[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.11,0:00:04.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How does a sea snail catch a fish?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.18,0:00:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, it's a snail, so it's slow,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.73,0:00:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fish is not.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.11,0:00:12.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But yet, this happens.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.82,0:00:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hidden under the sand is a cone snail.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.44,0:00:18.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that orange thing you see\Nis kind of like a tongue.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.25,0:00:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We call it a proboscis.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.10,0:00:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It uses that to track and subdue\Nthis unsuspecting fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.05,0:00:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this predator-prey interaction,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.05,0:00:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are clearly not\Nyour garden variety escargots.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.42,0:00:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are assassins of the sea.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.10,0:00:38.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And their weapon of choice is venom.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.07,0:00:42.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venom, like the venom you find\Nin venomous snakes and scorpions,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.36,0:00:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these sea snails, they use their venom\Nto subdue fish, worms
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.96,0:00:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and other snails.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.26,0:00:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the venom of these snails,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.74,0:00:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's not just one thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.93,0:00:54.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's actually a cocktail\Nof toxic molecules
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.60,0:00:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are packaged and delivered\Nthrough a false tooth called a radula.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.16,0:01:02.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can think of the radulas\Nas hypodermic needles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.16,0:01:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, no need to worry,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.35,0:01:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these snails are practicing\Ngood needle habits,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.62,0:01:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because each radula is only used once.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.15,0:01:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now from your own knowledge\Nabout venomous organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.27,0:01:15.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the keep-you-up-at-night\Nfish-killing video that I just showed you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.18,0:01:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might think that venom\Nis dangerous and all bad.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.97,0:01:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, yes and no.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.89,0:01:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A more accurate way of thinking of venom
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.84,0:01:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is to think of it as both\Na supervillain and a superhero.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.45,0:01:30.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my lab, we study the evolution\Nof venom in these sea snails
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.99,0:01:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a force for good.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.54,0:01:34.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sounds like a stretch,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.12,0:01:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe even snake oil,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.74,0:01:36.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.93,0:01:39.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while there are snakes involved,\Nthe product is legit.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.71,0:01:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One reason the venom product\Nis so successful
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.18,0:01:47.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it transforms a physical warfare\Ninto a biochemical one.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.36,0:01:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where usually the predator-prey\Ninteraction is one of brute force,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.56,0:01:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,venom takes it to a molecular scale.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.76,0:01:55.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's not size that matters,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.90,0:01:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the mixture of your venom arsenal.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.03,0:02:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The chemistry of the toxins\Nin your arsenal
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.58,0:02:04.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what's going to enable David\Nto conquer Goliath.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.05,0:02:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in our scenario,\NDavid is clearly the snail.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.44,0:02:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another feature of venom\Nthat makes it so successful
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.60,0:02:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the toxins work\Nwith the precision of a Swiss Army knife.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.86,0:02:16.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so these toxins,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.08,0:02:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they come for strongholds\Nthat help an organism to function.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.90,0:02:23.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they target blood, brain and membranes.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.46,0:02:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether it's snail venom or snake venom,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.06,0:02:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they each have components\Nthat can do things
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.56,0:02:30.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like cause your blood to clot,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.62,0:02:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we call "hemotoxic."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.43,0:02:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or they cause neurons in your brains\Nto not function normally,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.49,0:02:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we call "neurotoxic."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.98,0:02:42.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or they have toxins that will poke holes\Ninto the membranes of your cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.44,0:02:45.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing them to rupture\Nand, basically, explode,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.73,0:02:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we call "cytotoxic."
