[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.83,0:00:03.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I'd like you to imagine for a moment
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.69,0:00:06.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you're a soldier\Nin the heat of battle.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.50,0:00:10.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe you're a Roman foot soldier,\Nor a medieval archer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.44,0:00:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe you're a Zulu warrior.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.43,0:00:16.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Regardless of your time and place,\Nthere's some things that are constant.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.47,0:00:18.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Your adrenaline is elevated,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.59,0:00:23.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and your actions are stemming\Nfrom these deeply ingrained reflexes,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.42,0:00:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reflexes rooted in a need\Nto protect yourself and your side
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.78,0:00:30.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to defeat the enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.52,0:00:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, I'd like you to imagine\Nplaying a very different role,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.39,0:00:36.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of the scout.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.12,0:00:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the scout's job is not\Nto attack or defend.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.60,0:00:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scout's job is to understand.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.34,0:00:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scout is the one going out,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.32,0:00:48.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mapping the terrain,\Nidentifying potential obstacles,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.61,0:00:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the scout may hope to learn\Nthat, say, there's a bridge
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.19,0:00:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a convenient location across a river.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.50,0:00:57.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But above all, the scout wants to know\Nwhat's really there
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.62,0:00:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as accurately as possible.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.66,0:01:05.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in a real, actual army, both\Nthe soldier and the scout are essential.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:05.26,0:01:10.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can also think of each\Nof these roles as a mindset,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.87,0:01:14.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a metaphor for how all of us\Nprocess information and ideas
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.52,0:01:16.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in our daily lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.45,0:01:20.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what I'm going to argue today\Nis that having good judgment,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.21,0:01:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,making accurate predictions,\Nmaking good decisions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.45,0:01:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is mostly about which mindset you're in.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.90,0:01:29.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to illustrate these mindsets in action,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.71,0:01:33.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to take you back\Nto 19th century France
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.37,0:01:36.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where this innocuous-looking\Npiece of paper
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.06,0:01:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,launched one of the biggest\Npolitical scandals in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.03,0:01:44.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was discovered in 1894\Nby officers in the French general staff,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.45,0:01:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was torn up in a wastepaper basket,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.54,0:01:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when they pieced it back together,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.46,0:01:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they discovered that someone\Nin their ranks
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.52,0:01:54.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had been selling\Nmilitary secrets to Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.12,0:01:56.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they launched a big investigation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.78,0:02:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and their suspicions\Nquickly converged on this man,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.81,0:02:02.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alfred Dreyfus.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.70,0:02:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had a sterling record,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.30,0:02:07.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no past history of wrongdoing,\Nno motive as far as they could tell,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.85,0:02:13.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Dreyfus was the only\NJewish officer at that rank in the Army,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.34,0:02:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and unfortunately at this time,\Nthe French Army was highly anti-Semitic.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.64,0:02:20.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they compared Dreyfus's handwriting\Nto that on the memo
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.86,0:02:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and concluded that it was a match,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.06,0:02:25.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though outside\Nprofessional handwriting experts
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.96,0:02:29.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were much less confident\Nin the similarity, but never mind that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.67,0:02:33.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They went and searched Dreyfus's apartment\Nlooking for any signs of espionage.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.45,0:02:35.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They went through his files,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.16,0:02:36.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they didn't find anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.67,0:02:39.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this just convinced them more\Nthat Dreyfus was not only guilty
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.58,0:02:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but sneaky as well, because clearly\Nhe had hidden all of the evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.67,0:02:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they had managed to get to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.78,0:02:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Next, they went and looked\Nthrough his personal history
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.20,0:02:50.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for any incriminating details.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.78,0:02:51.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They talked to his teachers.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.88,0:02:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They found that he had studied\Nforeign languages in school,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.61,0:02:59.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which clearly showed a desire\Nto conspire with foreign governments
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.08,0:03:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,later in life.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.54,0:03:06.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His teachers also said that Dreyfus\Nwas known for having a good memory,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.01,0:03:08.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was highly suspicious, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.44,0:03:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because a spy has to remember\Na lot of things.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.43,0:03:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the case went to trial,\Nand Dreyfus was found guilty,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.12,0:03:20.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and afterwards, they took him out\Ninto this public square
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.16,0:03:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ritualistically tore his insignia\Nfrom his uniform
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.91,0:03:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and broke his sword in two.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.04,0:03:28.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was called\Nthe Degradation of Dreyfus.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.71,0:03:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they sentenced him\Nto life imprisonment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.55,0:03:34.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the aptly named Devil's Island,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.45,0:03:37.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is this barren rock\Noff the coast of South America.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.56,0:03:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there he went,\Nand there he spent his days alone,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.14,0:03:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,writing letters and letters\Nto the French government
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.05,0:03:47.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,begging them to reopen his case\Nso they could discover his innocence.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.75,0:03:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But for the most part,\NFrance considered the matter closed.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.50,0:03:55.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So one thing that's really interesting\Nto me about the Dreyfus Affair
