[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.91,0:00:02.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I tell people
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.48,0:00:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I'm trying to develop\Na contraceptive pill for men,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.18,0:00:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the response usually varies\Nalong gender lines.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.44,0:00:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Women say something like,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.03,0:00:16.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Fantastic. It's about time. When?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.26,0:00:17.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.93,0:00:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men have one of two responses.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.10,0:00:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They either love the idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.83,0:00:24.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they look at me a little warily
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.13,0:00:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and wonder what exactly\NI have in store for their testicles.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.17,0:00:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.54,0:00:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why does the world need a male pill?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.30,0:00:37.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what if I told you
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.13,0:00:41.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that of the six million pregnancies\Nannually in the United States,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.61,0:00:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three million of them are unintended?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.48,0:00:46.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's half.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.19,0:00:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a really surprising number,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.34,0:00:50.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those three million\Nunintended pregnancies
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.100,0:00:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,account for the vast majority\Nof the more than one million abortions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.20,0:00:56.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,annually performed in the United States.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.95,0:01:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Happily, the rate of unintended pregnancy\Nhas fallen in the last few years
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.99,0:01:03.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by about 10 percent.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.95,0:01:06.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is because more women\Nare using effective, long-acting,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.78,0:01:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reversible forms of contraception.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.84,0:01:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we still have a long way to go.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.29,0:01:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One approach that's finally\Nbecoming a real possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.78,0:01:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is better contraceptive options for men.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.10,0:01:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Think about it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.94,0:01:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have over a dozen methods\Nof contraception for women:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.90,0:01:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pills, patches, IUDs, shots,\Nsponges, rings, etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.44,0:01:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For men, we've had the same two options
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.28,0:01:37.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for more than a hundred years:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.82,0:01:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,condoms and vasectomy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.74,0:01:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Despite having only two options,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.99,0:01:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both of which have significant drawbacks,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.68,0:01:50.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men currently account for 30 percent\Nof all contraceptive use,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.02,0:01:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with 10 percent of couples\Nrelying on vasectomy
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.96,0:01:55.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and 20 percent of couples using condoms.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.98,0:02:01.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why are 20 percent of couples\Nrelying on condoms for contraception
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.89,0:02:05.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when condoms have a one-year\Nfailure rate of over 15 percent?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.20,0:02:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's because many women\Ncan't either safely take
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.27,0:02:12.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,currently available female contraceptives\Nfor reasons such as blood clots,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.79,0:02:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or they can't tolerate the side effects.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.49,0:02:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So if we think a male contraceptive\Nwould be useful, the next question is,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.34,0:02:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how do we go about developing one?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.18,0:02:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there's two general approaches.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.95,0:02:29.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first approach is to try and interfere\Nwith the way the sperm swim towards
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.91,0:02:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or bind to the egg.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.79,0:02:34.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This approach turns out\Nto be really difficult,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.40,0:02:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it's hard to get enough medication\Nin the small volume of the ejaculate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.45,0:02:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have it still work inside\Nthe female reproductive tract.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.85,0:02:47.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is why there's been a lot more work\Ndone on the second approach,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.57,0:02:51.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is turning off\Nsperm production entirely.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.81,0:02:53.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is also challenging.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.51,0:02:57.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Turns out that men\Nmake a lot of sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.97,0:03:03.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Men make a thousand sperm every second,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.67,0:03:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to have an effective contraceptive,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.04,0:03:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you need to get that level\Nof sperm production
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.66,0:03:11.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,down to one percent of its normal value.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.89,0:03:14.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The good news is, this is possible,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.68,0:03:16.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.15,0:03:22.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The most studied approach has been to use\Nhormones to suppress sperm production.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.17,0:03:25.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Testosterone and progesterone,\Nwhen administered together,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.46,0:03:29.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will suppress the signals from the brain\Nto the testes to make sperm,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.69,0:03:31.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in about 90 percent of men,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.76,0:03:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sperm production after\Nthree to four months will stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.02,0:03:39.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, 10 percent of men\Ndon't respond to these hormonal regimens
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.65,0:03:42.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for reasons that aren't understood.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.93,0:03:45.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the last several years,\Nmy colleagues and I
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.68,0:03:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have been taking a different approach\Nto male contraceptive development,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.93,0:03:52.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that doesn't involve\Nthe administration of hormones.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.08,0:03:58.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Specifically, we are looking to block\Nthe function of Vitamin A in the testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.02,0:04:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why? Well, for over 90 years\Nit's been known
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.26,0:04:04.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you need Vitamin A to make sperm.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.38,0:04:07.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Animals who are deprived\Nof Vitamin A in their diet
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.48,0:04:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stop making sperm
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.99,0:04:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and restart making sperm again\Nwhen the Vitamin A is reintroduced.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:14.05,0:04:16.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Vitamin A that we ingest
Dialogue: 0,0:04:16.40,0:04:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is converted by a family of enzymes\Nto something called retinoic acid.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.39,0:04:25.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of these enzymes\Nis found only in the testes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.44,0:04:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's this enzyme that we\Nare attempting to block.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.50,0:04:32.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The blockade of this enzyme\Nshould provide the testes of retinoic acid
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.63,0:04:34.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and stop sperm production
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.92,0:04:38.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without affecting Vitamin A's functions\Nelsewhere in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.100,0:04:40.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're testing this approach in animals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.78,0:04:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hope to move to human testing soon.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.81,0:04:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Obviously, the impact\Nof such a male contraceptive
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.58,0:04:51.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would go well beyond reproductive biology.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.71,0:04:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's interesting to speculate\Nabout the effect that it would have
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.31,0:04:57.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on relationships between men and women.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.61,0:04:59.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One intriguing possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.13,0:05:03.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that a man could monitor\Nhis contraceptive status over time.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.98,0:05:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the last several years,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.59,0:05:09.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,two groups have introduced\Nhome sperm-testing devices
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.85,0:05:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are iPhone-based
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.31,0:05:13.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that are easy to use.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.30,0:05:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A man could test his sperm count\Nand share the result with his partner.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.48,0:05:20.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If the man's sperm count were zero,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.19,0:05:22.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the man and his partner\Nwould feel very comfortable
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.84,0:05:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relying on his contraceptive.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.75,0:05:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A tool like this, coupled\Nwith a male contraceptive,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.77,0:05:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could greatly increase the role for men\Nin preventing unintended pregnancy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.09,0:05:37.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The researchers who are working\Non male contraception
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.98,0:05:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are trying to create\Na better future for couples,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.79,0:05:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a future where contraception is no longer\Nconsidered just "a woman's issue,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.47,0:05:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rather an issue for couples\Nto decide together.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.01,0:05:52.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So why does the world need a male pill?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.64,0:05:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well I believe that a male pill
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.52,0:06:00.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will help reduce the stubbornly high\Nrates of unintended pregnancy and abortion
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.08,0:06:02.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and allow men to equally participate
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.90,0:06:04.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in contraception.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.91,0:06:07.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.68,0:06:10.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)