0:00:00.366,0:00:01.736
我想問一問︰

0:00:02.271,0:00:05.648
在場有邊個仲記得自己第一次意識到

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自己係要面對死亡？

0:00:08.970,0:00:11.573
我記得當時我係個細路仔

0:00:11.573,0:00:14.104
而祖父啱啱過咗身

0:00:14.628,0:00:18.546
我記得幾日後嘅夜晚我攤喺床上

0:00:18.546,0:00:21.083
想了解到底發生咗咩事

0:00:22.180,0:00:24.815
祖父「死」到底係乜意思？

0:00:24.815,0:00:26.599
佢去咗邊度？

0:00:26.599,0:00:29.156
嗰刻我覺得死亡就好似

0:00:29.156,0:00:31.676
個世界有個窿打開、吞咗佢落去

0:00:32.156,0:00:34.958
但同時我又諗到一個非常可怕嘅問題

0:00:34.958,0:00:38.448
既然祖父會死，我係唔係都會死？

0:00:38.448,0:00:41.747
嗰個窿會唔會都打開吞咗我架？

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會唔會趁我瞓著喺床下底[br]打開吞咗我？

0:00:46.771,0:00:50.959
其實到某個歲數[br]所有細路仔都會察覺到死亡

0:00:50.959,0:00:52.864
當然，佢哋發現嘅方式可能唔一樣

0:00:52.864,0:00:54.697
但通常都係有幾個階段嘅

0:00:54.697,0:00:58.210
我哋對死亡嘅認識隨著年齡增長

0:00:58.210,0:01:02.636
假如你去返隱藏咗嘅記憶

0:01:02.636,0:01:07.459
你可能會諗返起原來祖父過身時

0:01:07.459,0:01:10.844
自己都曾經諗過「我都會死﹗」

0:01:10.844,0:01:14.993
仲有就係覺得個窿喺度等緊自己

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呢一種童年經歷其實同[br]我哋人類身體發展好有關係

0:01:21.867,0:01:26.157
當你發育嘅時候，會去到一個位

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你對自己同時間嘅觸覺[br]都發展得好成熟

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足夠令你意識到

0:01:32.628,0:01:34.720
你只係一個同樣會面對死亡嘅生物

0:01:34.720,0:01:38.426
所以喺人類進化過程裏面

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有啲人對自我同時間嘅意識[br]都發展得好成熟

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足以令佢哋第一個去意識到

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「我原來會死嘅！」

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或者，呢個就係對人類嘅詛咒

0:01:52.451,0:01:55.914
亦係我哋聰明所付出嘅代價

0:01:56.494,0:02:01.254
我哋生存，必須要知道[br]惡夢可能終會成真

0:02:01.254,0:02:05.644
終有一天，我哋所有計劃、希望、夢想

0:02:05.644,0:02:07.848
同自我嘅世界都會完結

0:02:07.848,0:02:13.018
而我哋各自都活喺自己嘅陰影裏面

0:02:13.018,0:02:15.522
呢樣嘢係好可怕、好恐佈

0:02:15.522,0:02:17.982
所以我哋就搵方法擺脫佢

0:02:17.982,0:02:23.413
由於我當時五歲，我就問媽咪

0:02:24.258,0:02:28.700
