0:00:00.917,0:00:01.792
I'm going to talk to you about optimism --

0:00:01.792,0:00:05.321
or more precisely, the optimism bias.

0:00:05.321,0:00:06.750
It's a cognitive illusion

0:00:06.750,0:00:10.000
that we've been studying in my lab for the past few years,

0:00:10.000,0:00:11.750
and 80 percent of us have it.

0:00:11.750,0:00:13.100
It's our tendency to overestimate

0:00:13.100,0:00:17.792
our likelihood of experiencing good events in our lives

0:00:17.792,0:00:19.792
and underestimate our likelihood of experiencing bad events.

0:00:19.792,0:00:24.917
So we underestimate our likelihood of suffering from cancer,

0:00:24.917,0:00:25.792
being in a car accident.

0:00:25.792,0:00:28.917
We overestimate our longevity, our career prospects.

0:00:28.917,0:00:32.500
In short, we're more optimistic than realistic,

0:00:32.500,0:00:34.708
but we are oblivious to the fact.

0:00:34.708,0:00:36.458
Take marriage for example.

0:00:36.458,0:00:40.500
In the Western World, divorce rates are about 40 percent.

0:00:40.500,0:00:44.000
That means that out of five married couples,

0:00:44.000,0:00:47.167
two will end up splitting their assets.

0:00:47.167,0:00:50.542
But when you ask newlyweds about their own likelihood of divorce,

0:00:50.542,0:00:53.542
they estimate it at zero percent.

0:00:53.542,0:00:56.625
And even divorce lawyers, who should really know better,

0:00:56.625,0:01:00.750
hugely underestimate their own likelihood of divorce.

0:01:00.750,0:01:04.000
So it turns out that optimists are not less likely to divorce,

0:01:04.000,0:01:07.083
but they are more likely to remarry.

0:01:07.083,0:01:08.833
In the words of Samuel Johnson,

0:01:08.833,0:01:13.583
"Remarriage is the triumph of hope over experience."

0:01:13.583,0:01:14.792
(Laughter)

0:01:14.792,0:01:19.750
So if we're married, we're more likely to have kids.

0:01:19.750,0:01:23.000
And we all think our kids will be especially talented.

0:01:23.000,0:01:26.167
This, by the way, is my two-year-old nephew, Guy.

0:01:26.167,0:01:28.542
And I just want to make it absolutely clear

0:01:28.542,0:01:30.667
that he's a really bad example of the optimism bias,

0:01:30.667,0:01:34.125
because he is in fact uniquely talented.

0:01:34.125,0:01:35.083
(Laughter)

0:01:35.083,0:01:37.167
And I'm not alone.

0:01:37.167,0:01:38.042
Out of four British people, three said

0:01:38.042,0:01:42.750
that they were optimistic about the future of their own families.

0:01:42.750,0:01:44.917
That's 75 percent.

0:01:44.917,0:01:46.667
But only 30 percent said

0:01:46.667,0:01:49.750
that they thought families in general

0:01:49.750,0:01:51.500
are doing better than a few generations ago.

0:01:51.500,0:01:53.583
And this is a really important point,

0:01:53.583,0:01:55.333
because we're optimistic about ourselves,

0:01:55.333,0:01:57.412
we're optimistic about our kids,

0:01:57.412,0:02:00.216
we're optimistic about our families,

0:02:00.216,0:02:02.783
but we're not so optimistic about the guy sitting next to us,

0:02:02.783,0:02:04.458
and we're somewhat pessimistic

0:02:04.458,0:02:08.583
about the fate of our fellow citizens and the fate of our country.

0:02:08.583,0:02:12.542
But private optimism about our own personal future

0:02:12.542,0:02:14.292
remains persistent.

0:02:14.292,0:02:18.250
And it doesn't mean that we think things will magically turn out okay,

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but rather that we have the unique ability to make it so.

0:02:22.375,0:02:25.292
Now I'm a scientist, I do experiments.

0:02:25.292,0:02:26.167
So to show you what I mean,

0:02:26.167,0:02:29.625
I'm going to do an experiment here with you.

0:02:29.625,0:02:33.875
So I'm going to give you a list of abilities and characteristics,

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and I want you to think for each of these abilities

0:02:37.292,0:02:40.500
where you stand relative to the rest of the population.

0:02:40.500,0:02:44.917
The first one is getting along well with others.