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.46,0:02:49.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cellular explosion, people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.72,0:02:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, if that is not all powerful\Nand all present,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.68,0:02:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nothing is.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.97,0:02:55.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now a little about me,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.59,0:02:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and why I'm so obsessed with venom.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.58,0:03:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I grew up in New York City
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.37,0:03:03.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with forced access\Nto the Natural History Museum.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.41,0:03:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I say "forced access,"
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.82,0:03:06.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because I'm one of five kids,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.31,0:03:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my parents used museums\Nas a form of childcare.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.25,0:03:11.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were two rules:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.48,0:03:12.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Don't lose anybody
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.76,0:03:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and meet Mom and Dad\Nat the African elephants
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.11,0:03:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at 5:30, when the museum closes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.51,0:03:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those totally unsupervised days\Nrunning through the halls of the museum
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.16,0:03:25.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were full of adventure and exploration.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.100,0:03:28.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's how I feel\Nwhen I'm studying venom.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.59,0:03:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a scientific adventure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.33,0:03:35.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're boldly exploring this entity\Nthat connects nature and humanity.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.61,0:03:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another reason\Nthat I'm obsessed with venom
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.84,0:03:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is because of its duality.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.61,0:03:43.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you inject the components\Nof a venom arsenal into an organism,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.28,0:03:45.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can kill or it can cure.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.66,0:03:48.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At a molecular level,\Nseveral things can happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.60,0:03:51.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You saw one thing, paralysis in the fish.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.13,0:03:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that was happening\Nbecause the toxins in the venom
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.69,0:03:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were attacking how the fish's cells\Ncommunicate with each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.95,0:03:59.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,preventing it from swimming away.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.01,0:04:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Are there other things\Nthat I would like to use venom to attack?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.76,0:04:04.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.95,0:04:06.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of those is cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.79,0:04:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Cancer tumors are cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.87,0:04:10.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And like all cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.06,0:04:13.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they communicate with themselves\Nand their environment around them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.25,0:04:15.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we would like to find venom components
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.46,0:04:19.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are very good at disrupting\Nhow the tumor cells communicate.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.38,0:04:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Similar to how the venom disrupted\Nhow the fish cells communicated
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.21,0:04:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the fish couldn't swim away.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.32,0:04:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my lab, we study cancer\Nas a channelopathy.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.100,0:04:33.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this means is, basically,\Nwe're looking for venom components
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.43,0:04:37.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that will target channels\Nthat are overexpressed in tumor cells
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.26,0:04:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,versus normal cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.56,0:04:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The cancer that we're most\Nfocused on right now
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.11,0:04:42.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is liver cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.47,0:04:44.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's because since the 1980s,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.83,0:04:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the death rate of liver\Ncancer has doubled,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.56,0:04:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's an emerging threat in the US.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.97,0:04:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a screen in which we had cervical,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.28,0:04:55.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neuroblastoma, prostate\Nand liver cancer cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.51,0:04:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we found a compound from a terebrid snail
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.02,0:05:01.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that seems to attack liver cancer cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.34,0:05:05.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and only liver cancer cells,\Nand none of the others that were tested.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.05,0:05:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, when we took this compound\Nand we injected it into mouse models
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.51,0:05:10.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that were expressing liver cancer cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.53,0:05:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it significantly inhibited\Nthe growth of the tumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.79,0:05:16.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're not quite sure how this works yet,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.03,0:05:17.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're still investigating the mechanism
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.92,0:05:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and how we can make\Nthis compound more effective,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.70,0:05:22.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you can't rush out to the pharmacy
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.66,0:05:26.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and order up a killer snail\Nliver-cancer therapy treatment.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.87,0:05:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not yet.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.45,0:05:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Basically, what we think is happening
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.31,0:05:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the compound is blocking\Na specific channel,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.85,0:05:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prohibiting the transmission\Nof a specific chemical
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.63,0:05:38.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that leads to downstream signaling
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.87,0:05:43.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that enables the tumor to multiply\Nand draw blood to itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.16,0:05:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What we're doing in studying\Nthe components of venom
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.16,0:05:48.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to find treatments for human\Ndiseases and disorders,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.87,0:05:50.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is not new,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.18,0:05:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's what we call natural\Nproducts drug discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.97,0:05:54.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's been happening for centuries,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.81,0:05:56.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in cultures all over the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.01,0:05:59.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Venoms are not only giving us\Ncool new compounds,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.50,0:06:02.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're also giving us\Nnew ways of thinking
