WEBVTT

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Today's lesson is about wireless

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standards. Wireless standards is

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basically the various types of wireless

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frequencies you actually get out there.

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There are plenty of frequencies, and not

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all of them were released at the same

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time,

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nor are they all used for the same

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purposes or even in the same manner. One

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thing they all have in common, though, is

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the fact that they are all wireless,

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obviously.

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That and the fact that they all normally

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tend to start with 802.11.

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You'll notice that whenever we talk

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about a wireless frequency, it tends to

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start with the numbers 802.11,

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and then obviously something after

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that .11, which is normally going to be a

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letter of some kind. Whatever comes after

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the .11, normally tells us which

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frequency we're dealing with, and that

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will normally be indicated with a letter

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or two letters of some kind.

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So in a nutshell,

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wireless standards are a set of services

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and protocols that dictate how your

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Wi-Fi network and other wireless

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networks actually act.

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All right, so

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to get you folks started, let's start by

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first listing some of the various

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wireless standards you actually get. The

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first one you get is something called

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802.11a.

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You see what I mean by the letters.

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There's always going to be a letter of

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some kind behind the .11. The second

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one is something called 802.11b.

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The third will be 802.11g.

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All of them are going to end with .11,

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obviously.

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The fourth is 802.11n,

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and the fifth on my list is

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802.11ac,

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and then lastly folks, the sixth one, the

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last one is 802.11ax.

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So this is the last one, but it's also the

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most recent one. So looking at this list

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in front of us,

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the very first ones I mentioned to you

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guys is the very oldest ones, the very

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first ones. And if you go down the list,

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they become newer and newer, more recent,

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and, obviously, faster and faster or at

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least in most cases. You'll see what I

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mean once we start.

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Now like I said earlier, wireless

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standards usually start with the numbers

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802.11 and then obviously something. You

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can probably see now that these

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standards listed here are all starting

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with those numbers which is, of course,

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the 802.11.

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All right folks, so just a quick reminder,

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if you haven't done so already, just remember

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to hit that like button to help me get

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this video in front of more people that

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actually need it.

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And then, of course, also don't forget to

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subscribe if you'd like to follow this

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course or any of my other courses.

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Okay then, so let's have a peek at that

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first standard on the list being the

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802.11a.

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This is actually one of the oldest

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wireless standards, which was originally

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released in

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1999, believe it or not.

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This 802.11a standard operates in the 5

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gigahertz range and has a speed of 54

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megabits per second. You'll still find

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this standard being used even today, but

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it's not commonly used anymore. So it's

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out there, but good luck finding it.

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Next up, we've got the 802.11b

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standard. This is also one of the oldest

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and one of the first I triple E standards that

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came out. It was also released in 1999

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like the 802.11a, which we mentioned

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earlier previously.

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Unlike the 802.11a, which operates at a

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frequency of 5 gigahertz,

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this 802.11b

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standard operates at the 2.4 gigahertz

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frequency range. It has a much lower

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speed of only 11 megabits per second, and

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also sadly tends to conflict with a lot

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more commonly things out there. So

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there's a lot of things out there that

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sadly run at the same frequency as this

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standard, and that's not always such a

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good thing. It's going to cause a lot of

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conflict.

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It's not uncommon to have things

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conflict that run on the same frequency

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range, but unfortunately the 2.4

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gigahertz range is one of the most

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common frequencies which now means

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you're going to experience a great deal

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of possible conflict.

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Just to give you an idea of what I'm

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talking about,

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other random devices that also operate

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at the 2.4 gigahertz range are things

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like cordless phones. I'm not talking

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about cell phones or mobile devices

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folks, I'm talking about those phones

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that have a charging base. You'll

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normally go and pick them up to make a

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phone call or receive a phone call.

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They've got like a line plugged into the

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charging base. Kind of looks like an old

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walkie-talkie if you think about it or

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one of the old very first cell phones.

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Yeah, one of those.

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Those cordless phones run at 2.4

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gigahertz.

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Other things that also run at 2.4

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gigahertz are random things like a

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microwave oven. Yes, I'm not kidding folks.

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Now with microwave ovens, you'll notice

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it's usually only a problem if you

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actually turn the microwave on.

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If it's just plugged into the wall

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socket or the wall plug, and let's say

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the LCD display is displaying something

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or whatever,

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that doesn't normally do anything. It's

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only once you actually turn it on to,

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let's say, for example, heat something up.

