[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.89,0:00:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our grandparents' generation\Ncreated an amazing system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.83,0:00:07.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of canals and reservoirs\Nthat made it possible
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.36,0:00:10.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people to live in places\Nwhere there wasn't a lot of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.80,0:00:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, during \Nthe Great Depression,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.40,0:00:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they created the Hoover Dam,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.09,0:00:17.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which in turn, created Lake Mead
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.46,0:00:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and made it possible for the cities\Nof Las Vegas and Phoenix
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.15,0:00:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Los Angeles to provide water\N
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.80,0:00:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for people who lived in \Na really dry place.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.05,0:00:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the 20th century, \Nwe literally spent trillions of dollars
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.76,0:00:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,building infrastructure\Nto get water to our cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.39,0:00:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In terms of economic development,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.11,0:00:37.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was a great investment.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.43,0:00:40.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in the last decade, we've seen \Nthe combined effects
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.10,0:00:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of climate change, population growth,\Nand competitin for water resources
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.27,0:00:49.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,threaten these vital lifelines\Nand water resources.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.83,0:00:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This figure shows you the change\Nin the lake level at Lake Mead
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.08,0:00:56.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happened in the last 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.28,0:00:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see starting around \Nthe year 2000,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.85,0:01:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the lake level started to drop.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.51,0:01:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was dropping at such a rate\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.67,0:01:06.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it would have left the drinking water\Nintakes for Las Vegas high and dry.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.97,0:01:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The city became so concerned about this\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.61,0:01:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they recently contructed\Na new drinking water intake structure
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.65,0:01:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they referred to as the "Third Straw"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.69,0:01:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to pull water water out of \Nthe greater depths of the lake.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.29,0:01:23.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The challenges associated with\Nproviding water to a modern city
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.01,0:01:26.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are not restricted to\Nthe American Southwest
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.16,0:01:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the year 2007, the third largest\Ncity in Australia, Brisbane,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.30,0:01:34.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,came within 6 months \Nof running out of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.41,0:01:38.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A similar drama is playing out today\Nin São Paulo, Brazil,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.68,0:01:41.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the main reservoir for the city
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.22,0:01:43.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is gone from being full in 2010,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.35,0:01:45.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to being nearly empty today\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.85,0:01:49.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the city approaches \Nthe 2016 Summer Olympics.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.17,0:01:52.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For those of us who are fortune enough\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.75,0:01:54.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to live in one of \Nthe world's great cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.82,0:01:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've never truly experienced the effects\Nof a catastrophic drought.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.06,0:02:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We like to complain about \Nthe navy showers we have to take.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.78,0:02:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We like our neighbors to see\Nour dirty cars and our brown lawns.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.17,0:02:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we've never really faced\Nthe prospect of turning on the tap
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.68,0:02:13.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and having nothing come out.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.02,0:02:15.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because when things\Nhave gotten bad in the past,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.95,0:02:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's always been possible\Nto expand a reservoir
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.10,0:02:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or dig a few more ground-water wells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.33,0:02:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in a time when all \Nof the water resources are spoken for,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.12,0:02:29.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not going to be possible\Nto rely on this tried and true way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.72,0:02:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of providing ourselves with water.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.94,0:02:35.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some people think that we're going\Nto solve the urban water problem
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.66,0:02:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by taking water from our rural neighbors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.65,0:02:44.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's an approach that's fraught\Npolitical, legal and social dangers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.88,0:02:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even if we succeed in grabbing\Nthe water from our rural neighbors,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.38,0:02:50.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're just transferring the problem\Nto someone else
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.77,0:02:53.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's a good chance\Nit will come back and bite us,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.65,0:02:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the form of higher food prices
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.23,0:03:00.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and damage to the aquatic ecosystems\Nthat already rely upon that water.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.43,0:03:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that there's a better way\Nto solve our urban water crisis
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.78,0:03:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think that's to open up \Nfour new local sources of water
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.21,0:03:10.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I liken to faucets.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.05,0:03:14.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we can make smart investments\Nin these new sources of water
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.16,0:03:15.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the coming years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.36,0:03:17.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can solve our urban water problem\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.76,0:03:21.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and decrease the likelihood\Nthat we'll ever run across
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.03,0:03:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the effects of a catastrophic draught.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.54,0:03:26.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now if you told me 20 years ago
