11.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not needed each time\Na test shall be performed.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.32,0:06:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, breath analysis is non-invasive
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.69,0:06:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and can be as simple as blowing\Ninto an alcohol breath tester.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.11,0:06:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such simplicity and ease of use\Nwould reduce patient burden
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.50,0:06:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and provide an incentive\Nfor broad adoption of the technology.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.84,0:06:31.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And thirdly, the technology is so flexible
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.73,0:06:35.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the same device could be used
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.44,0:06:38.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect a broad range\Nof medical conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.16,0:06:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breath analysis could be used to screen\Nfor multiple diseases at the same time.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.41,0:06:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, each disease typically requires
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.76,0:06:49.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a different medical tool\Nto perform a screening test,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.93,0:06:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this means you can only find\Nwhat you're looking for.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.06,0:06:57.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With all of these features,\Nbreath analysis is predestined
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.06,0:07:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to deliver what many traditional\Nscreening tests are lacking,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.97,0:07:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most importantly,\Nall of these features
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.36,0:07:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should eventually provide us\Nwith a platform for medical analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.71,0:07:16.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can operate at attractively\Nlow cost per test.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.07,0:07:19.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the contrary, existing medical tools
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.28,0:07:22.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,often lead to rather high cost per test.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.21,0:07:24.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, in order to keep costs down,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.54,0:07:27.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of tests\Nneeds to be restricted,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.86,0:07:30.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this means a) that the tests\Ncan only be performed
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.71,0:07:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on a narrow part of the population,\Nfor example the high-risk population,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.86,0:07:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and b) that the number of tests per person\Nneeds to be kept at a minimum.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.86,0:07:43.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But wouldn't it actually be beneficial
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.83,0:07:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the test was performed\Non a larger group of people
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.79,0:07:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more often and over a longer period\Nof time for each individual?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.93,0:07:56.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially the latter would give access\Nto something very valuable
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.02,0:07:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is called longitudinal data.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.90,0:08:03.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Longitudinal data is a dataset\Nthat tracks the same patient
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.23,0:08:07.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the course of many months or years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.62,0:08:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nowadays, medical decisions
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.32,0:08:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are often based on a limited dataset
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.68,0:08:15.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where over a glimpse\Nof a patient's medical history
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.96,0:08:18.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is available for decision-making.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.70,0:08:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In such a case,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.66,0:08:23.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,abnormalities are typically detected
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.61,0:08:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by comparing a patient's health profile
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.81,0:08:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the average health profile\Nof a reference population.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.77,0:08:34.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Longitudinal data would\Nopen up a new dimension
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.57,0:08:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow abnormalities to be detected
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.49,0:08:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on a patient's own medical history.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.10,0:08:45.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This will pave the way\Nfor personalized treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.07,0:08:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds pretty great, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.08,0:08:49.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you will certainly have a question
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.22,0:08:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is something like,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.04,0:08:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"If the technology is as great as he says,\Nthen why aren't they using it today?"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.60,0:08:57.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the only answer I can give you is,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.80,0:09:01.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not everything is as easy as it sounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.25,0:09:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are technical challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.46,0:09:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, there's the need\Nfor extremely reliable sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.86,0:09:11.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can detect mixtures\Nof volatile organic compounds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.08,0:09:13.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with sufficient reproducibility.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.84,0:09:16.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And another technical challenge is,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.41,0:09:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do you sample a person's breath\Nin a very defined manner
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.44,0:09:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the sampling process itself
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.68,0:09:27.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not alter the result of the analysis?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.44,0:09:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there's the need for data.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.77,0:09:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breath analysis needs\Nto be validated in clinical trials,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.75,0:09:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and enough data needs to be collected
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.46,0:09:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that individual conditions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.52,0:09:44.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can be measured against baselines.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.50,0:09:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Breath analysis can only succeed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.43,0:09:47.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if a large enough dataset can be generated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.11,0:09:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made available for broad use.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.44,0:09:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If breath analysis\Nholds up to its promises,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.05,0:09:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a technology\Nthat could truly aid us
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.50,0:10:00.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to transform our health care system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.06,0:10:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,transform it from a reactive system
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.80,0:10:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that treatment is triggered\Nby symptoms of disease
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.98,0:10:08.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a proactive system
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.78,0:10:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where disease detection,\Ndiagnosis and treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.37,0:10:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can happen at early stage,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.36,0:10:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way before any symptoms occur.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.90,0:10:19.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this brings me to my last point,\Nand it's a fundamental one.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.84,0:10:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What exactly is a disease?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.63,0:10:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine that breath analysis\Ncan be commercialized as I describe it
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.92,0:10:31.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and early detection becomes routine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.63,0:10:34.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A problem that remains
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.22,0:10:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in fact a problem that\Nany screening activity has to face,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.97,0:10:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because for many diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.92,0:10:43.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is often impossible to predict\Nwith sufficient certainty
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.75,0:10:46.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether the disease\Nwould ever cause any symptoms
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.69,0:10:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or put a person's life at risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.20,0:10:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is called overdiagnosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.78,0:10:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it leads to a dilemma.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.14,0:10:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If a disease is identified,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.37,0:10:58.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could decide not to treat it
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.31,0:11:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there's a certain probability\Nthat you would never suffer from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.94,0:11:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But how much would you suffer
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.69,0:11:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just from knowing that you have\Na potentially deadly disease?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.16,0:11:12.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And wouldn't you actually regret that the\Ndisease was detected in the first place?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.60,0:11:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your second option\Nis to undergo early treatment
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.40,0:11:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the hope for curing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.47,0:11:23.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but often this would not\Ncome without side effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.22,0:11:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To be precise,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.96,0:11:30.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the bigger problem is not overdiagnosis,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.94,0:11:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's overtreatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.28,0:11:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because not every disease\Nhas to be treated immediately
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.41,0:11:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just because a treatment is available.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.71,0:11:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The increasing adoption\Nof routine screening
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.71,0:11:45.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will raise the question:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.38,0:11:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do we call a disease\Nthat can rationalize treatment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.41,0:11:52.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what is just an abnormality\Nthat should not be a source of concern?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.32,0:11:59.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My hopes are that routine screening\Nusing breath analysis
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.60,0:12:03.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can provide enough data and insight
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.06,0:12:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that at some point,\Nwe'll be able to break this dilemma
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.99,0:12:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and predict with sufficient certainty
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.90,0:12:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether and when to treat at early stage.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.22,0:12:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our breath, and the mixture\Nof volatile organic compounds
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.91,0:12:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we exhale,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.14,0:12:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hold tremendous amounts of information\Non our physiological condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.66,0:12:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With what we know today,\Nwe have only scratched the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.20,0:12:34.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we collect more and more data\Nand breath profiles across the population,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.52,0:12:39.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including all varieties of gender,\Nage, origin and lifestyle,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.11,0:12:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the power of breath analysis\Nshould increase,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.41,0:12:48.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually breath analysis\Nshould provide us with a powerful tool
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.02,0:12:52.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not only to proactively detect\Nspecific diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.45,0:12:57.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to predict and\Nultimately prevent them,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.39,0:13:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this should be enough\Nmotivation to embrace
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.83,0:13:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the opportunities and challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.99,0:13:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that breath analysis can provide,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.65,0:13:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even for people that are not\Npart-time hypochondriacs like me.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.39,0:13:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.74,0:13:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)