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That is when that bad boy runs at 2.4

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gigahertz, and that becomes a bit of a

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problem. You'll also find that bluetooth

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things like wireless Bluetooth headsets

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operate at 2.4 gigahertz. Also,

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baby monitors, just to name a few.

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All of these things I just mentioned are

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things that will be a problem if they

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were too close to your router or too

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close to your access point, which is

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operating at this 2.4 gigahertz.

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They would basically

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cancel each other out if I have to put

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it in simple terms.

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Please be aware folks, there are

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definitely questions in the exam about

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this, about what I just mentioned.

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These questions are sometimes a little

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odd,

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but if you understand how these

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standards and frequencies operate, the

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questions themselves will make sense to

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you, and they won't actually seem that

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weird to you anymore.

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For example, they sometimes like to ask

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something weird in the exam along the lines

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of

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a user, let's say a user has a company or

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there's a user at a company, he or she

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complains the Wi-Fi at the office keeps

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going down during lunch time.

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What could be a possible reason for this?

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And then in the exam, you'll normally be

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presented of four possible answers of

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which you can only choose one because

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it's mostly going to be multiple

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choice questions in the exam.

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And you'll notice

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one of those four answers is going to be

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something along the lines of microwave

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oven because it runs at 2.4 gigahertz,

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and guess what folks like to do during

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lunch time. They like to heat up their

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lunch folks, that's what they like to do.

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So

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yeah, if you understand that these things

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run at 2.4 gigahertz, and you understand

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that that's something people will do

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during lunch time, then you'll understand

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the question that's being asked here. So

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it's a bit of an odd question, I know, but

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I kid you not, that's an actual question

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in the exam. Doesn't mean you'll get it, I

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mean the pool of amount of questions

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that's in the exam, there's many many many of

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them. But as long as you understand what

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is being asked of you, it doesn't matter

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how they ask it, it doesn't matter what

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they ask you, you'll get the questions

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right. And that's the goal here of this

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course.

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Anyway folks, moving on to the third one

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on our list which is 802.11g.

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This is basically a newer version of the

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previous 802.11b

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we just discussed. It's a

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it's an upgrade if you will.

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This standard was released in 2003,

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unlike the previous two which were

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released in 1999.

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802.11g

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standard operates at the 2.4

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gigahertz range, which is the same range

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as the 802.11b we literally just

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mentioned previously.

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So this also means that it's going to

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tend to conflict of quite a lot of

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things out there from time to time.

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Unlike the previous 802.11b standard,

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this

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newer 802.11g standard runs at a speed

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of 54 megabits per second, which

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basically matches that of the 802.11a

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standard which we mentioned earlier. That

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was the very first one on our list. Next

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we have the 802.11n

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standard. This is basically an update to

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the 802.11a,

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the 802.11b,

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and, of course, the 802.11g

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standard. It was released many years

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after previous three, coming in at the

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year 2009.

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This bad boy operates at a frequency

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range at 2.4 gigahertz, but

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also

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at 5 gigahertz. So what I'm saying here

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is it's able to operate at both the 2.4

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gigahertz as well as the 5 gigahertz

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frequency range. You can go and choose

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which one you want to go and use

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as long as you keep in mind

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that there is a difference in speed

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sometimes. 2.4 gigahertz can't always go

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nearly as fast as 5 gigahertz. 5

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gigahertz, because the frequencies at which

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it runs and all that, you're able to get

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much, much faster speeds out of that,

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which brings us to our next bullet point

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here. The speeds can be up to

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600 megabits per second, but whether

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you'll actually get that 600 megabits

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per second is going to depend on quite a

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lot of things. I mean just to name one,

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that depends on the various factors like

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the amount of antennas you've got

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plugged in. Each antenna will be able to

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give you another 150 megabits per second.

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So the more antennas you've got, the more

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speed you get basically. It's also going

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to depend on whether you're running at

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2.4 gigahertz or if you're running on

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5 gigahertz. So if you want that 600

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megabits per second, you're going to have to

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get yourself onto the 5 gigahertz

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frequency range, and you're going to have to

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get yourself up to 4 antennas, yes

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folks.

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Speaking of antennas, this frequency can

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make use of something called MIMO.

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So that is multiple-input multiple-output.