當我問，人死嘅時候會點樣

0:02:28.700,0:02:30.593
當時我身邊嘅成年人

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都用典型嘅英文語氣回答

0:02:32.666,0:02:36.343
即係混雜尷尬[br]同半虔誠嘅基督徒口吻

0:02:36.783,0:02:38.727
我成日聽到嘅說話

0:02:38.727,0:02:42.750
就係祖父喺「個天度望著我哋」

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如果我離世嘅話…呢個當然唔會發生啦

0:02:45.715,0:02:48.511
但萬一嘅話，我都一樣會上去

0:02:48.511,0:02:50.345
咁樣講，令到死亡聽上去

0:02:50.345,0:02:53.215
就好似一部「現實存在」嘅升降機

0:02:53.215,0:02:56.333
但呢種講法好似唔太合理

0:02:56.333,0:02:59.236
我嗰時收睇緊一個兒童嘅新聞節目

0:02:59.236,0:03:01.746
嗰陣係太空探索嘅年代

0:03:01.746,0:03:04.020
成日有火箭升空

0:03:04.020,0:03:06.546
升到上太空

0:03:06.546,0:03:12.035
但冇一個太空人返嚟之後[br]提過佢哋見到祖父

0:03:12.035,0:03:13.916
或者其他過咗身嘅人

0:03:14.666,0:03:15.869
當時我有啲驚

0:03:15.869,0:03:19.915
但所謂「死後坐升降機」見祖父嘅講法

0:03:19.915,0:03:24.401
聽起上嚟，比趁我瞓著時[br]個窿會吞咗我嘅講法好好多

0:03:24.401,0:03:28.920
所以就算唔太合理，我都信咗先

0:03:29.470,0:03:32.842
而呢個由細個開始已經有嘅諗法

0:03:32.842,0:03:36.024
伴隨咗我好耐

0:03:36.024,0:03:39.825
亦都形成咗心理學家叫嘅「偏謬」

0:03:39.825,0:03:45.056
「偏謬」令我哋成日誤解同做錯啲嘢

0:03:45.056,0:03:48.811
令我哋誤算、錯判、扭曲事實

0:03:48.811,0:03:50.750
或者只睇到我哋想睇嘅嘢

0:03:51.180,0:03:58.520
而我所講嘅「偏謬」[br]係會推翻人對死亡嘅睇法

0:03:58.521,0:04:03.442
令佢哋相信死亡係假嘅

0:04:03.442,0:04:05.795
相反，佢哋可以永生

0:04:05.795,0:04:08.518
就算同佢哋講「升降機」嘅嘢

0:04:08.518,0:04:10.098
佢哋都會信

0:04:10.098,0:04:11.932
我哋可以見到

0:04:11.932,0:04:14.572
呢個有關永生嘅說法係最大嘅偏謬

0:04:14.572,0:04:19.047
亦都喺 400 幾個實證研究裏面証明咗

0:04:19.047,0:04:22.794
呢啲研究好高明，但其實又好簡單

0:04:23.425,0:04:27.750
就係將一批各方面都相似嘅人分成兩組

0:04:27.750,0:04:30.370
剩係同其中一組講佢哋會死

0:04:30.370,0:04:33.122
然後比較佢哋嘅行為

0:04:33.122,0:04:37.152
你就可以觀察到句說話[br]點樣喺人注意死亡嘅時候

0:04:37.152,0:04:39.482
影響佢哋嘅行為

0:04:40.626,0:04:43.504
每次結果都一樣

0:04:43.504,0:04:52.155
留意到生死嘅人更加願意[br]去相信得到永生嘅故事

0:04:52.155,0:04:53.708
呢度有一個例子：

0:04:53.708,0:04:57.044
最近一項研究以不可知論者做對象

0:04:57.044,0:05:01.699
即係冇宗教信仰嘅人做對象

0:05:01.699,0:05:05.272
佢哋分成兩組，一組要諗下死亡

0:05:05.272,0:05:08.615
另一組要諗下寂獨