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Who here believes they're at the bottom 25 percent?

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Okay, that's about 10 people out of 1,500.

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Who believes they're at the top 25 percent?

0:02:58.458,0:03:01.583
That's most of us here.

0:03:01.583,0:03:05.375
Okay, now do the same for your driving ability.

0:03:05.375,0:03:08.958
How interesting are you?

0:03:08.958,0:03:10.971
How attractive are you?

0:03:10.971,0:03:14.833
How honest are you?

0:03:14.833,0:03:18.417
And finally, how modest are you?

0:03:18.417,0:03:23.167
So most of us put ourselves above average

0:03:23.167,0:03:24.042
on most of these abilities.

0:03:24.042,0:03:27.327
Now this is statistically impossible.

0:03:27.327,0:03:29.248
We can't all be better than everyone else.

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(Laughter)

0:03:31.583,0:03:34.875
But if we believe we're better than the other guy,

0:03:34.875,0:03:38.958
well that means that we're more likely to get that promotion, to remain married.

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Because we're more social, more interesting.

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And it's a global phenomenon.

0:03:43.042,0:03:44.833
The optimism bias has been observed

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in many different countries --

0:03:46.583,0:03:50.333
in Western cultures, in non-Western cultures,

0:03:50.333,0:03:51.208
in females and males,

0:03:51.208,0:03:53.625
in kids, in the elderly.

0:03:53.625,0:03:54.500
It's quite widespread.

0:03:54.500,0:03:56.250
But the question is, Is it good for us?

0:03:56.250,0:04:01.208
So some people say no.

0:04:01.208,0:04:03.833
Some people say the secret to happiness

0:04:03.833,0:04:06.833
is low expectations.

0:04:06.833,0:04:08.583
I think the logic goes something like this:

0:04:08.583,0:04:10.333
If we don't expect greatness,

0:04:10.333,0:04:15.167
if we don't expect to find love and be healthy and successful,

0:04:15.167,0:04:18.250
well we're not going to be disappointed when these things don't happen.

0:04:18.250,0:04:21.750
And if we're not disappointed when good things don't happen,

0:04:21.750,0:04:23.375
and we're pleasantly surprised when they do,

0:04:23.375,0:04:25.125
we will be happy.

0:04:25.125,0:04:27.858
So it's a very good theory,

0:04:27.858,0:04:30.208
but it turns out to be wrong for three reasons.

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Number one: Whatever happens, whether you succeed or you fail,

0:04:35.500,0:04:37.250
people with high expectations always feel better.

0:04:37.250,0:04:42.875
Because how we feel when we get dumped or win employee of the month

0:04:42.875,0:04:45.458
depends on how we interpret that event.

0:04:45.458,0:04:49.708
The psychologists Margaret Marshall and John Brown

0:04:49.708,0:04:52.333
studied students with high and low expectations.

0:04:52.333,0:04:55.625
And they found that when people with high expectations succeed,

0:04:55.625,0:04:59.750
they attribute that success to their own traits.

0:04:59.750,0:05:01.500
"I'm a genius, therefore I got an A,

0:05:01.500,0:05:04.667
therefore I'll get an A again and again in the future."

0:05:04.667,0:05:07.625
When they failed, it wasn't because they were dumb,

0:05:07.625,0:05:10.875
but because the exam just happened to be unfair.

0:05:10.875,0:05:12.958
Next time they will do better.

0:05:12.958,0:05:16.250
People with low expectations do the opposite.

0:05:16.250,0:05:19.667
So when they failed it was because they were dumb,

0:05:19.667,0:05:21.167
and when they succeeded

0:05:21.167,0:05:23.792
it was because the exam just happened to be really easy.

0:05:23.792,0:05:26.500
Next time reality would catch up with them.

0:05:26.500,0:05:28.958
So they felt worse.

0:05:28.958,0:05:31.583
Number two: Regardless of the outcome,

0:05:31.583,0:05:35.583
the pure act of anticipation makes us happy.

0:05:35.583,0:05:38.667
The behavioral economist George Lowenstein

0:05:38.667,0:05:40.417
asked students in his university

0:05:40.417,0:05:43.625
to imagine getting a passionate kiss from a celebrity, any celebrity.

