[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.79,0:00:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is hard to overstate\Nthe beneficial effects of immunization.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.94,0:00:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to the US\NCenters for Disease Control,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.18,0:00:13.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,US children born over the last 20 years --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.72,0:00:19.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for those children, vaccines will prevent\Ngreater than 322 million illnesses,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.26,0:00:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,greater than 21 million hospitalizations
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.19,0:00:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and greater than 730,000 deaths,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.86,0:00:30.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the societal cost savings\Nof nearly 1.4 trillion dollars.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.36,0:00:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are big numbers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.86,0:00:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But let's zoom in\Nand look at a particular example.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.98,0:00:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vaccines have nearly eliminated
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.16,0:00:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bacterial infection\Ncalled Haemophilus influenzae.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.56,0:00:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This bacterium\Nused to infect young infants
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.85,0:00:46.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing bloodstream infections,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.40,0:00:49.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pneumonia, meningitis, death
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.38,0:00:50.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or permanent disability.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.58,0:00:54.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a young pediatrician,\NI saw a few cases.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.08,0:00:58.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You folks probably have never\Nheard of this disease,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.07,0:01:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because vaccines have been so effective.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.74,0:01:02.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could see in the graph on the right
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.83,0:01:04.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that since the introduction of vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.02,0:01:07.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the incidence of Haemophilus\Nbacterial infections
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.95,0:01:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has plummeted like a rock,\Nand it's nearly vanished.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.18,0:01:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So vaccines are generally a success story.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.76,0:01:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we also face challenges.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.07,0:01:21.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one, for most vaccines,\Nwe need to give multiple doses
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.26,0:01:23.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to achieve or maintain protection.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.72,0:01:29.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scientific community is working\Non developing single-shot vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.07,0:01:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Imagine being able to get only one\Ninfluenza shot your whole life
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.86,0:01:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not having to get\Na seasonal flu vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.20,0:01:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Certain microbes\Nare difficult to immunize against.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.97,0:01:44.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A classic example is human\Nimmunodeficiency virus, or HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.22,0:01:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The need is urgent,\Nprogress is being made;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.40,0:01:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're not there yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.59,0:01:53.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another critical element\Nin vaccine research right now
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.09,0:01:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is optimizing vaccines\Nfor the most vulnerable among us,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.54,0:01:58.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the very young and the elderly.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.66,0:02:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is an active area of research.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.98,0:02:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Finally, one of the biggest challenges\Nwe unfortunately face right now
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.23,0:02:08.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are anti-vax attitudes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.90,0:02:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, it's alarming that over 100,000\Ninfants and children in the United States
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.04,0:02:16.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have not received any vaccines,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.02,0:02:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that number is growing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.18,0:02:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, the World Health\NOrganization, or WHO,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.57,0:02:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has declared anti-vax attitudes
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.20,0:02:29.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as one of the 10 most important\Nthreats to human health
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.43,0:02:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the world today.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.05,0:02:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This graphic illustrates\Nthe spread of anti-vax sentiment
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.43,0:02:36.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the state of California,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.99,0:02:40.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the year 2000 to 2013,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.05,0:02:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by looking at the percentage\Nof public kindergarten students
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.62,0:02:47.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who claim the personal exemption\Nagainst immunization.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.34,0:02:50.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anti-vax sentiment is on the rise,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.87,0:02:53.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has very real consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.28,0:02:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many of you may be aware of the fact
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.38,0:02:58.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're seeing infections\Nthat we thought we conquered long ago
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.58,0:02:59.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,coming back.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.76,0:03:03.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Measles outbreaks have been reported\Nin multiple US states.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.39,0:03:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And many have forgotten,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.81,0:03:08.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but measles is very\Ninfectious and dangerous.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.50,0:03:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just a few viral particles\Ncan infect an individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.74,0:03:14.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there have been even reports
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.84,0:03:17.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at sporting events\Nand at an Olympic stadium
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.28,0:03:19.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the virus, through the air,\Ntravels long distances
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.100,0:03:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and infects a vulnerable\Nperson in the crowd.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.29,0:03:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, if I had\Na measles cough right now,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.42,0:03:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Coughs)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.60,0:03:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,somebody in the back\Nof this auditorium could get infected.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.90,0:03:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this has had\Nvery real-world consequences.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.29,0:03:36.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just a few months ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.51,0:03:40.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an airline stewardess\Ncontracted measles on a flight,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.19,0:03:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the virus entered her brain\Nand caused encephalitis,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.29,0:03:44.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she died.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.60,0:03:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So people are now dying\Ndue to this anti-vax sentiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.17,0:03:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do want to take a few minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.100,0:03:53.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to address those\Nwho don't believe in vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.47,0:03:55.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who resist vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.32,0:04:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a pediatrician who receives\Nmy yearly flu vaccination,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.24,0:04:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a parent of three children