0:05:08.615,0:05:11.611
然後佢哋會再回答佢哋嘅信仰

0:05:11.611,0:05:14.109
諗自己死亡嘅一組

0:05:14.109,0:05:19.614
佢哋信主耶穌嘅傾向比之前多一倍

0:05:19.614,0:05:21.343
係高一倍

0:05:21.343,0:05:24.136
即使之前佢哋同樣冇信神

0:05:24.136,0:05:26.087
但只要將死亡嘅恐懼擺喺跟前

0:05:26.087,0:05:27.857
佢哋就投向耶穌

0:05:29.307,0:05:33.190
証明咗只要令人諗返死亡

0:05:33.190,0:05:36.438
無論理據係點，都能夠令佢哋相信

0:05:36.438,0:05:38.268
唔只係對宗教湊效

0:05:38.268,0:05:40.879
對任何信念都一樣湊效

0:05:40.879,0:05:44.067
只要啲人聽到有永生就得架啦

0:05:44.067,0:05:47.249
無論係變得出名、有細路仔

0:05:47.249,0:05:50.448
抑或係寄託喺更加大嘅民族主義度

0:05:50.448,0:05:51.979
啲人都會肯制

0:05:51.979,0:05:56.141
呢樣就係改變咗[br]人類歷史進程嘅「偏謬」

0:05:57.337,0:06:01.305
呢 400 幾個研究[br]針對偏謬所提出嘅理論

0:06:01.305,0:06:03.522
叫做「恐懼管理理論」

0:06:03.522,0:06:04.617
原理好簡單

0:06:04.617,0:06:12.804
我哋想我哋嘅世界觀

0:06:12.804,0:06:17.704
幫到我哋控制死亡嘅恐懼

0:06:18.384,0:06:20.157
世界觀當中有關永生嘅故事

0:06:20.157,0:06:23.058
有成千上萬個咁多

0:06:23.058,0:06:27.067
但我認為喺咁多故事之中

0:06:27.067,0:06:29.431
嚟嚟去去都只有四種基本路數

0:06:29.431,0:06:32.865
佢哋四個都喺歷史裡面一直重覆

0:06:32.865,0:06:36.116
只係每個時代為咗配合當時嘅語言

0:06:36.116,0:06:40.710
而改咗少少嘢

0:06:40.710,0:06:45.237
我簡單咁介紹下呢四個故事路數

0:06:45.237,0:06:48.884
我會令你明白呢啲故事路數

0:06:48.884,0:06:51.084
喺各個文化或世代裡面

0:06:51.084,0:06:53.372
點樣用當時嘅用語重新演繹

0:06:53.372,0:06:55.790
好，第一類故事係最簡單嘅

0:06:55.790,0:06:57.750
我哋都想避開死亡

0:06:58.220,0:07:02.019
而為咗令我哋喺呢個世界得到永生

0:07:02.019,0:07:05.079
就有咗第一個同最簡單嘅永生故事

0:07:05.079,0:07:07.730
初初聽起上嚟係覺得冇乜可能嘅

0:07:07.730,0:07:11.465
但其實，歷史裏面幾乎每一個人類文化

0:07:11.465,0:07:16.992
都有一啲關於長生不老藥[br]或不老之泉之類

0:07:16.992,0:07:21.054
可以令我哋永生嘅傳說或神話

0:07:22.248,0:07:24.144
古埃及有呢類傳說

0:07:24.144,0:07:25.888
古巴比倫有、古印度都有

0:07:26.478,0:07:27.585
環顧成個歐洲歷史

0:07:27.585,0:07:29.447
煉金術士裏面都搵到咁嘅嘢

0:07:29.447,0:07:32.268
當然，今時今日我哋仍然會相信

0:07:32.268,0:07:36.311
只係宜家我哋用科學去講呢個故事啫

0:07:36.311,0:07:39.748
百幾年前，人類發現咗荷爾蒙

0:07:39.751,0:07:41.713
然後人就希望荷爾蒙療程

0:07:41.713,0:07:44.190
能夠阻止衰老、治療疾病

0:07:44.190,0:07:49.404
咁宜家，我哋將希望轉移到[br]幹細胞、基因工程同納米科技