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.31,0:06:05.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how we treat\Nhuman diseases and disorders.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.52,0:06:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll give you three examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.29,0:06:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first is from killer\Nsnails, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.14,0:06:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so the first drug from these snails\Nthat is on the market
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.06,0:06:16.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is called ziconotide, or Prialt,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.89,0:06:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's used to treat chronic pain\Nin HIV and cancer patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.01,0:06:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prialt is a nonaddictive pain therapy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.23,0:06:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Three magic words when you think\Nabout how we're treating pain currently.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.21,0:06:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're using things that have\Na huge cost of addiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.57,0:06:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So think of morphine
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.77,0:06:35.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or think of any of your favorite\Nopioid out there.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.63,0:06:36.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What the snails have done
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.92,0:06:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is they've shown us a way to treat pain\Nwithout the addiction,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.36,0:06:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is huge.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.06,0:06:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next example comes\Nfrom the Brazilian pit viper.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.39,0:06:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,From these snakes, we've derived\Na compound called captopril.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.80,0:06:52.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Captopril is used to treat\Nhigh blood pressure,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.90,0:06:55.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and captopril is a breakthrough drug.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.43,0:06:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But not only in and of itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.60,0:07:00.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because it advanced\Na whole class of drugs,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.55,0:07:02.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we know as ACE inhibitors,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.63,0:07:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are the most commonly [prescribed]\Nfor treating hypertension
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.16,0:07:07.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and heart failure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.61,0:07:11.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last example is from the Gila monster.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.41,0:07:15.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is a really exciting example\Nof understanding the ecology
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.36,0:07:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these organisms,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.73,0:07:19.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and pairing it with efficient\Ndrug discovery.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.06,0:07:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Gila monsters are binge eaters.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.15,0:07:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So when they bite into a large meal,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.56,0:07:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they release things in their venom\Nthat lower blood sugar.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.98,0:07:30.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the drug that you think\Nwe found from the Gila monster?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.92,0:07:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A compound that is used to lower\Nthe blood sugar in diabetic patients.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.14,0:07:37.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these are three marvelous examples,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.21,0:07:39.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we've just scratched the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.28,0:07:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's so much more venom\Nout there for us to study.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.10,0:07:45.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we think that 15 percent\Nof all the animals on the planet
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.70,0:07:46.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are venomous.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.90,0:07:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think this is a low estimate,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.62,0:07:51.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,given the fact that we haven't surveyed\Nall the animals on the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.98,0:07:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But nature seems to have found\Nsomething that she likes,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.65,0:07:57.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she's repeated it\Nover and over and over again,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.88,0:08:00.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leading to the vast array of animals\Nthat we see around us
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.64,0:08:02.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all throughout the tree of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.60,0:08:06.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So whether we're talking\Nabout my fave, killer snails,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.18,0:08:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or jellyfish,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.47,0:08:10.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the larvae of butterflies and moths,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.25,0:08:12.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or platypus or slow lorises,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.89,0:08:15.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether by sea, land or air,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.91,0:08:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're sure to encounter\Na venomous creature.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.66,0:08:20.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Remember when I told you
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.09,0:08:24.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that venom can be both\Na superhero and a supervillain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.21,0:08:25.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you doubted me?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.79,0:08:26.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mhm.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.100,0:08:30.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're in a race to harness\Nall of this venom goodness
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.11,0:08:33.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before we lose the vast majority\Nof animals on our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.13,0:08:34.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a holistic process.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.86,0:08:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't have the therapeutic treatments\Nwithout having the animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.45,0:08:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you can't have the animals
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.11,0:08:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without having their ecosystems.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.88,0:08:44.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for me and the snails,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.56,0:08:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it means is\Nwe have to save the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.34,0:08:49.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And because venomous animals\Nare found everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.76,0:08:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we basically have to save the planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.80,0:08:53.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So do it for the venomous animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.57,0:08:55.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't want to do it for yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.52,0:08:56.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And who knows,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.71,0:08:59.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some day, snail venom\Nmight just save your life.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.95,0:09:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.