[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:01.39,0:00:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm an MIT professor,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.60,0:00:06.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I do not design buildings\Nor computer systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.94,0:00:09.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather, I build body parts,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.13,0:00:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bionic legs that augment\Nhuman walking and running.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.81,0:00:16.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1982, I was in\Na mountain-climbing accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.77,0:00:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and both of my legs had to be amputated\Ndue to tissue damage from frostbite.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.24,0:00:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, you can see my legs:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.21,0:00:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,24 sensors, six microprocessors\Nand muscle-tendon-like actuators.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.53,0:00:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm basically a bunch of nuts and bolts\Nfrom the knee down.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.85,0:00:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with this advanced bionic technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.23,0:00:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can skip, dance and run.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.14,0:00:39.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.21,0:00:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.38,0:00:42.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.02,0:00:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a bionic man,\Nbut I'm not yet a cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.28,0:00:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I think about moving my legs,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.11,0:00:56.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neural signals from\Nmy central nervous system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.25,0:00:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pass through my nerves
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.90,0:01:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and activate muscles\Nwithin my residual limbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.38,0:01:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Artificial electrodes sense these signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.06,0:01:08.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and small computers in the bionic limb
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.55,0:01:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decode my nerve pulses\Ninto my intended movement patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.49,0:01:16.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stated simply,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.42,0:01:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I think about moving,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.77,0:01:21.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that command is communicated\Nto the synthetic part of my body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.47,0:01:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, those computers can't input\Ninformation into my nervous system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.84,0:01:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I touch and move my synthetic limbs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.75,0:01:33.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do not experience normal\Ntouch and movement sensations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.11,0:01:38.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I were a cyborg and could feel my legs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.26,0:01:43.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via small computers inputting information\Ninto my nervous system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.10,0:01:45.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would fundamentally change, I believe,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.49,0:01:48.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my relationship to my synthetic body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.60,0:01:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I can't feel my legs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.79,0:01:52.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because of that,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.99,0:01:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my legs are separate tools\Nfrom my mind and my body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.46,0:01:57.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not part of me.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.48,0:02:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that if I were a cyborg\Nand could feel my legs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.79,0:02:05.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would become\Npart of me, part of self.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.92,0:02:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At MIT, we're thinking about\NNeuroEmbodied Design.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.09,0:02:11.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this design process,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.11,0:02:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the designer designs human flesh and bone,\Nthe biological body itself,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.60,0:02:23.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with synthetics to enhance\Nthe bidirectional communication
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.56,0:02:26.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the nervous system\Nand the built world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.41,0:02:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NeuroEmbodied Design is a methodology\Nto create cyborg function.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.84,0:02:38.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this design process,\Ndesigners contemplate a future
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.22,0:02:41.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which technology\Nno longer compromises separate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.39,0:02:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lifeless tools from\Nour minds and our bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.34,0:02:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a future in which technology\Nhas been carefully integrated
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.20,0:02:49.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within our nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.79,0:02:52.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a world in which\Nwhat is biological and what is not,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.99,0:02:55.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is human and what is not,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.10,0:02:57.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is nature and what is not
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.18,0:02:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be forever blurred.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.39,0:03:02.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That future will provide\Nhumanity new bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.16,0:03:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NeuroEmbodied Design\Nwill extend our nervous systems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.92,0:03:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the synthetic world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.62,0:03:11.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the synthetic world into us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.12,0:03:13.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fundamentally changing who we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.99,0:03:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By designing the biological body\Nto better communicate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.07,0:03:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the built design world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.08,0:03:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humanity will end disability\Nin this 21st century
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.09,0:03:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and establish the scientific\Nand technological basis
