[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.76,0:00:03.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Paying close attention to something:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.28,0:00:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not that easy, is it?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.52,0:00:10.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's because our attention is pulled\Nin so many different directions at a time,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.56,0:00:14.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's in fact pretty impressive\Nif you can stay focused.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.36,0:00:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many people think that attention\Nis all about what we are focusing on,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.44,0:00:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's also about what information\Nour brain is trying to filter out.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.32,0:00:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are two ways\Nyou direct your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.60,0:00:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, there's overt attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.64,0:00:35.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In overt attention,\Nyou move your eyes towards something
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.80,0:00:37.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in order to pay attention to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.36,0:00:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there's covert attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.36,0:00:44.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In covert attention,\Nyou pay attention to something,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.40,0:00:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but without moving your eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.04,0:00:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think of driving for a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.96,0:00:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your overt attention,\Nyour direction of the eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.00,0:00:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are in front,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.68,0:00:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but that's your covert attention
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.48,0:01:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is constantly scanning\Nthe surrounding area,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.60,0:01:03.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where you don't actually look at them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.52,0:01:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a computational neuroscientist,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.48,0:01:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I work on cognitive\Nbrain machine interfaces,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.60,0:01:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or bringing together\Nthe brain and the computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.72,0:01:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I love brain patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.72,0:01:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brain patterns are important for us
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.44,0:01:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because based on them\Nwe can build models for the computers,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.96,0:01:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and based on these models
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.40,0:01:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,computers can recognize\Nhow well our brain functions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.64,0:01:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if it doesn't function well,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.08,0:01:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then these computers themselves\Ncan be used as assistive devices
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.76,0:01:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for therapies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.48,0:01:38.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that also means something,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.36,0:01:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because choosing the wrong patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.88,0:01:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will give us the wrong models
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.80,0:01:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore the wrong therapies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.48,0:01:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.64,0:01:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In case of attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.32,0:01:50.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that we can
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.80,0:01:55.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shift our attention not only by our eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.32,0:01:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also by thinking --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.44,0:02:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that makes covert attention\Nan interesting model for computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.28,0:02:05.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I wanted to know\Nwhat are the brainwave patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.76,0:02:09.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you look overtly\Nor when you look covertly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.44,0:02:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I set up an experiment for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.96,0:02:15.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this experiment\Nthere are two flickering squares,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.72,0:02:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of them flickering\Nat a slower rate than the other one.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.60,0:02:24.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Depending on which of these flickers\Nyou are paying attention to,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.44,0:02:28.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certain parts of your brain\Nwill start resonating in the same rate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.20,0:02:30.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as that flickering rate.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.00,0:02:34.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So by analyzing your brain signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.96,0:02:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can track where exactly\Nyou are watching
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.76,0:02:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or you are paying attention to.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.00,0:02:47.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to see what happens in your brain\Nwhen you pay overt attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.24,0:02:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I asked people to look directly\Nin one of the squares
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.52,0:02:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pay attention to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.76,0:02:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, not surprisingly,\Nwe saw that these flickering squares
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.08,0:03:00.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,appeared in their brain signals
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.04,0:03:02.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was coming\Nfrom the back of their head,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.56,0:03:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is responsible for the processing\Nof your visual information.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.28,0:03:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I was really interested
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.64,0:03:13.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to see what happens in your brain\Nwhen you pay covert attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.48,0:03:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this time I asked people\Nto look in the middle of the screen
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.40,0:03:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and without moving their eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.12,0:03:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pay attention\Nto either of these squares.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.12,0:03:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we did that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.76,0:03:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we saw that both of these flickering rates\Nappeared in their brain signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.72,0:03:31.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but interestingly,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.64,0:03:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,only one of them,\Nwhich was paid attention to,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.20,0:03:37.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had stronger signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.88,0:03:40.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so there was something in the brain
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.16,0:03:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was handling this information
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.72,0:03:48.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that thing in the brain was basically\Nthe activation of the frontal area.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.44,0:03:53.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The front part of your brain\Nis responsible
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.44,0:03:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for higher cognitive functions as a human.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.16,0:04:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The frontal part,\Nit seems that it works as a filter
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.64,0:04:07.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trying to let information come in\Nonly from the right flicker
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.04,0:04:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you are paying attention to
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.40,0:04:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and trying to inhibit the information\Ncoming from the ignored one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.40,0:04:20.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The filtering ability of the brain\Nis indeed a key for attention,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.72,0:04:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is missing in some people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.52,0:04:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example in people with ADHD.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.64,0:04:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a person with ADHD\Ncannot inhibit these distractors,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.68,0:04:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's why they can't focus\Nfor a long time on a single task.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.60,0:04:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what if this person
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.16,0:04:42.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could play a specific computer game
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.72,0:04:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with his brain connected to the computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.44,0:04:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then train his own brain
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.36,0:04:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to inhibit these distractors?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.68,0:04:56.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, ADHD is just one example.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.20,0:05:00.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can use this cognitive\Nbrain machine interfaces
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.48,0:05:02.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for many other cognitive fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.76,0:05:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just a few years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.56,0:05:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that my grandfather had a stroke\Nand he lost complete ability to speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.64,0:05:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could understand everybody,\Nbut there was no way to respond,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.00,0:05:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even not writing\Nbecause he was illiterate.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.00,0:05:22.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he passed away in silence.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.80,0:05:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember thinking at that time,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.16,0:05:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what if we could have a computer
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.08,0:05:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could speak for him?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.84,0:05:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, after years that I am in this field,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.08,0:05:38.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can see that this might be possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.24,0:05:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine if we can find brainwave patterns
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.12,0:05:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when people think\Nabout images or even letters,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.72,0:05:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the letter A generates\Na different brainwave pattern
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.68,0:05:52.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than the letter B, and so on.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.96,0:05:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Could a computer one day\Ncommunicate for people who can't speak?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.64,0:05:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if a computer
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.96,0:06:04.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can help us understand\Nthe thoughts of a person in a coma?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.84,0:06:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are not there yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.48,0:06:10.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but pay close attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.24,0:06:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will be there soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.96,0:06:13.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.48,0:06:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)