[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.73,0:00:12.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much for the chance\Nto talk to you this afternoon.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.24,0:00:16.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My name's Arthur, and I run\Na small startup called bio-bean.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.59,0:00:19.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I'm going to talk to you\Nabout two things mainly.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.80,0:00:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is around cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.72,0:00:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how we can begin thinking\Nabout urbanism in a different way
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.06,0:00:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through thinking slightly differently.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.16,0:00:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, I'm going\Nto talk to you about coffee,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.04,0:00:35.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not the next Frappuccino.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.95,0:00:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, I'm going to talk to you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.56,0:00:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the waste\Nfrom this industry's supply chain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.80,0:00:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to start off
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.16,0:00:45.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by talking about\Nwhy cities are so important.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.56,0:00:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're all - most of us,\NI think, live in cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.10,0:00:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most of us are Londoners.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.30,0:00:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cities are really, really important.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.30,0:00:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not only the foundation\Nof human civilization,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.44,0:00:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're also hubs\Nof social and economic power
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.82,0:01:03.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that drive development by concentrating\Nskills and resources in one place.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.28,0:01:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to use a medium
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.87,0:01:10.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which, essentially, is talk
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.26,0:01:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about why cities\Nhave not just a concentration effect,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.03,0:01:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also they have a massive\Namplifier effect as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.00,0:01:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through this concentration of skills,\Nessentially they take challenges,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.56,0:01:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they make them much, much larger\Nthan they would otherwise be.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.92,0:01:30.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They amplify and enhance\Nboth the very good and the very bad,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.72,0:01:33.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that makes cities\Nincreasingly important
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.32,0:01:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our future as a species.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.90,0:01:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to talk to you\Nabout why this is so important
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.70,0:01:44.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also about the challenge\Nwe've already heard about briefly today
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.64,0:01:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of the rapid urbanization,\Nwhat that's going to look like,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.92,0:01:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what it has already\Nlooked like so far.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.00,0:01:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to use\Nthe medium of photographs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.54,0:01:56.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of my various family members in skirts
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.56,0:01:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to illustrate this.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.11,0:01:59.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.16,0:02:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is my grandfather.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.96,0:02:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he was born in the mid-1920s,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.78,0:02:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world's population was still\Npretty small and predominantly rural,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.16,0:02:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with only about 15% of us\Nliving in cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.32,0:02:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When my father was born in the 1950s,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.00,0:02:20.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that had already doubled\Nin terms of our urban population,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.08,0:02:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with around 30% of the 2.8 billion people\Non the planet living in cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.90,0:02:27.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I was born\Nin the beginning of the 90s,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.00,0:02:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in 1990, again, massive growth further.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.08,0:02:34.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, 43% of the world's\Nfive billion people living in cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.16,0:02:38.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What's going to happen\Nover the next 35 or so years
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.74,0:02:40.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this trend is going to continue.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.44,0:02:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To my mind, it's going to be the most\Nimportant trend in the 21st century.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.36,0:02:49.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because by mid-century, by 2050,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.92,0:02:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the nine billion or so people\Nliving on the planet
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.97,0:02:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- of those people, about three in four,\N75%, will be living in cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.56,0:03:01.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these figures,\Nthey sound quite disparate,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.73,0:03:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's quite difficult\Nto actually know what this looks like.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.72,0:03:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is a really phenomenal thing\Nthat's happening to us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.04,0:03:10.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because for the first time\Nin human history
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.21,0:03:11.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've become an urban species.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.64,0:03:13.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to make a huge difference
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.37,0:03:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of how we start to think\Nabout how we live,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.75,0:03:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about what the technologies\Nand innovations
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.21,0:03:24.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to require\Nto live as a predominantly urban species.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.53,0:03:27.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To show you what that looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.04,0:03:31.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a world that's predominantly urbanized,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.20,0:03:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and over the next 35 years
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.92,0:03:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that rapid growth in terms\Nof our urban population,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.16,0:03:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's around adding a new one of these,\Na new New York City,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.46,0:03:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the face of our planet\Nseven times every year.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.24,0:03:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not just on a one-off basis:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.00,0:03:47.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's seven times a year\Nfor the next 35 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.24,0:03:50.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,adding an additional\N250 New Yorks to our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.93,0:03:52.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not a small change,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.49,0:03:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to be absolutely massive,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.25,0:03:57.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we need to really address\Nhow we begin to design
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.86,0:03:59.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and think about these challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.05,0:04:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That urbanization, it not only means
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.97,0:04:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our urban population\Nis going to grow,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.04,0:04:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it also means that the challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.84,0:04:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we currently think of\Nas global problems
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.33,0:04:14.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to be massively enhanced.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.00,0:04:15.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, they're going to be interconnected:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.97,0:04:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything from infrastructure\Nto our water supply,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.04,0:04:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything from our diet\Nto our economic prosperity,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.16,0:04:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything from our waste\Nto our energy supply.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.70,0:04:30.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not just global challenges\Nbut interconnected urban ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.76,0:04:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're going to be massively\Namplified and enhanced by cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.18,0:04:37.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an example\Nof what I mean by this
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.52,0:04:39.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by taking a problem
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.04,0:04:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think most people\Nthink of as a global problem
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.35,0:04:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- in fact it's usually\Nreferred to as 'global warming' -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.86,0:04:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.58,0:04:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We typically think of climate change\Nas a very large global problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.46,0:04:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have important and exciting people
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.49,0:04:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,standing on stages at places\Nlike the UN and stuff like that saying,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.70,0:04:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'We've got to tackle this.'