0:07:49.404,0:07:53.182
科學之所以講到可以對抗死亡

0:07:53.182,0:07:57.776
只係魔法藥水故事加插多一章而已

0:07:57.776,0:08:01.400
呢啲魔法藥水故事[br]其實同人類文明一樣咁耐

0:08:02.119,0:08:06.485
咁如果我哋將注碼[br]都押喺搵長生不老藥度

0:08:06.485,0:08:08.228
係咪好危險？係

0:08:08.228,0:08:10.338
當我哋睇返歷史

0:08:10.338,0:08:13.213
以前搵長生不老藥嘅人

0:08:13.213,0:08:15.220
佢哋有嘅共通點就係

0:08:15.220,0:08:17.761
佢哋都已經唔喺呢個世界

0:08:17.761,0:08:19.507
所以啲人作過第二個故事

0:08:19.507,0:08:26.314
就係第二類永生故事所講嘅「復活」

0:08:26.854,0:08:30.598
當中嘅概念就係話[br]我係一個軀殼、動物

0:08:31.138,0:08:33.374
我都會死亡

0:08:33.374,0:08:36.563
但係我可以復活

0:08:37.222,0:08:39.840
換句話講，我都可以同耶穌一樣復活

0:08:39.840,0:08:41.738
耶穌死咗，喺墓嗰度過咗三天

0:08:41.738,0:08:44.195
然後佢復活重生

0:08:45.151,0:08:47.975
而我哋所有人都可以復活嘅諗法

0:08:47.975,0:08:49.290
係源於傳統嘅信念

0:08:49.290,0:08:50.290
唔只係基督教先有

0:08:50.290,0:08:52.970
就連猶太教同回教都有

0:08:52.970,0:08:57.173
但我哋太想相信呢啲故事啦

0:08:57.173,0:08:59.213
以至我哋會為個故事重新演譯過

0:08:59.213,0:09:00.812
令佢更加適合呢個科學年代

0:09:00.812,0:09:03.170
例如人體冷凍技術概念

0:09:03.660,0:09:07.162
就係當你死嗰時，你可以急凍自己

0:09:07.162,0:09:10.810
然後當科技先進到某個位

0:09:10.810,0:09:14.393
你可以解凍、修復、甦醒，然後復活

0:09:14.393,0:09:18.839
一啲人相信一位全能嘅上帝會復活佢哋

0:09:18.839,0:09:22.544
其他人相信一位好勁嘅科學家[br]會令佢哋復活

0:09:23.284,0:09:24.455
但對其他人嚟講

0:09:24.455,0:09:27.720
成個由墓裏面復活嘅概念

0:09:27.720,0:09:30.221
其實就好似一齣喪屍片一樣

0:09:30.691,0:09:32.595
如果要確保永生嘅話

0:09:32.595,0:09:35.605
肉體實在太污衊、太唔可靠啦

0:09:35.605,0:09:38.753
所以佢哋將希望擺喺第三個故事度

0:09:38.753,0:09:40.677
一個比較靈性嘅故事度

0:09:40.677,0:09:43.054
就係話我哋可以脫離肉體

0:09:43.054,0:09:44.750
化成靈魂咁生活

0:09:45.380,0:09:49.185
宜家，大部份人都相信[br]佢哋自己係有靈魂

0:09:49.185,0:09:51.654
而呢個觀念亦都係[br]好多宗教嘅核心價值

0:09:51.654,0:09:55.584
「靈魂」嗰概念無論去到家下[br]有幾傳統都好

0:09:55.584,0:09:57.935
仍是極之為人接受

0:09:57.935,0:09:59.255
無論點樣，我哋再一次

0:09:59.255,0:10:01.617
因為時代唔同嘅關係，重新演譯佢

0:10:01.617,0:10:05.117
例如你可以透過[br]將你嘅心思、你嘅心靈

0:10:05.117,0:10:09.138
你自己成個人都上載去電腦

0:10:09.138,0:10:11.209
咁樣，你嘅靈魂就可以脫離身體

0:10:11.209,0:10:13.779