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.66,0:03:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for human augmentation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.94,0:03:34.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extending human capability\Nbeyond innate, physiological levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.42,0:03:37.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cognitively, emotionally and physically.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.22,0:03:42.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many ways\Nin which to build new bodies across scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.47,0:03:46.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the biomolecular\Nto the scale of tissues and organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.44,0:03:49.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I want to talk about\None area of NeuroEmbodied Design,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.67,0:03:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the body's tissues\Nare manipulated and sculpted
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.76,0:03:56.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using surgical and regenerative processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.33,0:03:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The current amputation paradigm
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.99,0:04:04.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hasn't changed fundamentally\Nsince the US Civil War
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.08,0:04:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has grown obsolete\Nin light of dramatic advancements
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.86,0:04:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in actuators, control systems\Nand neural interfacing technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.06,0:04:17.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A major deficiency is the lack\Nof dynamic muscle interactions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.36,0:04:19.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for control and proprioception.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.68,0:04:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is proprioception?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.56,0:04:25.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you flex your ankle,\Nmuscles in the front of your leg contract,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.82,0:04:28.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simultaneously stretching muscles\Nin the back of your leg.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.82,0:04:31.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The opposite happens\Nwhen you extend your ankle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.33,0:04:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, muscles in the back\Nof your leg contract,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.58,0:04:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching muscles in the front.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.33,0:04:37.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When these muscles flex and extend,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.33,0:04:39.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biological sensors\Nwithin the muscle tendons
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.69,0:04:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,send information\Nthrough nerves to the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.19,0:04:44.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how we're able to feel\Nwhere our feet are
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.81,0:04:47.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without seeing them with our eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.19,0:04:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The current amputation paradigm\Nbreaks these dynamic muscle relationships,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.43,0:04:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in so doing eliminates\Nnormal proprioceptive sensations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.55,0:04:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently, a standard artificial limb
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.32,0:05:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot feed back information\Ninto the nervous system
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.02,0:05:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about where the prosthesis is in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.78,0:05:07.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The patient therefore\Ncannot sense and feel
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.96,0:05:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the positions and movements\Nof the prosthetic joint
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.96,0:05:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without seeing it with their eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.15,0:05:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My legs were amputated\Nusing this Civil War-era methodology.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.63,0:05:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can feel my feet,\NI can feel them right now
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.21,0:05:23.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a phantom awareness.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.09,0:05:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when I try to move them, I cannot.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.00,0:05:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feels like they're stuck\Ninside rigid ski boots.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.73,0:05:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To solve these problems,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.91,0:05:34.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at MIT, we invented the agonist-antagonist\Nmyoneural interface,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.97,0:05:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or AMI, for short.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.83,0:05:40.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The AMI is a method to connect nerves\Nwithin the residuum
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.49,0:05:42.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an external, bionic prosthesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.40,0:05:46.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is the AMI designed,\Nand how does it work?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.51,0:05:51.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The AMI comprises two muscles\Nthat are surgically connected,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.04,0:05:53.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an agonist linked to an antagonist.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.91,0:05:56.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the agonist contracts\Nupon electrical activation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.73,0:05:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it stretches the antagonist.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.25,0:06:01.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This muscle dynamic interaction
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.55,0:06:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causes biological sensors\Nwithin the muscle tendon
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.61,0:06:08.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to send information through the nerve\Nto the central nervous system,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.10,0:06:12.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relating information on the muscle\Ntendon's length, speed and force.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.73,0:06:15.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how muscle tendon\Nproprioception works,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.07,0:06:17.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the primary way we, as humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.74,0:06:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can feel and sense the positions,\Nmovements and forces on our limbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.39,0:06:23.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When a limb is amputated,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.71,0:06:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the surgeon connects these opposing\Nmuscles within the residuum
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.86,0:06:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create an AMI.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.10,0:06:32.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, multiple AMI\Nconstructs can be created
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.21,0:06:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the control and sensation\Nof multiple prosthetic joints.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.20,0:06:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Artificial electrodes are then placed\Non each AMI muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.62,0:06:43.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and small computers within the bionic limb\Ndecode those signals