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.58,0:03:30.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a modern city could exist\Nwithout a supply of imported water,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.84,0:03:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I probably would have dismissed you\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.84,0:03:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an unrealistic and uninformed dreamer.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.30,0:03:37.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But my own experiences working with\N
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.29,0:03:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some of the world's most water-starved\Ncities in the last decades
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.90,0:03:44.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have shown me that we have\Nthe technologies and the management skills
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.100,0:03:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to actually transition away\Nfrom imported water,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.66,0:03:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's what I want to tell\Nyou about tonight.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.68,0:03:55.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first source of local water\Nsupply that we need to develop
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.100,0:03:59.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve our urban water problem\Nwill flow with the rainwater
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.48,0:04:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that falls in our cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.46,0:04:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the great tragedies\Nof urban development
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.63,0:04:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that as our cities grew,\N
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.70,0:04:10.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we started covering all our surfaces\Nwith concrete and asphalt.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.16,0:04:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And when we did that, we had \Nto build storm sewers
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.81,0:04:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get the water that fell\Non the cities out
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.11,0:04:17.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before it could cause flooding,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.20,0:04:20.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a waste \Nof a vital water resource.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.47,0:04:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me give you an example.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.26,0:04:25.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This figure here shows you that\Nthe volume of water
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.39,0:04:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could be collected\Nin the city of San Jose
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.11,0:04:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if they could harvest the storm water\Nthat fell within the city limits.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.82,0:04:36.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can see from the intersection\Nof the blue line and the black dotted line
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.72,0:04:41.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that if San Jose could just capture half\Nof the water that fell within the city,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.06,0:04:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they'd have enough water\Nto get them through an entire year.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.41,0:04:47.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I know what some of you\Nare probably thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.12,0:04:50.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"The answer to our problem is \Nto start building great big tanks
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.58,0:04:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and attaching them to the downspouts\Nof our gutters: Rainwater harvesting."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.61,0:04:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, that's an idea that might work\Nin some places.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.74,0:05:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if you live in a place where\Nit mainly rains in the winter time
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.03,0:05:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and most of the water demand \Nis in the summertime,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.42,0:05:07.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not a very cost-effective way\Nto solve a water problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.42,0:05:10.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you experience the effects\Nof a multi-year drought,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.39,0:05:12.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like California's currently experiencing,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.34,0:05:14.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you just can't build a rainwater tank\N
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.46,0:05:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's big enough to solve your problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.89,0:05:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think there's a lot more practical way
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.100,0:05:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to harvest the stormwater and\Nthe rainwater that falls in our cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.39,0:05:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's to capture it and let it\Npercolate into the ground.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.55,0:05:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, many of our cities are sitting\Non top of a natural storage system
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.26,0:05:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can accomdate huge volumes of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.44,0:05:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, historically, \NLos Angeles has obtained
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.02,0:05:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about a third of its water supply\Nfrom a massive aquifer
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.11,0:05:44.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that underlies the San Fernando valley.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.10,0:05:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when you look at the water\Nthat comes off of your roof
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.89,0:05:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and runs off of your lawn\Nand flows down the gutter,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.38,0:05:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might say to yourself, "Do I really\Nwant to drink that stuff?"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.88,0:05:55.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the answer is you don't \Nwant to drink it
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.36,0:05:57.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until it's been treated a little bit.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.32,0:06:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the challenge that we face\Nin urban water harvesting
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.03,0:06:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to capture the water,\Nclean the water,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.56,0:06:05.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and get it underground.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.79,0:06:08.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's exactly what \Nthe city of Los Angeles is doing
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.79,0:06:13.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a new project that they're building\Nin Burbank, California.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.04,0:06:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This figure here shows \Nthe stormwater park
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.15,0:06:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they're building by \Nhooking a series
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.58,0:06:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of stormwater collection systems,\Nor storm sewers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.14,0:06:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and routing that water into \Nan abandoned gravel quarry.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.40,0:06:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The water that's captured in the quarry\N
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.97,0:06:30.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is slowly passed through \Na man made wetland,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.13,0:06:32.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then it goes into\Nthat ball field there
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.97,0:06:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and percolates into the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.07,0:06:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recharging the drinking water aquifer\Nof the city.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.18,0:06:41.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in the process of passing \Nthrough the wetland
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.13,0:06:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and percolating through the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.03,0:06:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the water encounters microbes\Nthat live on the surfaces of the plants