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.13,0:04:59.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We do have to tackle it, but often\Nwe think of it as something insurmountable
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.92,0:05:02.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and something that's very difficult\Nto address and come over.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.17,0:05:06.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if we take the pretty basic stat
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.63,0:05:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of all of our global CO2 emissions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.44,0:05:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 80% of those\Nare directly attributable to cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.42,0:05:17.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we begin thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.05,0:05:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about something that we generally call\Na global problem very differently,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.76,0:05:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it's demonstrably an urban one
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.08,0:05:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 80% of those emissions\Nattributable to cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.80,0:05:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of that 80%, again,\Nwhen we think of cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.31,0:05:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might think of thousands and thousands\Nof cities all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.93,0:05:37.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, it's a very big and difficult\Nproblem to address.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.64,0:05:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can reduce that right down.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.92,0:05:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because a very large portion\Nof that 80% of emissions
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.16,0:05:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is attributable to not just any old city\Nor the thousands across the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.88,0:05:50.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just to 35 mega-cities
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.09,0:05:53.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with populations\Nof over 10 million people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.41,0:05:56.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, it's just about reducing\Nthe scale of these problems
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.20,0:06:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saying, 'If we can reduce that impact\Nand reduce us thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.66,0:06:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about these very grand and nebulous\Nproblems, like climate change,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.77,0:06:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we can reduce it\Nright down to 35 mega-cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.07,0:06:09.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can begin to tackle the vast majority\Nof an issue, such as climate change.'
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.49,0:06:13.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me this is an exciting opportunity,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.96,0:06:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because while cities can also enhance\Nthe bad things that are out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.36,0:06:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you can reduce emissions\Nin one of these 35 cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.47,0:06:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can directly correlate\Nto the bigger picture.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.08,0:06:27.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the first time\Nin our history as humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.34,0:06:32.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we can make a difference\Non a local basis,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.60,0:06:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a small geography such as a city,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.36,0:06:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can, for the first time,\Nhave a really global impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.00,0:06:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the same way\Nthat things like software and -
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.49,0:06:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've obviously had huge innovations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.08,0:06:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of things like software,\Nthe Internet and whatnot.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.85,0:06:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What they have enabled us to do
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.35,0:06:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is, in a similar way, have an individual\Nmake a very large impact
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.77,0:06:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the medium\Nof computers and the Internet.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.84,0:06:56.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, the city acts\Nas a similar technology
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.80,0:07:00.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of starting to be able\Nto amplify and enhance that massively.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.51,0:07:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A slight slide change,\Nbut I know you're thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.89,0:07:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'That's all very well, Arthur,\Nbut where do you fit into this?'