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.30,0:06:46.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control powerful motors\Non the bionic limb.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.93,0:06:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the bionic limb moves,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.12,0:06:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the AMI muscles move back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.100,0:06:53.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sending signals through\Nthe nerve to the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.21,0:06:57.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enabling a person wearing the prosthesis\Nto experience natural sensations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.38,0:06:59.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of positions and movements\Nof the prosthesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.49,0:07:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can these tissue-design principles\Nbe used in an actual human being?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.79,0:07:09.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few years ago, my good friend\NJim Ewing -- of 34 years --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.62,0:07:11.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reached out to me for help.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.27,0:07:14.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim was in an a terrible\Nclimbing accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.35,0:07:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He fell 50 feet in the Cayman Islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.07,0:07:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his rope failed to catch him\Nhitting the ground's surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.34,0:07:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He suffered many, many injuries:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.83,0:07:27.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,punctured lungs and many broken bones.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.06,0:07:31.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After his accident, he dreamed\Nof returning to his chosen sport
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.81,0:07:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of mountain climbing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.14,0:07:35.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how might this be possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.32,0:07:39.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer was Team Cyborg,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.37,0:07:43.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a team of surgeons,\Nscientists and engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.63,0:07:48.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assembled at MIT to rebuild Jim\Nback to his former climbing prowess.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.50,0:07:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Team member Dr. Matthew Carty\Namputated Jim's badly damaged leg
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.58,0:07:54.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.71,0:07:56.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using the AMI surgical procedure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.26,0:08:00.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tendon pulleys were created\Nand attached to Jim's tibia bone
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.69,0:08:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reconnect the opposing muscles.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.46,0:08:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The AMI procedure\Nreestablished the neural link
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.39,0:08:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Jim's ankle-foot\Nmuscles and his brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.85,0:08:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Jim moves his phantom limb,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.44,0:08:15.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reconnected muscles\Nmove in dynamic pairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.47,0:08:19.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing signals of proprioception\Nto pass through nerves to the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.94,0:08:23.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so Jim experiences normal sensations\Nwith ankle-foot positions and movements,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.58,0:08:24.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when blindfolded.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.84,0:08:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's Jim at the MIT laboratory\Nafter his surgeries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.30,0:08:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We electrically linked Jim's AMI muscles,\Nvia the electrodes,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.45,0:08:33.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a bionic limb,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.63,0:08:36.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Jim quickly learned\Nhow to move the bionic limb
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.41,0:08:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in four distinct ankle-foot\Nmovement directions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.00,0:08:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were excited by these results,\Nbut then Jim stood up,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.09,0:08:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what occurred was truly remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.98,0:08:49.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the natural biomechanics\Nmediated by the central nervous system
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.02,0:08:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emerged via the synthetic limb
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.39,0:08:56.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an involuntary, reflexive action.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.93,0:09:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the intricacies of foot placement\Nduring stair ascent --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.85,0:09:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.37,0:09:06.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emerged before our eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.64,0:09:09.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's Jim descending steps,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.49,0:09:12.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaching with his bionic toe\Nto the next stair tread,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.51,0:09:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,automatically exhibiting natural motions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.05,0:09:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without him even trying to move his limb.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.86,0:09:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because Jim's central nervous system\Nis receiving the proprioceptive signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.50,0:09:26.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it knows exactly how to control\Nthe synthetic limb in a natural way.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.64,0:09:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Jim moves and behaves\Nas if the synthetic limb is part of him.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.75,0:09:35.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, one day in the lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.73,0:09:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he accidentally stepped\Non a roll of electric tape.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.85,0:09:41.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what do you do\Nwhen something's stuck to your shoe?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.50,0:09:44.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't reach down like this,\Nit's way too awkward.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.14,0:09:45.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead, you shake it off,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.45,0:09:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's exactly what Jim did
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.30,0:09:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after being neurally connected to the limb\Nfor just a few hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.44,0:09:53.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was most interesting to me
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.44,0:09:56.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what Jim was telling us\Nhe was experiencing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.33,0:09:59.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "The robot became part of me."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.22,0:10:04.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim Ewing: The morning after the first\Ntime I was attached to the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.03,0:10:09.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my daughter came downstairs\Nand asked me how it felt to be a cyborg,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.42,0:10:13.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my answer was\Nthat I didn't feel like a cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.41,0:10:17.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I felt like I had my leg,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.26,0:10:21.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it wasn't that I was\Nattached to the robot
