[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.76,0:00:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I tell people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.20,0:00:06.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm trying to develop\Na contraceptive pill for men,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.96,0:00:10.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the response usually varies\Nalong gender lines.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.20,0:00:12.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women say something like,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.00,0:00:16.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Fantastic. It's about time. When?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.32,0:00:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.64,0:00:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men have one of two responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.76,0:00:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They either love the idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.00,0:00:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they look at me a little warily
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.08,0:00:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wonder what exactly\NI have in store for their testicles.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.60,0:00:30.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.36,0:00:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why does the world need a male pill?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.32,0:00:36.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what if I told you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.00,0:00:41.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of the six million pregnancies\Nannually in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.44,0:00:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three million of them are unintended?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.36,0:00:45.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's half.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.96,0:00:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a really surprising number
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.16,0:00:50.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those three million\Nunintended pregnancies
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.76,0:00:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,account for the vast majority\Nof the more than one million abortions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.04,0:00:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,annually performed in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.44,0:01:01.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Happily, the rate of unintended pregnancy\Nhas fallen in the last few years
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.88,0:01:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by about 10 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.72,0:01:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is because more women\Nare using effective, long-acting,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.68,0:01:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reversible forms of contraception.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.60,0:01:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we still have a long way to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.04,0:01:16.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One approach that's finally\Nbecoming a real possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.24,0:01:19.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is better contraceptive options for men.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.60,0:01:21.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.84,0:01:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have over a dozen methods\Nof contraception for women:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.52,0:01:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pills, patches, IUDs,\Nshots, sponges, rings, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.20,0:01:36.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For men, we've had the same two options
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.16,0:01:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more than a hundred years:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.64,0:01:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,condoms and vasectomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.52,0:01:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite having only two options,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.68,0:01:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both of which have significant drawbacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.48,0:01:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men currently account\Nfor 30 percent of all contraceptive use,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.08,0:01:52.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 10 percent of couples\Nrelying on vasectomy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.76,0:01:55.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 20 percent of couples using condoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.64,0:02:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are 20 percent of couples\Nrelying on condoms for contraception
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.68,0:02:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when condoms have a one-year\Nfailure rate of over 15 percent?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.88,0:02:09.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's because many women\Ncan't either safely take
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.08,0:02:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,currently available female contraceptives\Nfor reasons such as blood clots,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.84,0:02:15.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they can't tolerate the side effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.28,0:02:20.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we think a male contraceptive\Nwould be useful, the next question is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.16,0:02:22.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we go about developing one?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.08,0:02:24.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there's two general approaches.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.56,0:02:27.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first approach is to try and interfere
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.64,0:02:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the way the sperm\Nswim towards or bind to the egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.20,0:02:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This approach turns out\Nto be really difficult,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.08,0:02:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's hard to get enough medication\Nin the small volume of the ejaculate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.20,0:02:42.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have it still work inside\Nthe female reproductive tract.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.68,0:02:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why there's been a lot more work\Ndone on the second approach,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.40,0:02:50.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is turning off\Nsperm production entirely.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.44,0:02:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is also challenging.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.16,0:02:57.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Turns out\Nthat men make a lot of sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.28,0:02:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.72,0:03:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men make a thousand sperm every second
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.68,0:03:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to have an effective contraceptive,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.60,0:03:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to get that level\Nof sperm production
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.80,0:03:10.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to one percent of its normal value.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.40,0:03:14.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is, this is possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.36,0:03:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.80,0:03:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most studied approach has been to use\Nhormones to suppress sperm production.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.76,0:03:25.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Testosterone and progesterone,\Nwhen administered together,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.16,0:03:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will suppress the signals from the brain\Nto the testes to make sperm,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.36,0:03:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in about 90 percent of men,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.52,0:03:34.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sperm production after\Nthree to four months will stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.68,0:03:39.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, 10 percent of men\Ndon't respond to these hormonal regimens
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.40,0:03:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for reasons that aren't understood.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.80,0:03:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the last several years,\Nmy colleagues and I
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.04,0:03:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been taking a different approach\Nto male contraceptive development,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.60,0:03:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that doesn't involve\Nthe administration of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.24,0:03:56.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Specifically, we are looking to block\Nthe function of vitamin A in the testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.36,0:04:00.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Well, for over 90 years\Nit's been known
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.92,0:04:03.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you need vitamin A to make sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.96,0:04:06.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Animals who are deprived\Nof vitamin A in their diet
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.00,0:04:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stop making sperm
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.92,0:04:12.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and restart making sperm again\Nwhen the vitamin A is reintroduced.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.72,0:04:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The vitamin A that we ingest
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.28,0:04:20.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is converted by a family of enzymes\Nto something called retinoic acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.96,0:04:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of these enzymes\Nis found only in the testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.08,0:04:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's this enzyme\Nthat we are attempting to block.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.20,0:04:32.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The blockade of this enzyme\Nshould deprive the testes of retinoic acid
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.64,0:04:34.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stop sperm production
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.60,0:04:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without affecting vitamin A's functions\Nelsewhere in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.72,0:04:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're testing this approach in animals
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.64,0:04:43.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hope to move to human testing soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.00,0:04:48.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, the impact\Nof such a male contraceptive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.40,0:04:50.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would go well beyond reproductive biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.44,0:04:54.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's interesting to speculate\Nabout the effect that it would have
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.52,0:04:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on relationships between men and women.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.32,0:04:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One intriguing possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.80,0:05:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that a man could monitor\Nhis contraceptive status over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.72,0:05:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last several years,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.32,0:05:09.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two groups have introduced\Nhome sperm-testing devices
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.60,0:05:11.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are iPhone-based
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.12,0:05:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that are easy to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.68,0:05:17.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A man could test his sperm count\Nand share the result with his partner.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.96,0:05:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the man's sperm count were zero,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.80,0:05:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the man and his partner\Nwould feel very comfortable
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.64,0:05:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relying on his contraceptive.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.52,0:05:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A tool like this,\Ncoupled with a male contraceptive,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.72,0:05:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could greatly increase the role for men\Nin preventing unintended pregnancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.84,0:05:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The researchers who are working\Non male contraception
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.64,0:05:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are trying to create\Na better future for couples,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.48,0:05:45.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a future where contraception is no longer\Nconsidered just "a woman's issue,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.04,0:05:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather an issue\Nfor couples to decide together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.32,0:05:51.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why does the world need a male pill?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.52,0:05:54.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I believe that a male pill
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.28,0:06:00.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will help reduce the stubbornly high\Nrates of unintended pregnancy and abortion
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.12,0:06:03.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow men to equally participate
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.04,0:06:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in contraception.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.04,0:06:06.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.28,0:06:10.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)