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.00,0:07:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to now change tack a bit\Nand swing right round,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.59,0:07:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because my interest in this\Ngoes back to my studies.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.40,0:07:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I studied architecture here in London,\Nand became very interested in two things.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.80,0:07:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them was cities,\Nas I've already bored you with.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.60,0:07:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the second thing\NI got very interested in
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.92,0:07:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this behind me, which is waste.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.00,0:07:32.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm very interested\Nin how we can reorganize
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.69,0:07:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and re-imagine urban supply chains,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.72,0:07:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tying these two interests\Nand trends together.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.75,0:07:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My particular interest was coffee waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.99,0:07:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because one of the projects\NI was set at architectural school
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.89,0:07:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was designing a coffee shop\Nand coffee factory -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.84,0:07:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the fun tasks\Nyou're asked to delve into.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.91,0:07:55.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this case, I was looking at how\Nwe can take the waste from that building
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.19,0:07:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and make it useful.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.24,0:07:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was looking at a closed-loop system,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.11,0:08:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how we can take the waste\Nthe building kicks out.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.07,0:08:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, much to my tutor's disappointment,\NI took this challenge a bit too seriously.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.48,0:08:09.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I spend most of my life\Ndelving into that.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.97,0:08:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But my main interest was -
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.54,0:08:17.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of the students got very interested\Nin the aesthetics of the coffee shop:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.27,0:08:19.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should it have a brick wall\Nor metal wall?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.37,0:08:20.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These sorts of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.44,0:08:22.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I was interested in the waste,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.13,0:08:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly because I found out\Nhow much coffee we drink.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.58,0:08:26.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, how much waste\Nthere is out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.44,0:08:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also that the waste\Nis pretty interesting.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.83,0:08:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we drink about 500,000 cups of -\Num, 500,000 cups?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.28,0:08:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We drink about 70 million cups\Nof coffee every day,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.33,0:08:38.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's about 1,000 cups a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.52,0:08:39.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's loads of coffee.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.44,0:08:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How many of you guys\Nhave had a coffee already?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.77,0:08:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagine most of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.12,0:08:45.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coffee today, guys?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.53,0:08:46.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.60,0:08:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two coffees today?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.88,0:08:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.55,0:08:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,More than two? Yeah, nice.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.29,0:08:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We drink, as I say, about\N1,000 cups of coffee a second,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.92,0:08:56.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's just in the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.59,0:09:03.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That kicks out about 500,000 tonnes\Nof waste coffee grounds each year.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.51,0:09:04.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, just in the UK.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.84,0:09:07.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It costs the industry about £80 million
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.16,0:09:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to dispose of it,\Nin terms of disposing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.15,0:09:13.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It generally ends up in places\Nlike landfill sites and whatnot.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.38,0:09:15.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also kicks out a couple\Nof million tonnes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.52,0:09:17.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of CO2 emissions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.93,0:09:22.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On discovering the amount\Nof the waste out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.28,0:09:24.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I decided to delve further into it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.95,0:09:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I ended up setting up a company\Nto begin tackling the problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.88,0:09:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The company I founded is called bio-bean.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.48,0:09:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we do is, we take\Nthese waste coffee grounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.20,0:09:36.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we work with the existing supply chain,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.31,0:09:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and turn them into two fuel products.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.56,0:09:41.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both a bio-diesel,\Nwhich is a liquid transport fuel
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.96,0:09:44.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,used for powering various\Nurban transport systems,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.68,0:09:47.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like cars, buses, trains, and stuff;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.48,0:09:50.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also biomass pellets,\Nwhich is a heating fuel,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.04,0:09:54.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is used in place of things\Nlike coal and wood for heating buildings.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.05,0:09:57.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll talk you briefly\Nthrough how we do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.60,0:10:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We work with a variety\Nof different waste companies,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.90,0:10:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who deliver us the waste coffee grounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.22,0:10:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in Hackney, so it's often\Nmore hipster to sell things,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.50,0:10:12.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we do it at quite a big scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.12,0:10:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our factory is able to process
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.72,0:10:16.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about 50,000 tonnes\Nof waste coffee grounds a year.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.44,0:10:19.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is around 1 in 10 cups in the UK,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.32,0:10:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, the way I think of it,\Nis about a hundred cups a second.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.56,0:10:25.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which is - again, I like\Nmy 'per second' facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.68,0:10:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's quite a lot of waste coffee grounds.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.59,0:10:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The coffee's then taken to our factory.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.48,0:10:33.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take the oils out,\Nand we turn these into diesel.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.68,0:10:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, we take the residual biomass,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.38,0:10:38.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we pelletize that and turn these\Ninto these solid fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.25,0:10:41.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're then both distributed\Nand then sold,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.73,0:10:44.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some cases, back to the people\Nwho gave us the coffee grounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.87,0:10:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because a lot of them\Nown coffee shops,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.90,0:10:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coffee factories,\Nthat sort of stuff,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.76,0:10:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they need heat and they need diesel.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.34,0:10:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of our trucks.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.59,0:10:55.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may have seen it going around London.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.54,0:10:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This - maybe next slide - is our factory.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.48,0:11:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see it's big, it has a chimney.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.51,0:11:02.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got lots of exciting machines inside.