[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.88,0:00:07.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music playing]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.39,0:00:16.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,John F. Kennedy: Ask not what your country can do for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.81,0:00:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neil Armstrong: That's one small step for a man.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.04,0:00:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Martin Luther King : Hold these truths to be self-evident,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.01,0:00:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,\Nthat all men are created equal.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.67,0:00:31.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ronald Reagan: Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.22,0:00:47.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music playing]
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.70,0:00:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Male narrator: It was May of 1932.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.55,0:00:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Male reporter: It's a spectacle unparalleled in the history of the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.10,0:00:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: And something was very wrong in the land of plenty.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.34,0:00:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reporter: A day of bloodshed, and riots.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.39,0:01:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Collins: There were those of who felt that America was teetering
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.18,0:01:07.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the brink of revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.63,0:01:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: For three years the Great Depression had tormented Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.50,0:01:16.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, 20 thousand army veterans and their families came pouring into Washington
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.31,0:01:19.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find out what the government was going to do about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.95,0:01:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Collins: They were bearded. They were ragged.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.80,0:01:26.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were desperate. You could see it in their eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.53,0:01:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: They'd been promised a bonus for their service in World War I,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.26,0:01:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it was not due to be paid until 1945.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.14,0:01:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The desperate veterans wanted their money now.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.69,0:01:43.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were called The Bonus Army.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.59,0:01:48.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On July 28th, the Bonus Army came to blows with Washington police.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.19,0:01:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shots were fired.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.89,0:01:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President Herbert Hoover barricaded himself in the White House and called out the troops.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.16,0:02:00.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reporters: Soldiers have orders to burn down the unsanitary, and the illegal shants.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.09,0:02:08.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the roaring flames, sounds the death nell, to the fantastic Bonus Army.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.05,0:02:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: When the smoked cleared, two veterans and an infant were dead.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.02,0:02:15.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Darcy: Absolutely shameful.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.31,0:02:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sacrifice of the young American boys
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.42,0:02:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,left such an impression on me, I have never forgotten it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.37,0:02:28.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were just trying to feed their families.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.62,0:02:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Millions of Americans could no longer provide for their families.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.22,0:02:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With no where to turn for help,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.17,0:02:39.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were angry and they were approaching their breaking point.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.86,0:02:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three years into the Depression, the American system was in grave danger.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.52,0:02:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless it could change, and change quickly, it might not survive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.60,0:02:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bad times had arrived without warning.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.32,0:02:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a decade of expanding prosperity, almost overnight,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.99,0:03:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Wall Street crash of 1929 shattered America's confidence in its economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.35,0:03:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hancox: I was 11 years old, but how well I remember it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.15,0:03:25.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like the skies had grown dark.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.37,0:03:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thunder!
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.54,0:03:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, all of a sudden, faces were tragic, and people were walking around
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.79,0:03:37.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the hallways of our building, and in the streets, with inquiring eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.57,0:03:40.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and saying, "Has it happened to you? Has it happened to us?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.71,0:03:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is happening?"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.74,0:03:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bailey: With delivering telegrams at that time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.21,0:03:53.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pretty soon you could feel the horror
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.04,0:03:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,behind the door you were knocking.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.03,0:03:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you knock on the door, when the voice comes out--
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.23,0:04:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Yeah? Who is it? Who is it?"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.63,0:04:01.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say, "I have a telegram."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.94,0:04:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Well, slide it under the door,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.60,0:04:07.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "Go away! Get away from me. Get away from me."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.98,0:04:12.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: The collapse of the New York Stock Exchange in 1929
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.35,0:04:17.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was only the most visible sign of a massive economic crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.12,0:04:21.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The crisis that spread quickly from Wall Street to Main Street.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.90,0:04:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Miriam Johnson was living in California
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.24,0:04:28.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the Great Depression arrived at her house.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.83,0:04:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Johnson: I was 11 when The Crash came.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.62,0:04:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My father at that time, along with a few friends, owned a small grocery store.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.48,0:04:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day he came home,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.69,0:04:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he laid two dollars on the table in the kitchen,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.37,0:04:53.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he said "No more store. Everything is gone."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.02,0:04:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that was the end. For us it was the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.48,0:05:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Every day produced more bankruptcies, more layoffs,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.79,0:05:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more people with less money in their pockets.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.83,0:05:16.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even U.S. Steel, a symbol of American industrial might
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.99,0:05:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the turn of the century, was brought to its knees.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.11,0:05:25.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In three years the entire full-time payroll was laid off--
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.49,0:05:29.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,225,000 workers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.58,0:05:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: The Depression hit this country all over.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.38,0:05:43.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It hit the farm areas, it hit the cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.90,0:05:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You were just there, out of work, and out of food.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.77,0:05:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everyone was baffled. Nobody had ever had that experience before.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.29,0:06:03.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: I had been saving for maybe 5-6 years, money in a piggy bank.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.53,0:06:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nickles, pennies, dimes the most.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.56,0:06:12.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that I was the only one in the family that had any money,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.72,0:06:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because one day I came home
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.04,0:06:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I grabbed hold of my piggy bank, just to give it it a shake,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.78,0:06:23.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was nothing in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.40,0:06:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My mother was looking at me, and she said,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.18,0:06:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Your father borrowed the money.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.45,0:06:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"He has to go out to look for work, and he needed money to go downtown."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.19,0:06:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He came home, and I didn't say anything, but my eyes and face were swollen with tears.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.42,0:06:53.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My eyes were blinking with tears.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.45,0:06:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my father took me in his arms and said,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.99,0:07:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'm sorry. I had to have money.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.69,0:07:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"But it's a loan.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.11,0:07:05.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I'll pay it back to you."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.87,0:07:07.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He never did.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.49,0:07:10.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He never did.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.18,0:07:17.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My family had exhausted all its credits with the local merchants.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.65,0:07:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, on one occasion, my father came home