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So when you have yourself

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an access point or a router, and this

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thing has multiple antennas, especially

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if it's got up to four, you can have

00:10:40.000 --> 00:10:41.200
yourself

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multiple-input and multiple-output

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streams being the MIMO. So you can go and

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connect multiple phones, multiple tablets,

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multiple laptops, multiple whatever it is,

00:10:51.440 --> 00:10:54.640
basically wireless, and using these MIMO

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streams, you can go and choose what the

00:10:56.959 --> 00:10:59.519
stream speeds are.

00:10:59.519 --> 00:11:01.440
So if I want to go and connect a phone, a

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phone, for example, doesn't use that much

00:11:03.360 --> 00:11:05.680
data, you can give it one stream. If it's

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something more resource hungry like a

00:11:07.360 --> 00:11:08.880
laptop or what have you, you can go and

00:11:08.880 --> 00:11:11.200
connect two, three, or four streams, and

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you can give it more bandwidth if that's

00:11:13.200 --> 00:11:14.800
what we want to go and call it. So

00:11:14.800 --> 00:11:16.320
depending on the device, depending on the

00:11:16.320 --> 00:11:17.760
needs of that device, you can give it

00:11:17.760 --> 00:11:19.519
more streams, you can give it more

00:11:19.519 --> 00:11:21.440
bandwidth. So in a nutshell, what we're

00:11:21.440 --> 00:11:24.000
saying here is you've got some sort of

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control now as to how much bandwidth and

00:11:26.959 --> 00:11:28.560
how much speed

00:11:28.560 --> 00:11:31.200
certain devices have when they connect

00:11:31.200 --> 00:11:33.920
to your wireless device now. Pretty neat,

00:11:33.920 --> 00:11:35.120
right?

00:11:35.120 --> 00:11:38.079
All right folks, then we have the fifth

00:11:38.079 --> 00:11:40.269
one on that list of ours which is the

00:11:40.269 --> 00:11:43.839
802.11ac.

00:11:43.839 --> 00:11:45.320
So this

00:11:45.320 --> 00:11:49.120
802.11ac standard is also known as

00:11:49.120 --> 00:11:51.680
Wi-Fi 5 for the folks that didn't

00:11:51.680 --> 00:11:53.120
know that already.

00:11:53.120 --> 00:11:56.240
It was released in 2014 which is about

00:11:56.240 --> 00:11:58.720
roughly five years after previous

00:11:58.720 --> 00:12:00.639
802.11n

00:12:00.639 --> 00:12:02.480
standard we just spoke of.

00:12:02.480 --> 00:12:05.360
Every couple of years, the I triple E releases

00:12:05.360 --> 00:12:07.680
a new standard, so we'll probably be

00:12:07.680 --> 00:12:10.000
seeing some new standards being released

00:12:10.000 --> 00:12:11.519
again in the near foreseeable future,

00:12:11.519 --> 00:12:13.760
maybe in about a year or two from now.

00:12:13.760 --> 00:12:16.480
The 802.11ac has

00:12:16.480 --> 00:12:19.400
massive speed increases over the 802.11n

00:12:19.400 --> 00:12:23.200
standard coming at speeds of up to 7

00:12:23.200 --> 00:12:25.360
gigabits per second.

00:12:25.360 --> 00:12:27.440
Really fast if you compare it to the

00:12:27.440 --> 00:12:28.880
first standards which we literally just

00:12:28.880 --> 00:12:31.120
discussed in this list of ours.

00:12:31.120 --> 00:12:34.720
This 802.11ac standard operates on the

00:12:34.720 --> 00:12:37.440
5 gigahertz frequency range. There is

00:12:37.440 --> 00:12:39.920
simply way too much interference and way

00:12:39.920 --> 00:12:42.000
too much noise in the other frequencies. So

00:12:42.000 --> 00:12:43.920
if we talk about like the 2.4 frequency

00:12:43.920 --> 00:12:46.160
range, yeah, there's just way too much

00:12:46.160 --> 00:12:47.920
noise. There's way too much going on.

00:12:47.920 --> 00:12:49.920
There's way too many devices that's

00:12:49.920 --> 00:12:52.000
on that frequency at this point in time.

00:12:52.000 --> 00:12:54.800
So it's not uncommon and it's not at all

00:12:54.800 --> 00:12:56.639
surprising to see the newer frequencies

00:12:56.639 --> 00:12:58.320
trying to move away from the 2.4

00:12:58.320 --> 00:13:00.560
gigahertz range just because there's so much

00:13:00.560 --> 00:13:03.279
interference. Okay, and then folks the

00:13:03.279 --> 00:13:05.600
last wireless standard we had on our

00:13:05.600 --> 00:13:10.240
list, the 802.11ax.