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.00,0:10:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much as the robot was attached to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.65,0:10:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the robot became part of me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.21,0:10:28.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became my leg, pretty quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.62,0:10:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hugh Herr: Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.79,0:10:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.90,0:10:37.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By connecting Jim's\Nnervous system bidirectionally
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.30,0:10:39.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to his synthetic limb,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.10,0:10:42.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neurological embodiment was achieved.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.04,0:10:47.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hypothesized that because Jim\Ncan think and move his synthetic limb,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.54,0:10:51.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because he can feel those movements\Nwithin his nervous system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.88,0:10:55.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the prosthesis is no longer\Na separate tool,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.03,0:10:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but an integral part of Jim,\Nan integral part of his body.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.11,0:11:04.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because of this neurological embodiment,\NJim doesn't feel like a cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.22,0:11:07.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He feels like he just has his leg back,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.46,0:11:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he has his body back.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.58,0:11:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm often asked
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.76,0:11:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I'm going to be neurally linked\Nto my synthetic limbs bidirectionally,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.34,0:11:16.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I'm going to become a cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.14,0:11:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth is, I'm hesitant\Nto become a cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.97,0:11:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before my legs were amputated,\NI was a terrible student.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.20,0:11:26.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got D's and often F's in school.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.04,0:11:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then, after my limbs were amputated,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.80,0:11:30.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suddenly became an MIT professor.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.35,0:11:33.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.54,0:11:37.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.29,0:11:41.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm worried that once I'm neurally\Nconnected to my legs once again,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.79,0:11:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my brain will remap\Nback to its not-so-bright self.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.50,0:11:46.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.83,0:11:50.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you know what, that's OK,\Nbecause at MIT, I already have tenure.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.93,0:11:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.58,0:11:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.47,0:11:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe the reach\Nof NeuroEmbodied Design
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.85,0:12:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will extend far beyond limb replacement
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.73,0:12:03.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and will carry humanity into realms
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.46,0:12:06.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that fundamentally\Nredefine human potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.87,0:12:08.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.61,0:12:13.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designers will extend the nervous system\Ninto powerfully strong exoskeletons
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.07,0:12:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that humans can control\Nand feel with their minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.14,0:12:21.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Muscles within the body\Ncan be reconfigured
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.31,0:12:24.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the control of powerful motors,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.24,0:12:28.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to feel and sense\Nexoskeletal movements,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.37,0:12:32.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,augmenting humans' strength,\Njumping height and running speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.81,0:12:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this 21st century, I believe humans\Nwill become superheroes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.31,0:12:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans may also extend their bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.95,0:12:44.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into non-anthropomorphic\Nstructures, such as wings,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.80,0:12:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,controlling and feeling each wing movement\Nwithin the nervous system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.72,0:12:54.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leonardo da Vinci said,\N"When once you have tasted flight,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.13,0:12:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will forever walk the earth\Nwith your eyes turned skyward,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.68,0:13:02.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for there you have been\Nand there you will always long to return."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.49,0:13:05.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the twilight years of this century,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.55,0:13:09.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe humans will be unrecognizable\Nin morphology and dynamics
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.81,0:13:11.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what we are today.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.78,0:13:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humanity will take flight and soar.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.70,0:13:18.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim Ewing fell to earth\Nand was badly broken,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.02,0:13:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but his eyes turned skyward,\Nwhere he always longed to return.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.28,0:13:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After his accident,\Nhe not only dreamed to walk again,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.86,0:13:28.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to return to his chosen sport\Nof mountain climbing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.66,0:13:34.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At MIT, Team Cyborg built Jim\Na specialized limb for the vertical world,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.42,0:13:38.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a brain-controlled leg with full position\Nand movement sensations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.06,0:13:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using this technology,\NJim returned to the Cayman Islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.31,0:13:45.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the site of his accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.24,0:13:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rebuilt as a cyborg\Nto climb skyward once again.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:49.28,0:13:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Crashing waves)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.73,0:14:22.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.58,0:14:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.75,0:14:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.36,0:14:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ladies and gentlemen, Jim Ewing,\Nthe first cyborg rock climber.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.84,0:14:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)