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.86,0:03:59.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is this question of why the officers\Nwere so convinced
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.56,0:04:01.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Dreyfus was guilty.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.63,0:04:04.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, you might even assume\Nthat they were setting him up,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.36,0:04:06.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they were intentionally framing him.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.07,0:04:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But historians don't think\Nthat's what happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.24,0:04:11.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As far as we can tell,\Nthe officers genuinely believed
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.44,0:04:13.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the case against Dreyfus was strong,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.60,0:04:18.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which makes you wonder,\Nwhat does it say about the human mind
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.63,0:04:20.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can find such paltry evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.96,0:04:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be compelling enough to convict a man?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.10,0:04:28.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this is a case of what scientists\Ncall "motivated reasoning."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.76,0:04:31.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's this phenomenon in which\Nour unconscious motivations,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.85,0:04:34.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our desires and fears,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.13,0:04:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,shape the way we interpret information.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.50,0:04:40.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So some information, some ideas,\Nfeel like our allies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.01,0:04:42.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We want them to win.\NWe want to defend them.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.74,0:04:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And other information and ideas\Nare the enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.17,0:04:47.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we want to shoot them down.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.03,0:04:49.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is why I call motivated reasoning
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.94,0:04:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"soldier mindset."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.58,0:04:55.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And probably most of you\Nhave never persecuted
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.02,0:04:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a French-Jewish officer for high treason,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.40,0:04:58.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I assume,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.90,0:05:03.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but maybe you've followed sports,\Nor politics, so you might have noticed
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.99,0:05:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that when the referee judges\Nthat your team committed a foul,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.04,0:05:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.20,0:05:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're highly motivated\Nto find reasons why he's wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.48,0:05:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if he judges that the other team\Ncommitted a foul,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.80,0:05:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,awesome, that's a good call,\Nlet's not examine it too closely.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.04,0:05:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe you've read an article\Nor a study that's examined
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.15,0:05:25.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some controversial policy,\Nlike capital punishment,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.24,0:05:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as researchers have demonstrated,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.64,0:05:29.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you support capital punishment
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.77,0:05:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the study shows\Nthat it's not effective,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.19,0:05:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then you're highly motivated\Nto find all the reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.42,0:05:37.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why the study was poorly designed.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.85,0:05:39.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But if it shows\Nthat capital punishment works,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.77,0:05:41.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,awesome, it's a good study.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.02,0:05:44.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And vice versa. If you don't\Nsupport capital punishment, same thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.05,0:05:48.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our judgment is just strongly influenced\Nunconsciously by which side
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.24,0:05:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we want to win.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.53,0:05:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is ubiquitous.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.81,0:05:55.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It shapes how we think about our health,\Nour relationships,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.05,0:05:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how we decide how to vote,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.02,0:05:59.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we consider fair or ethical.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.36,0:06:01.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what's most scary to me
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.69,0:06:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about motivated reasoning,\Nor soldier mindset,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.76,0:06:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how unconscious it is.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.51,0:06:08.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can think we're being\Nobjective and fair-minded,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.68,0:06:12.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and still wind up ruining the life\Nof an innocent man.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.91,0:06:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, fortunately for Dreyfus,\Nhis story is not over.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.92,0:06:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Colonel Picquart.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.74,0:06:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's another high-ranking officer\Nin the French Army,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.04,0:06:22.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like most people,\Nhe assumed Dreyfus was guilty.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.42,0:06:27.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, like most people in the Army,\Nhe was at least casually anti-Semitic.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.34,0:06:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But at a certain point,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.10,0:06:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Picquart began to suspect,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.98,0:06:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,uh, what if we were all wrong\Nabout Dreyfus.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.56,0:06:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what happened was he had discovered\Nevidence that the spying for Germany
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.92,0:06:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had continued even after\NDreyfus was in prison.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.52,0:06:44.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he had also discovered that\Nanother officer in the Army
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.84,0:06:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had handwriting that perfectly\Nmatched the memo,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.76,0:06:50.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,much closer than Dreyfus's handwriting.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.30,0:06:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he brought these discoveries\Nto his superiors,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.96,0:06:55.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to his dismay,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.47,0:06:57.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they either didn't care
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.58,0:07:01.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or came up with elaborate rationalizations\Nto explain his findings,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.54,0:07:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like, well, all you've really shown,\NPicquart, is that there's another spy
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.81,0:07:09.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who learned how\Nto mimic Dreyfus's handwriting,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.20,0:07:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he picked up the torch of spying\Nafter Dreyfus left,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.30,0:07:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but Dreyfus is still guilty.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.39,0:07:19.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Eventually, Picquart managed\Nto get Dreyfus exonerated,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.06,0:07:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it took him 10 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.68,0:07:22.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and for part of that time,\Nhe himself was in prison
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.78,0:07:26.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the crime of disloyalty to the Army.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.22,0:07:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So a lot of people feel like\NPicquart can't really be the hero
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.39,0:07:32.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of this story