0:05:43.625,0:05:47.125
Then he said, "How much are you willing to pay

0:05:47.125,0:05:50.375
to get a kiss from a celebrity

0:05:50.375,0:05:52.125
if the kiss was delivered immediately,

0:05:52.125,0:05:57.625
in three hours, in 24 hours, in three days,

0:05:57.625,0:05:59.458
in one year, in 10 years?

0:05:59.458,0:06:01.542
He found that the students were willing to pay the most

0:06:01.542,0:06:04.833
not to get a kiss immediately,

0:06:04.833,0:06:08.167
but to get a kiss in three days.

0:06:08.167,0:06:10.583
They were willing to pay extra in order to wait.

0:06:10.583,0:06:14.417
Now they weren't willing to wait a year or 10 years;

0:06:14.417,0:06:16.500
no one wants an aging celebrity.

0:06:16.500,0:06:21.042
But three days seemed to be the optimum amount.

0:06:21.042,0:06:22.792
So why is that?

0:06:22.792,0:06:26.708
Well if you get the kiss now, it's over an done with.

0:06:26.708,0:06:28.458
But if you get the kiss in three days,

0:06:28.458,0:06:33.458
well that's three days of jittery anticipation, the thrill of the wait.

0:06:33.458,0:06:34.958
The students wanted that time

0:06:34.958,0:06:37.708
to imagine where is it going to happen,

0:06:37.708,0:06:38.583
how is it going to happen.

0:06:38.583,0:06:40.333
Anticipation made them happy.

0:06:40.333,0:06:45.417
This is, by the way, why people prefer Friday to Sunday.

0:06:45.417,0:06:47.500
It's a really curious fact.

0:06:47.500,0:06:50.917
Because Friday is a day of work and Sunday is a day of pleasure,

0:06:50.917,0:06:53.083
so you'd assume that people will prefer Sunday,

0:06:53.083,0:06:55.542
but they don't.

0:06:55.542,0:06:58.417
It's not because they really, really like being in the office

0:06:58.417,0:06:59.292
and they can't stand strolling in the park

0:06:59.292,0:07:01.583
or having a lazy brunch.

0:07:01.583,0:07:02.458
We know that, because when you ask people

0:07:02.458,0:07:04.208
about their ultimate favorite day of the week,

0:07:04.208,0:07:08.167
surprise, surprise, Saturday comes in at first,

0:07:08.167,0:07:12.333
then Friday, then Sunday.

0:07:12.333,0:07:13.417
People prefer Friday

0:07:13.417,0:07:18.458
because Friday brings with it the anticipation of the weekend ahead,

0:07:18.458,0:07:20.375
all the plans that you have.

0:07:20.375,0:07:22.125
On Sunday, the only thing you can look forward to

0:07:22.125,0:07:23.000
is the work week.

0:07:23.000,0:07:29.625
So optimists are people who expect more kisses in their future,

0:07:29.625,0:07:30.500
more strolls in the park.

0:07:30.500,0:07:35.500
And that anticipation enhances their wellbeing.

0:07:35.500,0:07:38.125
In fact, without the optimism bias,

0:07:38.125,0:07:40.875
we would all slightly depressed.

0:07:40.875,0:07:43.250
People with mild depression,

0:07:43.250,0:07:45.875
they don't have a bias when they look into the future.

0:07:45.875,0:07:49.958
They're actually more realistic than healthy individuals.

0:07:49.958,0:07:53.167
But individuals with severe depression,

0:07:53.167,0:07:54.042
they have a pessimistic bias.

0:07:54.042,0:07:56.875
So they tend to expect the future

0:07:56.875,0:07:59.167
to be worse than it ends up being.

0:07:59.167,0:08:03.333
So optimism changes subjective reality.

0:08:03.333,0:08:07.083
The way we expect the world to be changes the way we see it.

0:08:07.083,0:08:08.833
But it also changes objective reality.

0:08:08.833,0:08:12.083
It acts as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

0:08:12.083,0:08:15.458
And that is the third reason

0:08:15.458,0:08:17.208
why lowering your expectations will not make you happy.

0:08:17.208,0:08:19.750
Controlled experiments have shown

0:08:19.750,0:08:22.667
that optimism is not only related to success,

0:08:22.667,0:08:23.542
it leads to success.

0:08:23.542,0:08:28.667
Optimism leads to success in academia and sports and politics.

0:08:28.667,0:08:32.958
And maybe the most surprising benefit of optimism is health.