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.85,0:07:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and asked what was for dinner that night,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.07,0:07:27.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my mother said "There's nothing."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.77,0:07:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could that be? How could there be nothing?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.93,0:07:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was one of the few times in my life that I was fearful for myself.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.33,0:07:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Fearful of losing what little they had left, people rushed to the banks
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.55,0:07:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to withdraw their savings.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.80,0:07:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the banks, too, were short of cash.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.43,0:07:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One year after the crash, 800 of them had failed.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.71,0:07:59.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nine million savings accounts were wiped out.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.38,0:08:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: There was a janitor called George Gillies who had a thousand dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.21,0:08:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the bank of the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.40,0:08:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It had taken Gillies 40 years to save a thousand dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.43,0:08:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After spending two nights and two days in the pouring rain outside this shuttered,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.04,0:08:21.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,locked bank,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.99,0:08:27.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,beating--literally--beating on the walls with his hands in frustration,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.45,0:08:33.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he realized he was never going to see 10 cents of his money.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.72,0:08:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He went back to the basement where he lived,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.31,0:08:41.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he hanged himself in despair.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.23,0:08:43.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what bank failures did.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.21,0:08:47.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They crushed tens of thousands, maybe hundreds of thousands,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.69,0:08:52.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of ordinary people, like George Gillies.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.46,0:08:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: With their savings gone, and layoffs increasing, people were
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.58,0:09:01.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forced to sell their cars, their furniture, their wedding rings.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.40,0:09:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before long half the country's home mortgages were in default.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.20,0:09:12.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Families across America found themselves facing eviction.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.61,0:09:15.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Collins: I remember my brother and I, and my mother,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.98,0:09:19.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just couldn't stand to see it happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.82,0:09:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we left my father there to face the auctioneers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.98,0:09:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we came home that evening and we met my father who told us,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.27,0:09:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Yes, the house was sold."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.61,0:09:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.12,0:09:37.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And everything that we had had was no longer ours.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.21,0:09:40.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The land was gone, the house was gone.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.58,0:09:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we had 30 days in which time to move out.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.95,0:09:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my mother sat on the side of the bed and cried.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.55,0:09:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the first time I'd ever seen her cry.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.72,0:09:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll never forget that moment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.23,0:10:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That the way our family was affected, and we were not unique.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.73,0:10:09.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: You know what hurt me most about it was the look of pain on my mother's and father's face.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.79,0:10:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I couldn't bear to look at them.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.58,0:10:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To look at their misery.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.88,0:10:22.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To look at their disgrace.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.10,0:10:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They felt they had only themselves to blame.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.11,0:10:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a different generation.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.51,0:10:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a generation that had grown up with the old faith.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.27,0:10:37.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The faith of self-reliance.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.40,0:10:41.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The people had to stand on their own two feet.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.69,0:10:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't say the government's failed me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.30,0:10:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said "I'm to blame. I failed in this American system of ours. It's my fault."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.31,0:11:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: One year after the crash four million American families were
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.15,0:11:05.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without any means of support.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.38,0:11:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worse, they didn't know how to ask for help.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.58,0:11:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And their government didn't know how to provide it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.14,0:11:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1930, the American people had almost no sense of the national government.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.74,0:11:21.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was the post office.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.26,0:11:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Occasionally you'd see a soldier on the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.46,0:11:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The national government had very little direct impact on the lives of ordinary Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.51,0:11:40.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were no parachutes in those days, there was no social security,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.20,0:11:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no unemployment insurance, no nothing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.17,0:11:49.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just, you were on your own.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.44,0:11:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[upbeat music]
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.41,0:12:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: By 1931, hard times seemed to be everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.31,0:12:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you could still spare a dime, you could slip into a glamorous world
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.55,0:12:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the roaring 20's had never ended.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.19,0:12:10.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: If you go to the Grand Lake Theater,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.43,0:12:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hear Horace Heidt and his orchestra play for half an hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.22,0:12:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then you'd have the Movietone News, and then they'd have the feature story,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.95,0:12:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they would have Bugs Bunny, or the equivalent comic,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.25,0:12:30.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then they'd have the second feature, and by that time the orchestra was getting ready to play again.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.88,0:12:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could stand about 6 to 7 hours for 15 cents.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.03,0:12:39.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: There was no television; there was only radio.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.10,0:12:48.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this visual escape to a dark theater, you could literally forget your troubles and get happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.79,0:12:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Many people tried to dance their troubles away, often to the carefree irresistible rhythms
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.34,0:12:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a new generation of Jazz music that was sweeping the country, Swing.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.15,0:13:03.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reporter: Swing and Honey child, Suzie Q's going to town and how!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.38,0:13:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Swing music playing in background]
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.53,0:13:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Radical Organ Music] Radio Host: Now I'll meet Richard Calmer as Boston Blackie.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.79,0:13:23.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Enemy to those who make him an enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.46,0:13:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Friend to those who have no friend.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.08,0:13:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Many more were transfixed by the gripping dramas of radio.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.20,0:13:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the depression, the radio was the one appliance people could not live without.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.62,0:13:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wilkinson: We used to watch the radio.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.65,0:13:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was like watching television.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.74,0:13:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a shadow.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.89,0:13:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Radio: Who knows what evil lurks in the hearts of men? The Shadow knows [maniacal laughter].