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.72,0:07:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he was an anti-Semite,\Nand that's bad, which I agree with.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.22,0:07:39.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But personally, for me,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.44,0:07:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the fact that Picquart was anti-Semitic
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.71,0:07:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually makes his actions more admirable,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.61,0:07:47.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he had the same prejudices,\Nthe same reasons to be biased
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.81,0:07:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as his fellow officers,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.38,0:07:54.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but his motivations to find the truth\Nand uphold it just trumped all of that.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.65,0:07:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.32,0:08:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Picquart is a poster child\Nfor what I call "scout mindset."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.37,0:08:04.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the drive not to make one idea win\Nor another lose,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.57,0:08:06.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but just to see what's really there
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.65,0:08:09.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as honestly and accurately as you can,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.63,0:08:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if it's not pretty\Nor convenient or pleasant.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.94,0:08:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this mindset is what I'm personally\Npassionate about,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.34,0:08:22.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what I've spent the last few years\Nexamining and trying to figure out
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.23,0:08:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what causes scout mindset.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.02,0:08:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are some people, sometimes at least,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.04,0:08:31.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to cut through their own\Nprejudices and biases and motivations
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.01,0:08:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just try to see the facts\Nand the evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.18,0:08:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as objectively as they can?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.92,0:08:38.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the answer is emotional.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.64,0:08:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So just as soldier mindset\Nis rooted in emotions
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.07,0:08:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like defensiveness or tribalism,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.92,0:08:48.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scout mindset is too.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.18,0:08:50.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just rooted in different emotions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.13,0:08:53.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for example, scouts are curious.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.40,0:08:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're more likely to say\Nthat they feel pleasure
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.90,0:08:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they learn new information
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.83,0:09:01.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or an itch to solve a puzzle.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.16,0:09:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're more likely to feel intrigued\Nwhen they encounter something
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.74,0:09:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that contradicts their expectations.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.47,0:09:09.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scouts also have different values.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.46,0:09:12.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're more likely to say that\Nthey think it's virtuous
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.30,0:09:14.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to test your own beliefs,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.03,0:09:17.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're less likely to say\Nthat someone who changes his mind
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.63,0:09:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seems weak.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.17,0:09:21.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And above all, scouts are grounded,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.44,0:09:23.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.07,0:09:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their self-worth as a person\Nisn't tied to how right or wrong
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.72,0:09:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they are about any particular topic.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.32,0:09:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they can believe\Nthat capital punishment works,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.12,0:09:35.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and if studies come out\Nshowing that it doesn't,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.54,0:09:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can say, "Huh,\Nlooks like I might be wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.98,0:09:40.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Doesn't mean I'm bad or stupid."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.47,0:09:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these traits, this cluster of traits
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.27,0:09:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what researchers have found,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.19,0:09:50.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've also found anecdotally,\Npredicts good judgment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.28,0:09:53.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the key takeaway I want\Nto leave you with about those traits
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.95,0:09:57.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they're primarily\Nnot about how smart you are
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.35,0:09:59.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or about how much you know.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.49,0:10:02.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, they don't correlate\Nvery much with IQ at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.19,0:10:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're about how you feel.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.08,0:10:07.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there's a quote that I keep\Ncoming back to
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.40,0:10:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by Saint-Exupéry.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.93,0:10:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's the author of "The Little Prince."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.10,0:10:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he said, "If you want to build a ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.08,0:10:15.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,don't drum up your men
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.77,0:10:19.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to collect wood and give orders
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.16,0:10:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and distribute the work.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.67,0:10:26.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, teach them to yearn\Nfor the vast and endless sea."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.51,0:10:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In other words, I claim,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.50,0:10:32.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we really want to improve\Nour judgment as individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:10:32.05,0:10:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as societies,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.58,0:10:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what we need most is not more instruction\Nin logic or rhetoric
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.58,0:10:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or probability or economics,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.88,0:10:42.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though those things\Nare quite valuable.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.82,0:10:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what we most need\Nto use those principles well
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.04,0:10:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is scout mindset.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.64,0:10:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to change the way we feel.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.61,0:10:53.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to learn how to feel proud\Ninstead of ashamed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.53,0:10:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we notice we might\Nhave been wrong about something.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:56.09,0:10:59.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to learn how to feel intrigued\Ninstead of defensive
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.63,0:11:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when we encounter some information\Nthat contradicts our beliefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.61,0:11:07.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the question I want\Nto leave you with is,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.44,0:11:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what do you most yearn for?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.48,0:11:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you yearn to defend your own beliefs?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.79,0:11:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or do you yearn to see the world\Nas clearly as you possibly can?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.47,0:11:20.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.26,0:11:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)