0:08:32.958,0:08:37.083
If we expect the future to be bright,

0:08:37.083,0:08:39.500
stress and anxiety are reduced.

0:08:39.500,0:08:43.458
So all in all, optimism has lots of benefits.

0:08:43.458,0:08:47.500
But the question that was really confusing to me was,

0:08:47.500,0:08:51.000
How do we maintain optimism in the face of reality?

0:08:51.000,0:08:54.833
As an neuroscientist, this was especially confusing,

0:08:54.833,0:08:58.083
because according to all the theories out there,

0:08:58.083,0:09:02.625
when your expectations are not met, you should alter them.

0:09:02.625,0:09:03.500
But this is not what we find.

0:09:03.500,0:09:06.583
We asked people to come into our lab

0:09:06.583,0:09:09.208
in order to try and figure out what was going on.

0:09:09.208,0:09:12.417
We asked them to estimate their likelihood

0:09:12.417,0:09:14.167
of experiencing different terrible events in their lives.

0:09:14.167,0:09:19.542
So for example, what is your likelihood of suffering from cancer?

0:09:19.542,0:09:20.417
And then we told them the average likelihood

0:09:20.417,0:09:24.875
of someone like them to suffer these misfortunes.

0:09:24.875,0:09:26.625
So cancer, for example, is about 30 percent.

0:09:26.625,0:09:31.375
And then we asked them again,

0:09:31.375,0:09:32.250
How likely are you to suffer from cancer?

0:09:32.250,0:09:35.667
What we wanted to know

0:09:35.667,0:09:39.167
was whether people will take the information that we gave them

0:09:39.167,0:09:40.667
to change their beliefs.

0:09:40.667,0:09:43.667
And indeed they did --

0:09:43.667,0:09:45.417
but mostly when the information we gave them

0:09:45.417,0:09:48.417
was better that what they expected.

0:09:48.417,0:09:49.292
So for example,

0:09:49.292,0:09:52.458
if someone said, "My likelihood of suffering from cancer

0:09:52.458,0:09:54.208
is about 50 percent,"

0:09:54.208,0:09:57.667
and we said, "Hey, good news.

0:09:57.667,0:10:00.833
The average likelihood is only 30 percent,"

0:10:00.833,0:10:02.125
the next time around they would say,

0:10:02.125,0:10:04.917
"Well maybe my likelihood is about 35 percent."

0:10:04.917,0:10:07.292
So they learned quickly and efficiently.

0:10:07.292,0:10:09.042
But if someone started off saying,

0:10:09.042,0:10:12.583
"My average likelihood of suffering from cancer is about 10 percent,"

0:10:12.583,0:10:16.875
and we said, "Hey, bad news.

0:10:16.875,0:10:19.333
The average likelihood is about 30 percent,"

0:10:19.333,0:10:21.083
they next time around they would say,

0:10:21.083,0:10:25.125
"Yep. Still think it's about 11 percent."

0:10:25.125,0:10:26.000
(Laughter)

0:10:26.000,0:10:28.042
So it's not that they didn't learn at all -- they did --

0:10:28.042,0:10:32.208
but much, much less than when we gave them

0:10:32.208,0:10:33.958
positive information about the future.

0:10:33.958,0:10:37.208
And it's not that they didn't remember the numbers that we gave them;

0:10:37.208,0:10:39.958
everyone remembers that the average likelihood of cancer

0:10:39.958,0:10:40.833
is about 30 percent

0:10:40.833,0:10:44.083
and the average likelihood of divorce is about 40 percent.

0:10:44.083,0:10:48.375
But they didn't think that those numbers were related to them.

0:10:48.375,0:10:51.000
What this means is that warning signs such as these

0:10:51.000,0:10:55.292
may only have limited impact.

0:10:55.292,0:10:58.667
Yes, smoking kills, but mostly it kills the other guy.

0:10:58.667,0:11:03.042
What I wanted to know

0:11:03.042,0:11:05.333
was what was going on inside the human brain

0:11:05.333,0:11:09.458
that prevented us from taking these warning signs personally.

0:11:09.458,0:11:12.375
But at the same time, when we hear that the housing market is hopeful,

0:11:12.375,0:11:16.500
we think, "Oh, my house is definitely going to double in price."

0:11:16.500,0:11:19.000
To try and figure that out,

0:11:19.000,0:11:20.750
I asked the participants in the experiment

0:11:20.750,0:11:23.958
to lie in a brain imaging scanner.