Dialogue: 0,0:13:53.62,0:13:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wilkinson: [Laughing to himself] Turn off the lights!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.79,0:13:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Radio Actor: We're going to clean them out, today.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.87,0:14:00.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simon: You didn't know that they were standing on a stage reading from scripts.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.91,0:14:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You just thought they were doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.37,0:14:05.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Radio Actor: All right boys, let's head out!
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.81,0:14:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Simon: What I like most was to go into my room and turn off all the lights.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.20,0:14:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I didn't want any interference, and just listen to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.16,0:14:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My father thought I was a little weird and he'd always come in and turn the lights on
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.05,0:14:18.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and say, "what's wrong with you?"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.72,0:14:22.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I said, "nothing's wrong with me. This is really wonderf--a great way to listen to it."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.74,0:14:25.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Explosion]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.38,0:14:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Wind storm]
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.10,0:14:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: But sooner or later people had to turn the radio off. They had to leave the movie theater,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.43,0:14:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when they did, the Depression was still there, awaiting.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.74,0:14:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It advanced upon the farmers in the South and Midwest in terrifying storms of dry dust.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.80,0:14:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was one of the worst droughts in American History.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.43,0:15:03.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The land itself was blowing away.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.11,0:15:10.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lackey: It looked like a tornado coming. Big black clouds of dust coming across the desert there.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:10.94,0:15:15.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was terrible, you couldn't breathe. You'd put something over your face, a handkerchief,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.03,0:15:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to breathe through it and you'd spit out mud balls.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.62,0:15:28.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: 25,000 square miles of farm land became known as the Dust Bowl.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.74,0:15:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For farmers who'd been suffering through their own economic crisis since the 1920's,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.74,0:15:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was the final blow.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.49,0:15:45.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leaving their farmhouses and barns to rot, they fled westward for the promiseland, California.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.15,0:15:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Car engine]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.67,0:15:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Car horn]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.76,0:16:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Train clacking on tracks]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.54,0:16:08.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dust weary farmers joined millions other penniless people who were wondering the country
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.72,0:16:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking for a second chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.97,0:16:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The transportation of choice was the freight train. Riding the rails was dangerous,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.44,0:16:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the trains were patrolled by vicious guards. But the price was right.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.91,0:16:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: When it's gon' leave they give you the high volume, and that's two shorts and a long.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.83,0:16:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Man, you better get ready then 'cuz he's pulling out.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.99,0:16:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Train horn]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.40,0:16:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music playing]
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.99,0:16:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mitchum: Trouble lies in sightless cools along the way I've taken.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.44,0:16:59.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sightless windows stare the empty streets.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.27,0:17:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No love beckoned me save that which I have forsaken,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:03.33,0:17:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the anguish of my solitude is sweet.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.84,0:17:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: The actor Robert Mitchum wrote his poem in 1932 when he was just another teenager
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.52,0:17:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in search of salvation.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.88,0:17:27.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mitchum: At the time there was so many people on the train that the train crew couldn't walk the tops.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.52,0:17:35.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I met former bankers, college professors, all sorts of people riding the freight trains.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.24,0:17:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A lot of them didn't really have a destination. They were just trying to get away from where they were.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.97,0:17:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: But everywhere they got to seemed just as hopeless as the place they'd left behind.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:51.68,0:17:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: Numbers of towns would arrest those people who came there.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.66,0:18:03.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was particular concern about what were called, "The Wild Boys of the Road."