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.54,0:06:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the surfaces of the soil,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.24,0:06:50.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that purifies the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.42,0:06:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if the water's still not \Nclean enough to drink
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.80,0:06:55.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after it's been through this natural \Ntreatment process,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.43,0:06:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the city can treat it again\Nwhen they pump if back out
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.01,0:06:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the groundwater aquifers
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.47,0:07:02.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they deliver it people to drink.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.65,0:07:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second tap that we need to open up\Nto solve our urban water problem
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.76,0:07:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will flow with the waste water \N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.55,0:07:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that comes out \Nof our sewer treatment plants.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.22,0:07:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now many of you are probably familiar\Nwith the concept of recycled water.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.72,0:07:16.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've probably seen signs like this
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.75,0:07:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that tell you that the shrubbery\Nand the highway median
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.50,0:07:21.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the local golf course
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.72,0:07:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is being watered by water\Nthat used to be
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.36,0:07:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a sewage treatment plant.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.71,0:07:29.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've been going this for \Na couple of decades now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.66,0:07:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we're learning\Nfrom our experience is that
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.44,0:07:35.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this approach is much more expensive\Nthat we expected it to be.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.70,0:07:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because once we build the first few\Nwater recycling systems
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.81,0:07:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,close to the sewage treatment plant,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.55,0:07:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to build longer \Nand longer pipe networks
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.10,0:07:45.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get that water to where it needs to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.82,0:07:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that becomes prohibitive\Nin terms of cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.25,0:07:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're finding is that a much more\Ncost effective and practical way
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.85,0:07:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of recycling waste water\Nis to turn treated waste water
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.94,0:07:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into drinking water through\Na two-step process.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.31,0:08:02.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the first step in this process\Nwe pressurize the water
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.51,0:08:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pass it through\Na reverse osmosis membrane:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.27,0:08:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a thin, permeable plastic membrane
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.74,0:08:10.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows water molecules\Nto pass through
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.62,0:08:14.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but traps and retains the salts,\Nthe viruses and the organic chemicals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.96,0:08:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that might be present in the waste water.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.74,0:08:19.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the second step in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.46,0:08:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we add a small amount of hydrogen peroxide
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.16,0:08:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and shine ultraviolet light on the water.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.99,0:08:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ultraviolet light cleaves\Nthe hydrogen peroxide
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.87,0:08:30.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into two parts that are called\NHydroxyl Radicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.82,0:08:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these Hydroxyl Radicals\Nare very potent forms of oxygen
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.18,0:08:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that break down most organic chemicals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.34,0:08:41.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After the water's been through\Nthis two-stage process,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.45,0:08:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's safe to drink.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.52,0:08:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.63,0:08:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've been studying recycled water\Nusing every measurement technique
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.09,0:08:52.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,known to modern science\Nfor the past 15 years.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.07,0:08:54.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We've detected some chemicals\Nthat can make it through
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.73,0:08:56.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the first step in the process,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.27,0:08:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but by the time we get \Nto the second step,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.49,0:09:00.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the advanced oxidation process,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.19,0:09:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we rarely see any chemicals present.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.86,0:09:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's in stark contrast to the\Ntaken-forgranted water supplies
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.13,0:09:10.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we regularly drink all the time.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.36,0:09:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's another way we can recycle water.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.68,0:09:15.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an engineered treatment wetland\Nthat we recently built
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.84,0:09:18.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the Santa Ana River in California.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.62,0:09:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The treatment wetland receives water\Nfrom the Santa Ana River
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.55,0:09:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that in the summertime consists \Nalmost entirely of waste water effluent
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.29,0:09:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from cities like Riverside \Nand San Bernadino.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.33,0:09:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The water comes into our\Ntreatment wetland,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.30,0:09:33.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's exposed to sunlight and algae
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.67,0:09:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those break down \Nthe organic chemicals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.39,0:09:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remove the nutrients and inactivate\Nthe waterborne pathogens,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.92,0:09:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the water gets put back\Nin the Santa Ana River,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.26,0:09:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it flows down to Anaheim,\Ngets taken out at Anaheim
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.81,0:09:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and percolated into the ground,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.62,0:09:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and becomes the drinking water\Nfor the city of Anaheim,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.25,0:09:54.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completing the trip from the sewers\Nof Riverside County