0:11:23.958,0:11:25.208
It looks like this.

0:11:25.208,0:11:27.792
And using a method called functional MRI,

0:11:27.792,0:11:31.583
we were able to identify regions in the brain

0:11:31.583,0:11:35.000
that were responding to positive information.

0:11:35.000,0:11:37.625
One of these regions is called the left inferior frontal gyrus.

0:11:37.625,0:11:41.875
So if someone said, "My likelihood of suffering from cancer is 50 percent,"

0:11:41.875,0:11:44.500
and we said, "Hey, good news.

0:11:44.500,0:11:45.375
Average likelihood is 30 percent,"

0:11:45.375,0:11:49.500
the left inferior frontal gyrus would respond fiercely.

0:11:49.500,0:11:52.125
And it didn't matter if you're an extreme optimist, a mild optimist

0:11:52.125,0:11:54.500
or slightly pessimistic,

0:11:54.500,0:11:59.500
everyone's left inferior frontal gyrus

0:11:59.500,0:12:00.375
was functioning perfectly well,

0:12:00.375,0:12:04.250
whether you're Barack Obama or Woody Allen.

0:12:04.250,0:12:05.125
On the other side of the brain,

0:12:05.125,0:12:09.542
the right inferior frontal gyrus was responding to bad news.

0:12:09.542,0:12:14.083
And here's the thing, it wasn't doing a very good job.

0:12:14.083,0:12:16.083
The more optimistic you were,

0:12:16.083,0:12:16.958
the less likely this region was

0:12:16.958,0:12:21.125
to respond to unexpected negative information.

0:12:21.125,0:12:22.875
And if your brain is failing

0:12:22.875,0:12:27.500
at integrating bad news about the future,

0:12:27.500,0:12:32.000
you will constantly leave your rose-tinted spectacles on.

0:12:32.000,0:12:36.000
So we wanted to know could we change this.

0:12:36.000,0:12:40.458
Could we alter people's optimism bias

0:12:40.458,0:12:44.375
by interfering with the brain activity in these regions?

0:12:44.375,0:12:47.000
And there's a way for us to do that.

0:12:47.000,0:12:48.750
This is my collaborator Ryota Kanai.

0:12:48.750,0:12:54.167
And what he's doing is he's passing a small magnetic pulse

0:12:54.167,0:12:55.917
through the skull of the participant in our study

0:12:55.917,0:12:58.208
into their inferior frontal gyrus.

0:12:58.208,0:13:00.458
And my doing that,

0:13:00.458,0:13:02.208
he's interfering with the activity of this brain region

0:13:02.208,0:13:05.208
for about half an hour.

0:13:05.208,0:13:06.083
After that everything goes back to normal, I assure you.

0:13:06.083,0:13:07.833
(Laughter)

0:13:07.833,0:13:09.583
So let's see what happens.

0:13:09.583,0:13:14.542
First of all, I'm going to show you

0:13:14.542,0:13:16.292
the average amount of bias that we see.

0:13:16.292,0:13:19.792
So if I was to test all of you now,

0:13:19.792,0:13:22.125
this is the amount that you would learn

0:13:22.125,0:13:23.875
more from good news relative to bad news.

0:13:23.875,0:13:27.667
Now we interfere with the region

0:13:27.667,0:13:31.042
that we found to integrate negative information in this task,

0:13:31.042,0:13:34.083
and the optimism bias grew even larger.

0:13:34.083,0:13:40.583
We made people more biased in the way that they process information.

0:13:40.583,0:13:43.542
Then we interfered with the brain region

0:13:43.542,0:13:47.583
that we found to integrate good news in this task,

0:13:47.583,0:13:50.208
and the optimism bias disappeared.

0:13:50.208,0:13:54.000
We were quite amazed by these results

0:13:54.000,0:13:55.792
because we were able to eliminate

0:13:55.792,0:13:57.542
a deep-rooted bias in humans.

0:13:57.542,0:14:02.500
And at this point we stopped and we asked ourselves,

0:14:02.500,0:14:08.125
Would we want to shatter the optimism illusion into tiny little bits?

0:14:08.125,0:14:13.292
If we could do that, would we want to take people's optimism bias away?

0:14:13.292,0:14:18.292
Well I've already told you about all of the benefits of the optimism bias,

0:14:18.292,0:14:22.875
which probably makes you want hold onto it for dear life.