00:13:10.240 --> 00:13:12.800
So this standard is the latest one out

00:13:12.800 --> 00:13:14.240
of all of the ones we've mentioned in

00:13:14.240 --> 00:13:16.959
this lesson. It was released as recently

00:13:16.959 --> 00:13:18.959
as 2021,

00:13:18.959 --> 00:13:20.639
which means it was released during the

00:13:20.639 --> 00:13:23.279
pandemic. That's obviously very recently

00:13:23.279 --> 00:13:24.160
folks.

00:13:24.160 --> 00:13:27.680
This standard is also known as Wi-Fi 6.

00:13:27.680 --> 00:13:30.959
The previous one which was the 802.11ac

00:13:30.959 --> 00:13:32.880
is, obviously, also known as Wi-Fi 5,

00:13:32.880 --> 00:13:34.160
which was already mentioned to you

00:13:34.160 --> 00:13:36.959
guys. And then the one before that, which

00:13:36.959 --> 00:13:39.839
was the 802.11n, I forgot to mention to

00:13:39.839 --> 00:13:41.279
you guys, that's actually also known as

00:13:41.279 --> 00:13:42.720
Wi-Fi 4.

00:13:42.720 --> 00:13:44.880
So the fourth one was the

00:13:44.880 --> 00:13:47.760
n frequency, that's Wi-Fi 4. The fifth

00:13:47.760 --> 00:13:50.079
one is the ac frequency, that's Wi-Fi

00:13:50.079 --> 00:13:51.040
5.

00:13:51.040 --> 00:13:52.000
And

00:13:52.000 --> 00:13:55.519
the six one, which was the 802.11ax or

00:13:55.519 --> 00:13:57.839
let's just call it the ax frequency, that

00:13:57.839 --> 00:14:01.360
is known as Wi-Fi 6. I kid you not.

00:14:01.360 --> 00:14:04.320
So yeah, since this Wi-Fi standard is

00:14:04.320 --> 00:14:06.240
called Wi-Fi 6 and the previous one

00:14:06.240 --> 00:14:09.279
was called Wi-Fi 5, it should come as

00:14:09.279 --> 00:14:12.000
no surprise to you that this standard is

00:14:12.000 --> 00:14:15.040
the successor to the previous one.

00:14:15.040 --> 00:14:18.160
So the 802.11ax standard runs at

00:14:18.160 --> 00:14:21.120
both the 2.4 gigahertz and the 5

00:14:21.120 --> 00:14:23.680
gigahertz frequency range. And as for its

00:14:23.680 --> 00:14:26.480
speed, let's just say it's anywhere from

00:14:26.480 --> 00:14:29.199
4 to 10 times faster than the previous

00:14:29.199 --> 00:14:32.560
which is insane. What the actual speed is

00:14:32.560 --> 00:14:34.480
you get though will obviously depend on

00:14:34.480 --> 00:14:36.480
a number of variables which we'll

00:14:36.480 --> 00:14:38.720
discuss in a different lesson. But it

00:14:38.720 --> 00:14:40.639
basically comes down to things like the

00:14:40.639 --> 00:14:42.800
amount of channels you use

00:14:42.800 --> 00:14:45.120
and the amount of MIMOs,

00:14:45.120 --> 00:14:46.639
that kinds of stuff.

00:14:46.639 --> 00:14:48.320
So but yeah, you can get up to speeds to

00:14:48.320 --> 00:14:50.800
about 9.6 gigabits per second, 10

00:14:50.800 --> 00:14:52.560
gigabits per second, if not more. It's

00:14:52.560 --> 00:14:53.680
going to depend on the channels, the

00:14:53.680 --> 00:14:55.920
MIMOs, and a whole bunch of variables.

00:14:55.920 --> 00:14:58.079
All right folks, let's do a quick summary

00:14:58.079 --> 00:14:59.680
of all the wireless standards we

00:14:59.680 --> 00:15:01.360
mentioned in this video.

00:15:01.360 --> 00:15:04.240
Here I have a table for you which

00:15:04.240 --> 00:15:05.839
more or less sums up most of the

00:15:05.839 --> 00:15:07.600
important parts you need to know

00:15:07.600 --> 00:15:09.120
at least when it comes to writing the

00:15:09.120 --> 00:15:11.360
exam that is. I wouldn't say it's

00:15:11.360 --> 00:15:12.880
everything you need to know for going

00:15:12.880 --> 00:15:14.240
into the field, but from an exam

00:15:14.240 --> 00:15:15.920
perspective, this is good enough, this is

00:15:15.920 --> 00:15:17.680
all you need to know. There's actually

00:15:17.680 --> 00:15:19.760
way, way more that can be said about

00:15:19.760 --> 00:15:21.760
these wider standards, but that will be

00:15:21.760 --> 00:15:24.160
covered in a different lesson.