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.26,0:18:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: President Hoover sent undercover agents to ride the rails and assess the danger.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:08.10,0:18:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of them was a young law student named Melvin Belli.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:12.43,0:18:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Belli: You saw a part of America, at that time, that gave fear to everyone in Washington.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:18.94,0:18:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's something wrong with the country, and it's so wrong that
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.94,0:18:26.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these people are going to want a revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.48,0:18:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Strikes and protests were spreading, becoming angrier and more violent.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.34,0:18:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bill Wheeler was a 19 year old truck driver when he witnessed a demonstration in New York.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.59,0:18:44.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wheeler: I swear it was just filled with mobs of people. They were demonstrating, it turned out,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:44.01,0:18:51.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for unemployment relief, unemployment benefits, and the police and the firemen
Dialogue: 0,0:18:51.60,0:18:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were mowing them down with fire hoses, cops were beating them on the head.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:55.70,0:19:00.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was unbelievable!
Dialogue: 0,0:19:00.44,0:19:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Radical movements, like the Communist Party, were gaining influence and converts.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:06.75,0:19:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President Hoover misread the danger signals and still did nothing to ease the suffering.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:12.62,0:19:20.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hoover: We are convinced that we have overcome major financial crisis. A crisis in--
Dialogue: 0,0:19:20.42,0:19:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: For some, the loss of faith was so profound that they simply fled the country.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:28.69,0:19:33.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three years after Joseph Stalin had predicted the death of capitalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:19:33.26,0:19:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,100,000 Americans moved to the Soviet Union to help build Communism.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.86,0:19:45.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Wheeler: There was work for anybody that wanted to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:45.61,0:19:49.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was none of this going around with your hat in your hand and tears in your eyes
Dialogue: 0,0:19:49.06,0:19:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,begging for a job. It seemed to be a land of great promise at that time.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.97,0:20:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: This was the only time in history that more people were leaving America than coming to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:09.89,0:20:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[bell ringing]
Dialogue: 0,0:20:16.02,0:20:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In time, the Great Depression spread like a virus far beyond American borders.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:23.15,0:20:27.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reporter: Hunger marches, signs of the political time.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:31.53,0:20:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: In Germany the situation was becoming dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:36.96,0:20:44.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The depression only made worse the already harsh conditions brought on by Germany's loss in WWI.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:44.80,0:20:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Metelmann: There was real problems. There was mass unemployment, and because of this
Dialogue: 0,0:20:51.50,0:20:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were protests, marches, demonstrations, street fightings.
Dialogue: 0,0:20:57.35,0:21:02.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The unemployed people, they walked through the town and they shouted slogans,
Dialogue: 0,0:21:02.45,0:21:06.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Give us bread. Give us work."
Dialogue: 0,0:21:09.86,0:21:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fischer: There is so much unrest, so much disorder.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:20.02,0:21:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We needed a powerful leader, a powerful man to lead us out of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.08,0:21:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: The first time I saw the Nazis, they marched around in town with their brown shirts on.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.04,0:21:43.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They had proper uniforms and they had music and they had flags.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:43.86,0:21:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I remember how it impressed me, something military, and we children, we'd run along them and
Dialogue: 0,0:21:52.94,0:21:56.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,try to sing their songs.
Dialogue: 0,0:21:56.84,0:22:00.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: The leader of the Nazi movement knew instinctively that Germany's suffering
Dialogue: 0,0:22:00.52,0:22:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was his opportunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:03.42,0:22:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adolf Hitler told the demoralized Germans that he could cure what ailed them.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.51,0:22:13.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adolf Hitler: [Speaking in German]
Dialogue: 0,0:22:13.11,0:22:17.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Crowd shouting]
Dialogue: 0,0:22:17.87,0:22:26.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His speeches, they were arousing. He started always off quietly.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:28.55,0:22:34.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he talked about ordinary things and then he worked himself up.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:34.73,0:22:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saying something like, "Our enemies, they think we are the footmap of the world, and I promise you,
Dialogue: 0,0:22:42.68,0:22:50.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will erase all that. We demand our place in the sun which is rightly ours, and I will lead you there.
Dialogue: 0,0:22:50.27,0:22:54.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will lead you there, I promise it."
Dialogue: 0,0:22:54.93,0:22:59.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had tears in our eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:01.77,0:23:08.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: In 1932, Hitler's rapidly growing Nazi party took 37% of the vote in parliamentary elections.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:08.97,0:23:14.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Though not a majority, he had uphold all the other parties.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:14.14,0:23:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler used his new strength to seize the Chancellorship of Germany
Dialogue: 0,0:23:17.72,0:23:21.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and destroy opposition to his rule.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:21.88,0:23:26.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On January 30th, 1933, his followers celebrated his ascension to power with a torchlight
Dialogue: 0,0:23:26.98,0:23:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,victory parade through Berlin.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:30.38,0:23:38.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Propelled by hard times, the Nazi era had begun.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:38.37,0:23:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,VonElbe: The procession moved on through Wilhelmstrasse. Marching music could be heard.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:47.52,0:23:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The torchlights were--were gleaming and there was a strange light in the street.