0:14:22.875,0:14:23.750
But there are, of course, pitfalls,

0:14:23.750,0:14:27.833
and it would be really foolish of us to ignore them.

0:14:27.833,0:14:31.333
Take for example this email I recieved

0:14:31.333,0:14:33.750
from a firefighter here in California.

0:14:33.750,0:14:37.208
He says, "Fatality investigations for firefighters

0:14:37.208,0:14:40.458
often include 'we didn't think the fire was going to do that'

0:14:40.458,0:14:43.083
even when all of the available information

0:14:43.083,0:14:46.292
was there to make safe decisions."

0:14:46.292,0:14:49.750
This captain is going to use our findings on the optimism bias

0:14:49.750,0:14:50.625
to try and explain to the firefighters

0:14:50.625,0:14:53.875
why they think the way they do,

0:14:53.875,0:14:59.708
to make them acutely aware of this very optimistic bias in humans.

0:14:59.708,0:15:05.750
So unrealistic optimism can lead to risky behavior,

0:15:05.750,0:15:09.250
to financial collapse, to faulty planning.

0:15:09.250,0:15:11.542
The British government, for example,

0:15:11.542,0:15:15.708
has a acknowledged that the optimism bias

0:15:15.708,0:15:18.333
can make individuals more likely

0:15:18.333,0:15:22.375
to underestimate the costs and durations of projects.

0:15:22.375,0:15:25.875
So they have adjusted the 2012 Olympic budget for the optimism bias.

0:15:25.875,0:15:29.958
My friend who's getting married in a few weeks

0:15:29.958,0:15:32.792
has done the same for his wedding budget.

0:15:32.792,0:15:35.792
And by the way, when I asked him about his own likelihood of divorce,

0:15:35.792,0:15:39.875
he said he was quite sure it was zero percent.

0:15:39.875,0:15:42.292
So what we would really like to do,

0:15:42.292,0:15:45.792
is we would like to protect ourselves from the dangers of optimism,

0:15:45.792,0:15:50.958
but at the same time remain hopeful,

0:15:50.958,0:15:51.833
benefiting from the many fruits of optimism.

0:15:51.833,0:15:56.083
And I believe there's a way for us to do that.

0:15:56.083,0:15:56.958
The key here really is knowledge.

0:15:56.958,0:16:00.208
We're not born with an innate understanding of our biases.

0:16:00.208,0:16:02.833
These have to be identified by scientific investigation.

0:16:02.833,0:16:07.833
But the good news is that becoming aware of the optimism bias

0:16:07.833,0:16:10.208
does not shatter the illusion.

0:16:10.208,0:16:12.125
It's like visual illusions

0:16:12.125,0:16:16.292
in which understanding them does not make them go away.

0:16:16.292,0:16:20.083
And this is good because it means we should be able to strike a balance,

0:16:20.083,0:16:23.583
to come up with plans and rules

0:16:23.583,0:16:24.458
to protect ourselves from unrealistic optimism,

0:16:24.458,0:16:28.625
but at the same time remain hopeful.

0:16:28.625,0:16:31.250
I think this cartoon portrays it nicely.

0:16:31.250,0:16:36.083
Because if you're one of these pessimistic penguins up there

0:16:36.083,0:16:37.833
who just does not believe they can fly,

0:16:37.833,0:16:40.792
you certainly never will.

0:16:40.792,0:16:41.792
Because to make any kind of progress,

0:16:41.792,0:16:43.542
we need to be able to imagine a different reality,

0:16:43.542,0:16:45.958
and then we need to believe that that reality is possible.

0:16:48.729,0:16:51.500
But if you are an extreme optimistic penguin

0:16:51.500,0:16:55.000
who just jumps down blindly hoping for the best,

0:16:55.000,0:16:58.458
you might find yourself in a bit of a mess when you hit the ground.

0:16:58.458,0:17:00.208
But if you're an optimistic penguin

0:17:00.208,0:17:05.958
who believes they can fly, but adjusts a parachute to your back

0:17:05.958,0:17:08.208
just in case things don't work out exactly as you had planned,

0:17:08.208,0:17:09.917
you will soar like an eagle,

0:17:09.917,0:17:13.458
even if you're just a penguin.

0:17:13.458,0:17:14.333
Thank you.

0:17:14.333,0:17:17.833
(Applause)