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.32,0:04:07.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who have been vaccinated according\Nto the recommended schedule,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.64,0:04:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as a pediatric infectious\Ndisease consultant
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.44,0:04:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who has taken care\Nof young children with meningitis
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.30,0:04:17.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would have been preventable\Nhad their parents accepted immunization,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.18,0:04:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a personal matter to me.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.50,0:04:22.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's take a look\Nat who is going to pay the price
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.31,0:04:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we start dialing back the amount\Nof vaccination in our society.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.69,0:04:29.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This graph depicts, on the Y axis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.12,0:04:32.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number of individuals\Ndying of infection in the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.58,0:04:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And on the X axis,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.10,0:04:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the age of the individuals who are dying.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.64,0:04:40.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as you can see,\Nit's very much a U-shaped distribution,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.08,0:04:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's particularly stark\Nin the very young ages.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.86,0:04:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So vaccines shield\Nthe very young from infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.53,0:04:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if we want to talk, my friends,\Nabout what vaccines cause,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.62,0:04:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because there's a lot of speculation,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.41,0:04:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,unfounded speculation on the internet,\Nof what vaccines cause,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.04,0:05:00.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,vaccines cause adults, OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.62,0:05:01.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's what they cause.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.81,0:05:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the other thing that they cause\Nis for elderly individuals to live longer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.74,0:05:09.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because they are shielded\Nagainst influenza
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.16,0:05:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other killers of the elderly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.34,0:05:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, let's talk a little bit
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.75,0:05:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how we can improve\Nvaccines even further.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.23,0:05:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can create vaccines that can immunize\Nthe most vulnerable among us
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.68,0:05:24.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perhaps even vaccines\Nthat protect with single shots.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.36,0:05:26.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me go over a little bit\Nof the immunology.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.90,0:05:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the top panel, what you see\Nis a simple vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.34,0:05:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All vaccines contain\Nsomething called an antigen.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.26,0:05:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The antigen is like a piece\Nof a germ, of a microbe,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.52,0:05:38.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that your body remembers, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.44,0:05:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It forms antibodies\Nand those antibodies can protect you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.91,0:05:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So those kind of vaccines\Ncan induce an immune response,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.33,0:05:46.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but as you see here,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.69,0:05:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that immune response\Ntends to go up and back down,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.63,0:05:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you need to get another dose\Nand another dose
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.36,0:05:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to maintain protection.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.20,0:05:55.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can we do?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.84,0:05:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We and other scientists around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.04,0:06:01.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are finding molecules\Nthat can boost a vaccine response.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.36,0:06:03.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are called adjuvants,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.32,0:06:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the Latin "adjuvare," to help or aid.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.24,0:06:09.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Adjuvants are molecules\Nwe might add to a vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.35,0:06:11.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get a stronger response.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.07,0:06:14.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the presence of the adjuvant,\Ndepicted here in red,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.39,0:06:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you have a much more profound\Nactivation of the white blood cells
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.77,0:06:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of your immune system,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.06,0:06:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and generate a much more\Nprofound immune response,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.97,0:06:24.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with much higher antibody\Nlevels, more rapidly,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.76,0:06:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that lasts a long time\Nfor durable immunity.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.09,0:06:31.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interestingly, these adjuvants\Nhave different effects
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.58,0:06:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on the age or other demographic\Nfactors of the individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.66,0:06:38.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which brings me to the notion\Nof precision vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.21,0:06:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the idea that we will take\Nprecision medicine --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.21,0:06:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you know what precision\Nmedicine is, right,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.25,0:06:47.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the idea that populations may vary
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.80,0:06:50.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in their response\Nto a particular medicine --
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.27,0:06:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and apply that to vaccines.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.78,0:06:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.96,0:06:56.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here in Boston Children's Hospital
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.17,0:06:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Precision Vaccines\NProgram I direct,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.80,0:07:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have five approaches,\Nstepwise approaches we take,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.08,0:07:03.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to build precision vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.62,0:07:06.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are tailored\Nto vulnerable populations.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.49,0:07:07.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Number one,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.75,0:07:10.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to understand\Nwhat the attitude of a given population is
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.90,0:07:12.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards a vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.09,0:07:14.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could build the most\Nsophisticated vaccine in the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.93,0:07:17.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if nobody wants to take it,\Nyou're going nowhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.76,0:07:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Number two,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.93,0:07:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to think\Nof the route of immunization.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.24,0:07:24.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Most vaccines are intramuscular, or IM,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.37,0:07:27.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are others,\Nintranasal, oral and others.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.14,0:07:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, as I just described to you,\Nvaccines have components.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.39,0:07:33.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All vaccines have an antigen,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.32,0:07:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's the part of the microbe\Nthat your body remembers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.10,0:07:39.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you might make antibodies\Nor cell-mediated immunity against.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.01,0:07:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we might add an adjuvant,\Nas we talked about,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.32,0:07:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to boost an immune response.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.94,0:07:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But guess what?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.12,0:07:47.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many different\Nantigens to choose from