Dialogue: 0,0:23:59.64,0:24:06.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there was this atmosphere of irreality, almost.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:06.37,0:24:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Almost black magic.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:10.97,0:24:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hitler was able to arouse the masses in such a way that they forgot reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.85,0:24:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pechel: Well he had charisma, no doubt about that, and he promised
Dialogue: 0,0:24:27.18,0:24:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people that they would get work. People were desperate, you see.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:35.98,0:24:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People being desperate, they will run after a man like Hitler.
Dialogue: 0,0:24:42.77,0:24:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adolf Hitler: [speaking in German]
Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.03,0:24:52.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[crowd cheering]
Dialogue: 0,0:24:56.66,0:25:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: 1932 was also a year of decision for Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:04.71,0:25:11.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Republican president, Herbert Hoover, campaigned for reelection only to find that everywhere he went
Dialogue: 0,0:25:11.38,0:25:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his name had become synonymous with failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:25:17.100,0:25:22.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shanty towns of unemployed men were now called, "Hoovervilles."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:22.66,0:25:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Newspapers were, "Hoover blankets." Empty pockets, "Hoover flags."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:29.59,0:25:35.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hoover: The very first task of this country is to see that no man, woman, or child shall go hungry...
Dialogue: 0,0:25:35.91,0:25:44.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leuchtenberg: It was said of Hoover that even dogs took an instinctive dislike to him,
Dialogue: 0,0:25:44.12,0:25:53.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in that 1932 campaign, one man wired him, "Vote for Roosevelt, and make it unanimous."
Dialogue: 0,0:25:53.50,0:26:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt: California! Cast 44 votes for Franklin D. Roosevelt. [Crowd cheering]
Dialogue: 0,0:26:02.07,0:26:09.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: New York governor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, was the democratic party candidate.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:09.53,0:26:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had been struck by polio in 1921.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:14.12,0:26:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was known more for his charm than his accomplishments.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:19.33,0:26:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most people were not sure what he meant when he promised a new deal to the American people.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:26.12,0:26:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neither was he. But Roosevelt appeared optimistic, confident, and he wasn't Herbert Hoover.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:33.82,0:26:36.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt: What's our campaign slogan Sissy?
Dialogue: 0,0:26:36.99,0:26:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sissy: Happy days are here again.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:38.22,0:26:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt: Good, that's right.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:41.35,0:26:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Roosevelt won in the greatest electoral landslide America had ever seen.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:46.63,0:26:51.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he faced, perhaps the greatest challenge ever presented to an American leader.
Dialogue: 0,0:26:51.93,0:26:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Bell ringing]
Dialogue: 0,0:26:55.37,0:27:02.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The 4 million unemployed of 1930 had turned to 16 million by 1933.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:02.21,0:27:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,25% of the American workforce.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:06.26,0:27:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gordon: The American economy was in freefall. Economists disagree to some extent on this,
Dialogue: 0,0:27:12.34,0:27:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we could have lost everything in 1933.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:18.26,0:27:22.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was that bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:24.27,0:27:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: On inauguration day nearly 100,000 people braved a cold March morning to hear
Dialogue: 0,0:27:29.12,0:27:31.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the new president would do.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.62,0:27:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt: This great nation will endure as it has endured. Let me assert--
Dialogue: 0,0:27:37.62,0:27:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Belli: That magnificent resonance coming out.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.45,0:27:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt: The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:45.63,0:27:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Belli: We have nothing to fear but fear itself, and everyone would look at each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.76,0:27:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'd nod their head, and when he'd say, "my friends," everybody could feel he was talking to him.
Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.94,0:28:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was one of his friends, that was one of his people.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:03.15,0:28:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And me, a little black boy,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:05.86,0:28:07.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down in Georgia,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:07.86,0:28:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hearing that voice over the radio, you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.29,0:28:16.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I felt it wasn't that he told it to dad and daddy told it to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:16.49,0:28:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or told it to mama.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.23,0:28:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No--he was talking to me, sitting there listening to him.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.78,0:28:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He could, through the magic of his voice and radio,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:27.94,0:28:39.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reach out and involve you in the great adventure of building, making America work again.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:39.20,0:28:44.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Roosevelt moved decisively to restore confidence in the country's financial system.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.56,0:28:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one daring move, he closed the nation's banks
Dialogue: 0,0:28:47.20,0:28:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ordered the Treasury to rush them 2 billion dollars in new currency.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:52.38,0:28:56.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President Roosevelt: Let me make it clear that the banks will take care of all needs.
Dialogue: 0,0:28:56.61,0:28:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: The reaction was, to his closing the bank,
Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.86,0:29:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Thank God, somebody had come in and done something."