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.22,0:09:57.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the drinking water supply \Nof Orange County.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.31,0:10:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now you might think that\Nthis idea of drinking waste water
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.65,0:10:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is some sort of futuristic fantasy\Nor not commonly done.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.09,0:10:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well in California, we already recycle\Nabout 40 billion gallons a year
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.54,0:10:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of waste water through \Nthe two-stage advanced treatment process
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.49,0:10:13.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was telling you about.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.93,0:10:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's enough water to be the supply\Nof about a million people
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.48,0:10:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if it were their sole water supply.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.48,0:10:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The third tap that we need to open up\Nwill not be a tap at all,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.75,0:10:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will be a kind of virtual tap,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.54,0:10:29.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it will be the water conservation\Nthat we manage to do.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.51,0:10:30.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the place where we need to think\Nabout water conservation is outdoors
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.51,0:10:35.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in California and other\Nmodern American cities,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.86,0:10:39.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about half of our water use\Nhappens outdoors.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.89,0:10:41.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the current drought,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.47,0:10:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've seen that it's possible to have\Nour lawns survive
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.95,0:10:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our plants survive with\Nabout half as much water.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.97,0:10:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's no need to start\Npainting concrete green
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.97,0:10:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and putting in astroturf \Nand buying cactuses.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.17,0:10:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can have California-friendly\Nlandscaping
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.79,0:11:00.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with soil moisture detectors\Nand smart irrigation controlers
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.64,0:11:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have beautiful green landscapes\Nin our cities.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.01,0:11:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fourth and final water tap\Nthat we need to open up
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.03,0:11:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve our urban water problem\N
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.96,0:11:11.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will flow with desalinated seawater.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.61,0:11:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I know what you probably heard\Npeople say about desalination
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.84,0:11:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"It's a great thing to do if you have\Nlots of oil, not a lot of water,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.46,0:11:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you don't care about climate change."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.17,0:11:26.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seawater desalination is energy intensive\Nno matter how you slice it.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.56,0:11:29.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that characterization\Nof seawater desalination
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.16,0:11:32.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as being a non-starter\Nis hopelessly out of date.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.88,0:11:35.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We made tremendous progress\Nin seawater desalination
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.45,0:11:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the past two decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.13,0:11:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This picture shows you the largest\Nseawater desalination plant
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.68,0:11:43.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Western hemisphere\Nthat's currently being built
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.51,0:11:45.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,north of San Diego.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.60,0:11:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Compared to the \Nseawater desalination plant
Dialogue: 0,0:11:47.85,0:11:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was built in Santa Barbara\N25 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.06,0:11:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this treatment plant will use\Nabout half the energy
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.94,0:11:56.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to produce a gallon of water.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.24,0:11:59.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just because seawater desalination\Nhas become less energy intensive,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.72,0:12:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean we should start building\Ndesalination plants eveywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.67,0:12:04.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Among the different choices we have,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.62,0:12:08.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's probably the most energy intensive\Nand potentially environmentally damaging
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.84,0:12:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the options to create\Na local water supply.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.74,0:12:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there it is,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.04,0:12:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with these four sources of water,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.76,0:12:20.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can move away from our reliance\Non imported water.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:20.01,0:12:24.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Through reform in the way we landscape\Nour surfaces and our properties,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.33,0:12:27.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can reduce outdoor water use\Nby about 50 percent,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.49,0:12:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thereby increasing the water supply\Nby about 25 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.09,0:12:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can recycle the water that makes\Nit into the sewer,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.29,0:12:37.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thereby increasing our water supply\Nby 40 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.17,0:12:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can make up the difference\Nthrough a combination
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.07,0:12:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of stormwater harvesting\Nand seawater desalination.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.58,0:12:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, let's create a water supply
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.36,0:12:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will be able to withstand any\Nof the challenges
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.06,0:12:53.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that climate change throws at us\Nin the coming years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.49,0:12:56.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's create a water supply\Nthat uses local sources\N
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.93,0:13:01.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and leaves more water in the environment\Nfor fish and for food.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.88,0:13:06.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's create a water system that's\Nconsistent with out environmental values.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.84,0:13:10.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's do it for our children\Nand our grandchildren
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.37,0:13:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and let's tell them this is \Nthe system
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.79,0:13:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they have to take care of\Nin the future
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.32,0:13:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's our last chance\Nto create a new kind of water system.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.29,0:13:20.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much\Nfor your attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.61,0:13:23.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)