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.45,0:07:48.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and many different adjuvants.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.86,0:07:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How are we going to make that decision?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.75,0:07:52.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the menu of these keeps growing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.86,0:07:54.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So on our team,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.03,0:07:57.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've developed ways\Nto test vaccines outside the body --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.54,0:07:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Latin, that's "in vitro" --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.20,0:08:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a tissue culture dish.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.85,0:08:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we use tissue engineering\Nwith blood cells
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.15,0:08:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to immunize outside the body
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.28,0:08:08.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and study the effect of the vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.36,0:08:12.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against, for example, infants\Nor elderly individuals or others.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.35,0:08:15.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you think about it,\Nthis is critical,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.59,0:08:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because if you look at all the infections\Nwe want to build vaccines against,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.21,0:08:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Zika virus and Ebola virus\Nand HIV and others,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.19,0:08:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the candidate antigens,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.01,0:08:27.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the candidate adjuvants,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.14,0:08:29.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the different populations,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.14,0:08:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's going to be impossible to do\Nlarge, phase III clinical trials
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.90,0:08:34.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for every combination.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.49,0:08:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is where we think being able\Nto test vaccines outside the body
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.74,0:08:42.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can make a big difference\Nto accelerate vaccine development.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.50,0:08:45.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, this whole effort\Nis to drive an immune response
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.42,0:08:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will protect against\Nthat particular pathogen,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.70,0:08:52.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting antibodies and other cells\Nto defend the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.27,0:08:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are also using additional\Ninnovative approaches
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.92,0:08:59.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring the most cutting-edge science\Nto vaccine development.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.35,0:09:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're taking a deeper dive\Nas to how current vaccines protect.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.47,0:09:05.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've formed an international consortium
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.85,0:09:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to study how hepatitis B vaccine\Nprotects newborns
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.61,0:09:11.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from hepatitis B infection.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.52,0:09:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.70,0:09:16.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've developed a technique\Ncalled small sample, big data.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.13,0:09:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can get a tiny little drop\Nof baby blood before immunization,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.22,0:09:23.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take a tiny little drop\Nafter immunization,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.34,0:09:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can measure the inventory\Nof all the cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.25,0:09:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all the genes and all the molecules\Nin that drop of blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.64,0:09:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can compare after the vaccine
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.88,0:09:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to before the vaccine in that same baby
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.39,0:09:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and understand in a deep way
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.28,0:09:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exactly how that successful\Nvaccine protects.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.74,0:09:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And those lessons we can use\Nto build the next vaccines in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.56,0:09:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this diagram is really illustrating\Na tiny drop of blood
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.99,0:09:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yielding huge amounts of information,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.33,0:09:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tens of thousands of analytes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.20,0:09:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that hairball is meant to depict\Nthe gene pathways that are turned on
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.73,0:09:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the molecular pathways\Nthat are turned on.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.14,0:10:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much more to come on that,\Nand very exciting science.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.66,0:10:05.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we are partnering\Nwith scientists around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.72,0:10:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to bring all these new technologies\Nto invigorate vaccine development
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.87,0:10:11.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a Precision Vaccines network.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.94,0:10:14.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are going to advance\Npersonalized vaccines
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.46,0:10:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for vulnerable populations\Naround the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.04,0:10:21.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our team includes scientists,\Ntechnical experts and physicians.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.95,0:10:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we're developing vaccines\Nagainst infectious diseases
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.77,0:10:27.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like pertussis, which is whooping cough.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.20,0:10:29.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a whooping cough vaccine,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.13,0:10:31.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it requires multiple doses,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.09,0:10:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the immunity keeps dropping.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.64,0:10:35.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want to develop a single-shot\Npertussis vaccine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.41,0:10:38.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're working on a vaccine\Nfor respiratory syncytial virus,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.34,0:10:42.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the number one cause of infant\Nhospitalization in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.03,0:10:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A better vaccine against influenza,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.73,0:10:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, of course, HIV.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.45,0:10:51.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're also looking at vaccines\Nagainst cancer, allergy
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.40,0:10:54.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, interestingly, opioid overdose.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.82,0:10:58.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is my final message to you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.38,0:11:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Vaccines protect you and your loved ones
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.30,0:11:03.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the people around you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.74,0:11:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only do they protect you\Nagainst infection,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.97,0:11:08.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they prevent you\Nfrom spreading it to others.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.42,0:11:09.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Get immunized.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.84,0:11:13.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientific progress is fragile\Nand can be lost.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.31,0:11:17.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We must foster accurate\Nand respectful public dialogue.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.43,0:11:19.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And finally, we're on the verge\Nof great things,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.71,0:11:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a new era of vaccination.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.86,0:11:24.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've just scratched the surface\Nof what can be accomplished.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.85,0:11:26.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Please advocate for this research.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.86,0:11:28.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.06,0:11:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)