Dialogue: 0,0:29:03.98,0:29:11.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: When the banks reopened, deposits easily exceeded withdrawals.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:11.42,0:29:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rescuing the banks was only the beginning.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:14.41,0:29:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In his first 100 days in the White House
Dialogue: 0,0:29:16.74,0:29:19.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt moved at a breath-taking pace,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:19.79,0:29:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from regulating business, helping farmers,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:21.44,0:29:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pumping new money into the economy.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:24.74,0:29:32.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was the most massive intervention in the lives of the American people the country had ever known.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:32.24,0:29:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt put people on the government payroll
Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.62,0:29:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when private business didn't hire them fast enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:37.91,0:29:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Wild Boys of the road became part of the Civilian Conservation Corps,
Dialogue: 0,0:29:42.36,0:29:45.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,planting trees and building roads across America.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:45.91,0:29:49.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: They shipped us out to the bottom of the Grand Canyon.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:49.88,0:29:54.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd build trails, you know, for people to come in and sight-seeing.
Dialogue: 0,0:29:54.96,0:30:02.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We got five dollars a month and they sent $25 home for your family to live on.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.11,0:30:09.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,: Here was the federal government stepping in to help
Dialogue: 0,0:30:09.18,0:30:12.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people And it may not have been enough.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.22,0:30:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In some cases it didn't help, but somebody was trying.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:18.21,0:30:24.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One had that feeling that maybe it was going to work.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:24.70,0:30:28.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music]
Dialogue: 0,0:30:36.66,0:30:41.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Millions of Americans had been helped in the first year of the New Deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:41.07,0:30:46.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for millions more, the year 1933 ended in frustration.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:46.46,0:30:51.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,President Roosevelt had lifted their spirits, but not their circumstances.
Dialogue: 0,0:30:51.57,0:30:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After a time their a haunting thought could not be put down
Dialogue: 0,0:30:56.28,0:31:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that maybe this Great Depression was never going to end.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:00.29,0:31:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with the sense of rising expectations,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:04.07,0:31:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people are stirred out of their lethargy and in 1934,
Dialogue: 0,0:31:08.68,0:31:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a most radical mood out of any year of the Great Depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:15.85,0:31:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: President Roosevelt had contributed to that radical mood
Dialogue: 0,0:31:18.88,0:31:24.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he became the first American president to say that labor had the right to unionize.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:24.68,0:31:28.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But businessmen remained defiantly anti-union.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:28.53,0:31:35.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the spring of 1934, emboldened dock workers closed ports all along the Pacific coast.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:35.62,0:31:39.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In San Francisco, their strike turned violent.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:39.53,0:31:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[shouting]
Dialogue: 0,0:31:40.87,0:31:43.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[gun shots]
Dialogue: 0,0:31:48.53,0:31:54.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We heard on the radio that all of this terrible stuff was
Dialogue: 0,0:31:54.24,0:31:56.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,going on And my husband was down there.
Dialogue: 0,0:31:56.72,0:32:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember my mother and I were frightened and very upset--would Harold make it?
Dialogue: 0,0:32:06.36,0:32:13.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It got so bad that two men were killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:13.20,0:32:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were killed by bullets, ostensibly from the police.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:18.23,0:32:24.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nobody really ever figured that one out totally.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:24.01,0:32:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Harold was right on the corner where one was killed.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:29.42,0:32:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Shocked the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:32.06,0:32:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Killings, then, used to shock people.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:36.62,0:32:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: The funeral for the two murdered strikers drew 50 thousand people.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:41.81,0:32:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The funeral saw--
Dialogue: 0,0:32:44.89,0:32:48.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[draws heavy breaths]
Dialogue: 0,0:32:48.56,0:32:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It so shocked the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:51.14,0:32:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was so impressive.
Dialogue: 0,0:32:56.23,0:33:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was enough to infuriate the people of San Francisco.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:00.22,0:33:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much so they said, "We've had it."
Dialogue: 0,0:33:02.79,0:33:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every day we'd watch people getting beaten and clubbed.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:06.90,0:33:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd had it up to our eye brows.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:09.62,0:33:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By God, whatever it takes to win this fight we're gonna win it.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:12.86,0:33:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they stopped all work.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:15.53,0:33:20.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even the barbers said, "We refuse to give a haircut to anybody," until the strike is over.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:20.91,0:33:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We sympathize with the union."
Dialogue: 0,0:33:22.77,0:33:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We sympathize with the men."
Dialogue: 0,0:33:24.56,0:33:27.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they shut the port down, shut the city down.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:27.98,0:33:35.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Little stores: " Closed until our boys win."
Dialogue: 0,0:33:35.15,0:33:39.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city was quiet as hell.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:39.35,0:33:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nothing moved for four solid days.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:42.91,0:33:47.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[men shouting together]
Dialogue: 0,0:33:47.59,0:33:50.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: The longshoremen won virtually all their demands,
Dialogue: 0,0:33:50.26,0:33:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,encouraging workers across the country to move against management.
Dialogue: 0,0:33:55.81,0:34:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1934, there were more than 1,800 strikes for union recognition.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:04.60,0:34:06.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Coal miners.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:06.12,0:34:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Steel workers. Warehouse
Dialogue: 0,0:34:08.12,0:34:11.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and different people, packing houses
Dialogue: 0,0:34:11.86,0:34:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They said "if a bunch of starving seamen and longshoremen can weather the storm.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:17.80,0:34:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could do it back in Pittsburgh" or "we could do it here.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:20.86,0:34:23.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could do it there."