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.59,0:11:04.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.38,0:11:07.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was there earlier today,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.70,0:11:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there were lots of men\Ndoing manly things,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.35,0:11:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like welding and lifting machines -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.94,0:11:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lots of coffee there.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.85,0:11:16.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is our diesel.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.72,0:11:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As I say, coffee is a good thing for this,\Nbecause not only is it highly calorific -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.45,0:11:23.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's more highly calorific\Nthan wood, in fact -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.67,0:11:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's also got a very high oil content.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.50,0:11:27.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's got about 20% oil by weight.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:27.40,0:11:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This oil has got a variety\Nof different applications,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.91,0:11:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like interesting chemicals and whatnot,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.78,0:11:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also can be turned\Ninto this diesel fuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.33,0:11:38.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are the biomass pellets,\Nwhich are used, as I say, interchangeably,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.21,0:11:43.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the same infrastructure\Nas coal or wood.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.73,0:11:47.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's really the key\Nto what we're interested in.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.45,0:11:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not about building\Na whole new infrastructure behind this,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.45,0:11:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not about doing this\Nat a small scale;
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.93,0:11:58.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's about taking a lot\Nof a certain feedstock
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.82,0:12:00.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,containing this at an industrial scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.68,0:12:03.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it can then be supplied\Ninto an existing infrastructure
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.92,0:12:05.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to displace conventional fuels.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.50,0:12:10.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In terms of what this looks like\Nfrom a CO2 perspective -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.38,0:12:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because at the end of the day\Nwe're a green energy company,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.36,0:12:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's an economic play here,\Nbut also an environmental one -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.25,0:12:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for each tonne of waste coffee grounds\Nwe recycle using our technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.64,0:12:24.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we save about 6.8 tonnes\Nin terms of CO2 emissions.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.89,0:12:29.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not too many of you,\NI would imagine,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.08,0:12:34.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to be climate scientists\Nor sustainability managers or whatnot.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.71,0:12:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in terms of what\N6.8 tonnes of CO2 looks like,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.40,0:12:38.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's actually quite a big saving
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.96,0:12:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from a single tonne\Nof waste coffee grounds;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.17,0:12:44.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's the equivalent of driving\Na car or a London taxi
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.55,0:12:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from here in London\Nall the way to Beijing and back, twice.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.06,0:12:51.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's from a single tonne.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.41,0:12:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember, our factory is\Nable to do 50,000 of those a year,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.14,0:12:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's a fair amount in terms of saving
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.31,0:12:59.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from an environmental perspective as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.79,0:13:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This brings me back to where\NI started around talking about cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.60,0:13:10.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the importance they're going\Nto play in our future.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.17,0:13:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's clear to me that if we're going\Nthrough a rapid period of urbanization,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.27,0:13:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most people in the world
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.63,0:13:18.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are going to be living\Nin these large urban centres,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.74,0:13:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then cities need to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.38,0:13:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to first understand them,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.44,0:13:25.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then begin to address\Nsome of the challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.56,0:13:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're going to kick out.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.85,0:13:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, to understand
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.10,0:13:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that these are not just these vast,\Nnebulous, global challenges,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.67,0:13:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but uniquely urban ones,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:33.18,0:13:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ones interconnected by cities -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.96,0:13:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything from our physical\Nand mental well-being,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.81,0:13:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to, as we've heard earlier today,\Nour diet, to our water security,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.41,0:13:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,energy security, our housing, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.68,0:13:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are not global challenges,\Nbut uniquely urban ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.37,0:13:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they're going to be caused by cities,\Nas they increasingly are,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.54,0:13:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to fall to cities\Nto solve them.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.66,0:14:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, as I say,\Nto me, this is really exciting,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.96,0:14:04.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if we can change our locality,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.72,0:14:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can then change\Nthe world on a much larger scale
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.20,0:14:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a relatively small impact.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.08,0:14:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Getting cities powered\Nby coffee is just the start -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.24,0:14:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one thing this has shown me,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.64,0:14:19.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my background is certainly not
Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.78,0:14:22.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in either waste\Nor biochemicals or biofuels
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.76,0:14:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any of these exciting things,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:24.34,0:14:27.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mine's from an entirely different\Narchitectural background.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.72,0:14:30.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If there are opportunities\Nlike this out there,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.45,0:14:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that coffee previously was being
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.40,0:14:36.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- and still is in most of the UK\Nand around the world -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.15,0:14:39.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being put into the ground at a cost\Nto both the economy and the environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.72,0:14:43.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think how many similar opportunities\Nthere are out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.49,0:14:49.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To my mind, if we can\Nreally narrow our focus
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.35,0:14:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and essentially develop\Na whole new generation
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.74,0:14:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of different urban designers\Nwho are really focusing on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.60,0:14:59.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to be a very exciting\Nurban future for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.12,0:15:01.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every new person\Nwho comes into the planet
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.60,0:15:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has the power to create and innovate\Nand disrupt the status quo,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.20,0:15:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and leave their city,\Nwherever it happens to be,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.44,0:15:11.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,greater, better and more beautiful\Nthan it was before.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.65,0:15:13.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you all very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.32,0:15:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)