然後以化身存活於空間裏面

0:10:13.779,0:10:15.485
不過當然會人懷疑咁話

0:10:15.485,0:10:17.652
假如我哋睇下科學嘅證據

0:10:17.652,0:10:19.143
尤其係神經科學嘅數據

0:10:19.143,0:10:20.294
佢哋都指出

0:10:20.294,0:10:22.652
你嘅心思、心靈同你自己

0:10:22.652,0:10:24.187
其實好大程度依賴

0:10:24.187,0:10:27.495
你身體嘅一個部分，就係你個腦

0:10:27.495,0:10:32.184
而呢班懷疑嘅人[br]會喺第四種故事裏邊搵到慰藉

0:10:32.184,0:10:34.108
嗰樣嘢就係「傳承」

0:10:34.892,0:10:38.507
就係用你留喺世界嘅迴響[br]延續你嘅生命

0:10:38.511,0:10:43.361
就好似希臘戰士阿基里斯[br]喺特洛伊中壯烈犠牲

0:10:43.361,0:10:46.361
贏得千秋萬世嘅名聲，用名聲延續後世

0:10:46.361,0:10:50.830
人類對名氣嘅追求同以前一樣咁強

0:10:50.830,0:10:53.848
我哋尤其喺數碼年代[br]更加容易得到名氣

0:10:53.848,0:10:56.300
你唔需要成為阿基里斯一樣咁嘅戰士

0:10:56.300,0:10:57.684
國王或者英雄

0:10:57.684,0:10:59.304
你只需要連接到互聯網

0:10:59.304,0:11:00.965
同有一隻攪笑嘅貓就得啦

0:11:00.965,0:11:02.784
（笑聲）

0:11:02.784,0:11:05.079
但有啲人鐘意遺傳一啲更加實在嘅嘢

0:11:05.079,0:11:08.074
亦即係生物嘅遺物，例如細路仔咁

0:11:08.074,0:11:09.737
或者佢哋希望

0:11:09.737,0:11:12.023
寄託喺更加大嘅事物上面去繼續生存

0:11:12.023,0:11:14.436
例如國家、家庭、種族

0:11:14.436,0:11:15.979
或者佢哋嘅基因

0:11:16.656,0:11:18.467
但又係啦，總會有人質疑

0:11:18.467,0:11:21.813
「傳承」實際上算唔算得上係永生

0:11:21.813,0:11:22.812
舉個例

0:11:22.812,0:11:24.186
伍迪 ‧ 艾倫講過︰

0:11:24.186,0:11:26.402
「我唔想喺其他國民嘅心裏面住，

0:11:26.402,0:11:29.144
我住喺自己嘅屋就好啦。」

0:11:29.144,0:11:32.381
以上就係四種永生嘅故事

0:11:32.381,0:11:36.882
你哋都明白到呢四種故事喺每一代

0:11:36.882,0:11:40.452
總會有少少嘅改動去切合唔同年代

0:11:40.873,0:11:44.159
正正因為佢哋喺唔同信念系統裏面

0:11:44.159,0:11:47.147
改少少嘢而重新演譯

0:11:47.147,0:11:48.522
我認為

0:11:48.522,0:11:50.975
我哋應該對任何一個故事版本

0:11:50.975,0:11:53.785
都抱有懷疑

0:11:54.795,0:11:59.985
有啲人相信全能嘅上帝會復活佢哋

0:11:59.985,0:12:03.233
而另一啲人就相信犀利嘅科學家會

0:12:03.233,0:12:05.762
呢樣嘢話畀我哋聽呢兩班人

0:12:05.762,0:12:09.223
都冇按理據嘅可信性[br]去揀佢哋要信嘅嘢

0:12:09.223,0:12:11.300
相反，我哋信呢啲故事

0:12:11.300,0:12:13.592
只係因為我哋一開始有偏謬，所以至信

0:12:13.592,0:12:18.670
我哋之所以有偏謬[br]係因為我哋太驚死亡啦

0:12:19.610,0:12:21.022
所以問題係

0:12:21.627,0:12:28.424
我哋係否命中注定[br]要活喺恐懼同否定之中？

0:12:28.894,0:12:31.650
定係我哋可以擺脫呢種偏謬？