Dialogue: 0,0:34:23.64,0:34:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[gun shots]
Dialogue: 0,0:34:26.61,0:34:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[shouting]
Dialogue: 0,0:34:29.15,0:34:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Labor unrest was only one of Roosevelt's problems in 1934.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:33.01,0:34:38.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Economic recovery had stalled and critics had complained that he'd gone too far.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:38.22,0:34:42.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The constitutionality of some New Deal programs were being challenged in the courts.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:42.81,0:34:46.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And business leaders were warning that FDR had steered the country
Dialogue: 0,0:34:46.92,0:34:49.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recklessly to the left.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:49.73,0:34:53.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Roosevelt knew that his programs still hadn't reached millions of desperate Americans
Dialogue: 0,0:34:53.98,0:34:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he didn't know how long they would wait.
Dialogue: 0,0:34:58.14,0:35:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Discontent and frustration gave rise to any number of demigods
Dialogue: 0,0:35:02.77,0:35:07.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including the charismatic radio priest, Father Charles Coughlin.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:07.05,0:35:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Charles Coughlin: Shout it as children and shout it as men and women.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:09.56,0:35:15.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Dr. Francis Townsend, self-proclaimed advocate for the elderly.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:15.40,0:35:21.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Radical, spell-binders who claimed the New Deal was dying.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:21.41,0:35:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During 1934, one of these would-be saviors developed a national following
Dialogue: 0,0:35:25.84,0:35:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and presidential ambitions.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:28.12,0:35:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Huey Long: Because Hoover wanted to plow up every--
Dialogue: 0,0:35:30.44,0:35:32.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: He was called the "Kingfish."
Dialogue: 0,0:35:32.28,0:35:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Senator and former Louisiana Governor Huey Long.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:35.86,0:35:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Huey Long: After we told you people that Hoover was a numbskull--
Dialogue: 0,0:35:39.52,0:35:44.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Carter: The best entertainment you had was when Huey came to town to speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:44.26,0:35:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Huey Long: Put it in to plow a better--
Dialogue: 0,0:35:46.68,0:35:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody went to hear him,
Dialogue: 0,0:35:48.93,0:35:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether they were for or against him.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:51.22,0:35:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was marvelous.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:52.85,0:35:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Huey Long: The Lord has answered the prayer.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:54.73,0:35:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He has called the upon of you.
Dialogue: 0,0:35:56.96,0:36:03.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He'd use such expressive language. You just had to listen.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:03.37,0:36:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: And when people listened, many discovered they liked what they heard.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:07.13,0:36:13.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What Huey Long was saying was that he was going to soak the rich, and he
Dialogue: 0,0:36:13.67,0:36:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was going to give that money to the poor.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:16.32,0:36:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His plan was never really carefully worked out, and in his own
Dialogue: 0,0:36:19.62,0:36:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,state of Louisiana, he fell notably short of redistributing the wealth.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:25.82,0:36:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it had a kind of direct appeal that the more complex programs of the New Deal lacked, and
Dialogue: 0,0:36:34.92,0:36:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also provided a focus for the animus against the rich that had been
Dialogue: 0,0:36:42.71,0:36:47.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building during the years of the Great Depression.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:47.10,0:36:51.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Long promised every American a house, a car, a radio.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:51.46,0:36:54.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In return, he wanted power.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:54.91,0:36:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Absolute power.
Dialogue: 0,0:36:57.58,0:37:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Percy: You couldn't do anything in Louisiana unless you got his okay.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:02.22,0:37:05.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was vicious.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:05.03,0:37:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you told him no, he'd knock you down.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:11.74,0:37:16.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had built up a private police force.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:16.50,0:37:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had shown his contempt for the democratic processes and that created
Dialogue: 0,0:37:23.00,0:37:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a great deal of worry in Washington.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:27.01,0:37:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Not just southerners, but midwestern farmers and New York factory workers
Dialogue: 0,0:37:30.99,0:37:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were joining Long's Share Our Wealth Clubs.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:35.18,0:37:45.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1935, Franklin Roosevelt was privately calling Huey Long the most dangerous man in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:45.98,0:37:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you have food riots, you have the makings of a dictatorship.
Dialogue: 0,0:37:54.20,0:38:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't think you wouldn't do it too. You might vote the wrong way.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:01.03,0:38:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He rose on the votes of the people, and Huey Long was rising on the votes of the people too.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:09.99,0:38:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Huey Long never got the chance to run for president.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:13.44,0:38:20.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was cut down by an assassin in September, 1935.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:20.94,0:38:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By then, President Roosevelt was hard at work on a populist agenda of his own, pushing
Dialogue: 0,0:38:25.99,0:38:31.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Congress to create the Social Security programs, welfare for the poor, and jobs
Dialogue: 0,0:38:31.66,0:38:36.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for 8 million people on public projects of every description.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:36.73,0:38:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was called The Second Hundred Days, and it reshaped American life.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:43.41,0:38:48.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The legislation of the Second Hundred Days gives an underpinning to the
Dialogue: 0,0:38:48.41,0:38:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,economy that's not been there before.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:51.49,0:38:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's now a system of unemployment compensation, of old age pensions.