00:15:24.160 --> 00:15:25.600
Otherwise, this lesson is, obviously, going

00:15:25.600 --> 00:15:27.680
to become too long, and we're going to

00:15:27.680 --> 00:15:29.120
probably end up mentioning a few things

00:15:29.120 --> 00:15:31.519
that might not even be relevant to this

00:15:31.519 --> 00:15:32.480
course.

00:15:32.480 --> 00:15:33.519
So everything that I'm going to be

00:15:33.519 --> 00:15:35.360
mentioning in upcoming lessons is

00:15:35.360 --> 00:15:36.959
relevant to the course,

00:15:36.959 --> 00:15:38.880
and anything that doesn't need to be

00:15:38.880 --> 00:15:41.199
mentioned, I will not mention, you know. So

00:15:41.199 --> 00:15:42.959
if it's something extra, I will mention

00:15:42.959 --> 00:15:44.800
hey guys, this is something extra so at

00:15:44.800 --> 00:15:46.800
least you guys will know. Now, since we

00:15:46.800 --> 00:15:48.720
are more or less done with this lesson,

00:15:48.720 --> 00:15:50.720
just a bit of an extra few folks, if you

00:15:50.720 --> 00:15:53.440
look at the standards on our table here,

00:15:53.440 --> 00:15:55.680
the second one from the top there that

00:15:55.680 --> 00:15:57.360
ends with b, let's just call it the b

00:15:57.360 --> 00:15:58.480
frequency,

00:15:58.480 --> 00:16:00.320
that's generally used for things like

00:16:00.320 --> 00:16:02.959
Bluetooth in most cases these days. So if

00:16:02.959 --> 00:16:04.959
you're using Bluetooth, you know, yeah,

00:16:04.959 --> 00:16:06.160
just remember you're actually using the

00:16:06.160 --> 00:16:09.279
b frequency, runs at 2.4 gigahertz. The

00:16:09.279 --> 00:16:11.360
third one on our list there from the top.

00:16:11.360 --> 00:16:13.040
The one ending with the g, let's just

00:16:13.040 --> 00:16:15.360
call it the g frequency. That's easily

00:16:15.360 --> 00:16:17.120
one of the most common wireless

00:16:17.120 --> 00:16:19.120
standards you'll encounter today at the

00:16:19.120 --> 00:16:21.519
present moment. So if you go to someone's

00:16:21.519 --> 00:16:23.759
home, if you go to the office,

00:16:23.759 --> 00:16:26.079
that wireless Wi-Fi connections you guys

00:16:26.079 --> 00:16:28.240
normally connect to, guess what? If you go

00:16:28.240 --> 00:16:30.320
and check it out, it's normally going to

00:16:30.320 --> 00:16:32.880
be the g standard. There are cases where

00:16:32.880 --> 00:16:34.480
it's something else, like the a standard.

00:16:34.480 --> 00:16:36.240
Yes, believe me or not, it could actually

00:16:36.240 --> 00:16:38.320
be the a standard in some cases, but it's

00:16:38.320 --> 00:16:41.040
usually going to be the g standard.

00:16:41.040 --> 00:16:44.079
We sometimes, in some rare cases, use the

00:16:44.079 --> 00:16:46.160
a standard like I just said, but if you

00:16:46.160 --> 00:16:48.000
find it being the a standard, it's

00:16:48.000 --> 00:16:50.399
normally because the g standard is

00:16:50.399 --> 00:16:52.000
interfering or there's some sort of

00:16:52.000 --> 00:16:54.480
interference with that standard. So

00:16:54.480 --> 00:16:55.920
there's other things running at 2.4

00:16:55.920 --> 00:16:57.519
gigahertz in an office environment or

00:16:57.519 --> 00:16:59.360
a home environment. That's causing a

00:16:59.360 --> 00:17:01.759
bit of a conflict, so the people that

00:17:01.759 --> 00:17:03.680
configuring that router or that access

00:17:03.680 --> 00:17:05.199
point didn't really have a choice and

00:17:05.199 --> 00:17:06.240
they went and switched to the a

00:17:06.240 --> 00:17:08.000
frequency. So if you see people using the

00:17:08.000 --> 00:17:10.319
a frequency, it might just be because it

00:17:10.319 --> 00:17:12.640
could be there's a conflict of some kind.