0:12:32.110,0:12:36.017
希臘哲學家 Epicurus 認為[br]我哋可以擺脫偏謬

0:12:36.017,0:12:39.573
佢指出對死亡嘅恐懼係自然嘅

0:12:39.573,0:12:41.706
但唔係理性

0:12:41.706,0:12:44.566
佢話：「死亡對我哋根本冇嘢，

0:12:44.566,0:12:47.635
因為當我哋仲在世時，死亡唔存在。

0:12:47.635,0:12:50.587
而當死亡來臨時，我哋已經唔存在。」

0:12:51.298,0:12:52.541
呢句話經常被引用

0:12:52.541,0:12:55.353
但要真正理解同做到呢句話係好難嘅

0:12:55.353,0:12:58.911
因為好難想像到[br]人離開世界時嘅情況

0:12:59.807,0:13:01.081
所以二千年後

0:13:01.081,0:13:03.423
另一位哲學家[br]路德維希 ‧ 維特根斯坦

0:13:03.423,0:13:04.374
咁樣演繹：

0:13:05.369,0:13:07.859
「死亡唔係生命裏嘅一環，

0:13:07.859,0:13:11.870
我哋生存並唔係為咗經歷死亡。」

0:13:11.870,0:13:15.560
佢又話：「從呢個角度諗，[br]生命並冇盡頭。」

0:13:16.110,0:13:20.744
所以，我細個時驚黑洞會食咗我

0:13:20.744,0:13:23.516
係好正常嘅，只係唔理性啫

0:13:23.516,0:13:29.660
因為冇一個人係為咗[br]俾黑洞吞食而生存

0:13:30.967,0:13:33.072
要克服呢個偏謬並唔容易

0:13:33.072,0:13:36.049
因為死亡嘅恐懼深深埋喺我哋心入邊

0:13:36.049,0:13:40.773
但當我哋知道恐懼本身係非理性

0:13:40.773,0:13:45.549
當我哋拆穿呢啲故事[br]點樣靜雞雞咁誤導我哋時

0:13:45.553,0:13:47.303
咁我哋至少可以

0:13:47.303,0:13:51.107
將佢哋對我哋人生嘅影響減到最低

0:13:51.958,0:13:56.293
我發覺將生命睇成一本書係好有幫助

0:13:56.748,0:14:00.256
一本書前後都有封面

0:14:00.256,0:14:04.053
而我哋嘅生命就係由出生同死亡包著

0:14:04.053,0:14:07.611
就算一本書受制於底同面

0:14:07.611,0:14:09.769
佢裏面都可以印有遙遠國度嘅風景

0:14:09.769,0:14:12.811
異國風情嘅相、難忘嘅旅程

0:14:13.196,0:14:16.557
就算一本書受制於佢嘅開始同結束

0:14:16.557,0:14:20.734
裡面嘅角色睇嘢並唔會有界限

0:14:21.194,0:14:26.265
佢哋剩係會知道佢哋出現過嘅時空

0:14:27.366,0:14:29.006
正因為咁

0:14:29.006,0:14:32.688
書裡邊嘅角色都唔會怕[br]嚟到書嘅最後一頁

0:14:32.688,0:14:37.223
海滋客唔會怕你讀完《金銀島》

0:14:37.971,0:14:39.728
所以我哋都應該好似啲故事人物一樣

0:14:39.728,0:14:41.776
想像一下你自己生命嘅嗰本書

0:14:41.776,0:14:44.586
佢嘅封面、開頭、收尾、出生同死亡

0:14:44.586,0:14:46.769
你只知道書中間嘅內容

0:14:46.769,0:14:48.393
構成你生命嘅中間內容

0:14:48.393,0:14:52.793
你根本冇理由需要因為[br]書以外嘅嘢而驚

0:14:52.793,0:14:56.193
包括你出世之前，抑或你死咗之後

0:14:56.193,0:14:58.562
你亦都毋須擔心書有幾厚

0:14:58.562,0:15:01.901
擔心佢係漫畫定係史詩

0:15:01.901,0:15:06.824
你只需要問自己有冇[br]為你本書編寫好嘅故事

0:15:06.824,0:15:07.885
多謝

0:15:07.885,0:15:12.851
（掌聲）