Dialogue: 0,0:38:58.43,0:39:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The United States, for the first time, has a centralized banking system.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:04.66,0:39:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by 1936, there are visible scenes of recovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:12.33,0:39:16.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Six years after he lost his grocery store, Miriam Johnson's father found
Dialogue: 0,0:39:16.90,0:39:20.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a steady job with the Works Progress Administration.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:20.64,0:39:23.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was so happy to get up in the morning.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:23.02,0:39:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My father was so happy, even though the work - by this time he wasn't a kid - and it was
Dialogue: 0,0:39:27.03,0:39:29.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pick and shovel work, you know?
Dialogue: 0,0:39:29.24,0:39:35.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was so happy to have something to do and to get paid for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:37.80,0:39:47.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To me, the Roosevelt era revolutionized the perception of what government owes
Dialogue: 0,0:39:47.16,0:39:50.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the people and what it's role is.
Dialogue: 0,0:39:50.79,0:40:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roosevelt: We are fighting. Fighting to save a great and precious form of government.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:00.53,0:40:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The programs that he put in were imperative for that period.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:05.48,0:40:10.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think it was a godsend that we had him and we maintained
Dialogue: 0,0:40:10.77,0:40:17.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a democracy that we had all cherished.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:17.33,0:40:23.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Campaigning for a second term in 1936, Roosevelt told a cheering crowd "You look
Dialogue: 0,0:40:23.23,0:40:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happier today than you did four years ago."
Dialogue: 0,0:40:26.17,0:40:29.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:29.58,0:40:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Franklin Delano Roosevelt was reelected by the greatest margin in the
Dialogue: 0,0:40:33.40,0:40:37.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history of American politics.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:41.26,0:40:44.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the four years since President Roosevelt had taken office, America
Dialogue: 0,0:40:44.99,0:40:51.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had experience a revolution, and it had been led by the President himself.
Dialogue: 0,0:40:51.82,0:40:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[explosions]
Dialogue: 0,0:41:00.61,0:41:05.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The New Deal programs of the Depression Era transformed the countries landscape.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:05.35,0:41:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One project alone, the Tennessee Valley Authority, built dams, brought electricity, ended
Dialogue: 0,0:41:11.31,0:41:18.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,floods, and lifted families out of poverty in seven states.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:18.19,0:41:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as he took office for his second term in January, 1937, Roosevelt's New Deal still
Dialogue: 0,0:41:24.04,0:41:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had not completely overcome the Depression in America.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:29.77,0:41:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By 1937 the depression in Germany was over.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:34.20,0:41:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adolf Hitler had kept his promise to give the people work.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:42.40,0:41:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Peter: Unemployed people disappeared practically over night.
Dialogue: 0,0:41:49.52,0:42:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were no young, healthy men standing at the corners of Berlin and begging around for pennies.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:01.16,0:42:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People had jobs. They were happy.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:04.53,0:42:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: The secret of Germany's prosperity was rearmament.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:09.28,0:42:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were plenty of jobs making powerful, new weapons, and building a highway system
Dialogue: 0,0:42:14.93,0:42:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much for tanks as for cars.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:22.24,0:42:28.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was also a kind of New Deal, but he was preparing for war.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:28.88,0:42:33.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: The first step came in March of 1936 when German troops marched unopposed
Dialogue: 0,0:42:33.65,0:42:44.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the Rhineland's to reoccupy territory lost to France after the first World War.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:44.22,0:42:54.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was leading us to the place in the sun, and I sincerely, and honestly believed in all that.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:54.100,0:42:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I came home and told my father, arguments started.
Dialogue: 0,0:42:58.60,0:43:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My mother always said no.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:00.85,0:43:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Leave that boy alone. He can't help it that he's so brainwashed."
Dialogue: 0,0:43:05.60,0:43:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it started again with my mother "What do you mean by brainwashed them?"
Dialogue: 0,0:43:10.15,0:43:20.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, of course, I realize my parents were right, but it's all too late.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:20.35,0:43:25.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Narrator: Now Adolf Hitler would try to keep another promise to the German people.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:25.94,0:43:29.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To build a new German empire.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:29.97,0:43:35.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One, he said, that would last 1000 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:44.18,0:43:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Depression and desperation had unleashed a force that would alter the course
Dialogue: 0,0:43:48.37,0:43:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the 20th century.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:50.36,0:43:54.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll see that on the next episode of The Century: America's Time.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:54.71,0:43:56.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm Peter Jennings.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:56.25,0:43:59.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for joining us.
Dialogue: 0,0:43:59.17,0:44:02.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[music playing]