00:17:12.640 --> 00:17:14.160
If you look at the fourth standard error

00:17:14.160 --> 00:17:16.559
on our list, that's generally what a lot

00:17:16.559 --> 00:17:18.079
of companies have been using to connect

00:17:18.079 --> 00:17:20.400
their offices and their branches to one

00:17:20.400 --> 00:17:21.439
another

00:17:21.439 --> 00:17:24.160
wirelessly over distances. Usually

00:17:24.160 --> 00:17:25.679
it's over great distances, but it's not

00:17:25.679 --> 00:17:27.120
limited to great, it could be a short

00:17:27.120 --> 00:17:29.360
distance. This is now obviously changing

00:17:29.360 --> 00:17:31.760
with the new ac and the new ax that is

00:17:31.760 --> 00:17:33.760
being released, so it's becoming more and

00:17:33.760 --> 00:17:36.240
more common to see companies use the ac

00:17:36.240 --> 00:17:38.799
and the ax standards instead of the n

00:17:38.799 --> 00:17:40.240
standard when it comes to connecting

00:17:40.240 --> 00:17:42.160
buildings and branches and stuff

00:17:42.160 --> 00:17:44.480
wirelessly over great distances and, of

00:17:44.480 --> 00:17:46.960
course, over great speeds. So basically

00:17:46.960 --> 00:17:49.360
the n standard is usually used to

00:17:49.360 --> 00:17:52.080
connect things over great distances but

00:17:52.080 --> 00:17:55.120
also over pretty decent speeds.

00:17:55.120 --> 00:17:59.280
The downside to this bad boy is it needs

00:17:59.280 --> 00:18:02.480
line of sight. Real deal breaker actually.

00:18:02.480 --> 00:18:04.240
So the top three wireless standards on

00:18:04.240 --> 00:18:06.559
our list there, top three, those are

00:18:06.559 --> 00:18:08.880
obviously the oldest ones, but those bad

00:18:08.880 --> 00:18:11.200
boys don't actually need line of sight.

00:18:11.200 --> 00:18:12.799
If you just get near enough of them, you

00:18:12.799 --> 00:18:14.400
know, if you are within range, well, there

00:18:14.400 --> 00:18:16.080
you go. But if you look at the bottom

00:18:16.080 --> 00:18:18.320
three there, those are faster

00:18:18.320 --> 00:18:21.120
over greater distances, but they need

00:18:21.120 --> 00:18:23.840
line of sight. Really sucks, doesn't it?

00:18:23.840 --> 00:18:25.840
Anyway folks, I hope you've learned

00:18:25.840 --> 00:18:28.160
something in this lesson. If you have, do

00:18:28.160 --> 00:18:30.960
me a solid and give the video a like.

00:18:30.960 --> 00:18:32.720
And if you like, if you'd like to follow

00:18:32.720 --> 00:18:34.640
the course or any of my other courses

00:18:34.640 --> 00:18:36.160
quite frankly, remember to subscribe,

00:18:36.160 --> 00:18:37.760
otherwise you might miss it.

00:18:37.760 --> 00:18:40.880
Lastly folks, before we call it, just a

00:18:40.880 --> 00:18:43.039
shout out to the channel sponsors. So

00:18:43.039 --> 00:18:45.919
yeah, special thank you to the Patreons.

00:18:45.919 --> 00:18:48.320
Special thank you to the PayPal sponsors,

00:18:48.320 --> 00:18:50.320
and also a special thank you to those

00:18:50.320 --> 00:18:51.520
guys that actually clicked on the thanks

00:18:51.520 --> 00:18:53.120
button below the video, it's actually

00:18:53.120 --> 00:18:54.960
also a way of sponsoring the channel, and

00:18:54.960 --> 00:18:56.400
it really does help me a lot, so thank

00:18:56.400 --> 00:18:57.760
you very much guys, it doesn't go

00:18:57.760 --> 00:18:58.960
unnoticed.

00:18:58.960 --> 00:19:02.480
All right folks, talk to you in lesson 18

00:19:02.480 --> 00:19:04.809
of the CompTIA Network+ course.

00:19:04.809 --> 00:19:24.320
[Music]