[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.79,0:00:03.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm an MIT professor,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:03.60,0:00:06.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I do not design buildings\Nor computer systems.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.17,0:00:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rather, I build body parts:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.27,0:00:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bionic legs that augment\Nhuman walking and running.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.04,0:00:16.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In 1982, I was in\Na mountain climbing accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.89,0:00:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and both of my legs had to be amputated\Ndue to tissue damage from frostbite.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.18,0:00:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here you can see my legs:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.27,0:00:28.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,24 censors, six microprocessors,\Nand muscle-tendon-like actuators.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.87,0:00:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm basically a bunch of nuts\Nand bolts from the knee down.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.09,0:00:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But with this advanced bionic technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.42,0:00:37.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can skip, dance, and run.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.88,0:00:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.34,0:00:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.98,0:00:47.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a bionic man,\Nbut I'm not yet a cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.49,0:00:53.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I think about moving my legs,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.16,0:00:56.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neural signals from\Nmy central nervous system
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.41,0:00:58.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pass through my nerves
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.13,0:01:01.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and activate muscles\Nwithin my residual limbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.99,0:01:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Artificial electrodes sense these signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.27,0:01:08.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and small computers in the bionic limb
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.75,0:01:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decode my nerve pulses\Ninto my intended movement patterns.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.14,0:01:16.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stated simply,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.63,0:01:20.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I think about moving,\Nthat command is communicated
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.02,0:01:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the synthetic part of my body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.72,0:01:26.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, those computers can't input\Ninformation into my nervous system.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.84,0:01:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I touch and move my synthetic limbs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.00,0:01:33.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I do not experience normal\Ntouch and movement sensations.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.11,0:01:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If I were a cyborg
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.18,0:01:38.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and could feel my legs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.60,0:01:43.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via small computers inputting information\Ninto my nervous system,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.50,0:01:48.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would fundamentally change,\NI believe, my relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.87,0:01:49.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to my synthetic body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.55,0:01:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today I can't feel my legs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.40,0:01:55.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because that, my legs\Nare separate tools
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.14,0:01:56.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from my mind and my body.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.86,0:01:59.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're not part of me.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.28,0:02:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that if I were a cyborg\Nand could feel my legs,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.04,0:02:06.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would become\Npart of me, part of self.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.20,0:02:10.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At MIT, we're thinking about\Nneural and body design.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.42,0:02:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this design process,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.47,0:02:16.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the designer designs human flesh and bone,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.76,0:02:18.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the biological body itself
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.85,0:02:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,along with synthetics
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.84,0:02:23.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to enhance the bidirectional communication
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.84,0:02:26.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the nervous system\Nand the built world.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.62,0:02:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neuron body design is a methodology\Nto create cyborg function.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.09,0:02:36.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this design process,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.24,0:02:39.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designers contemplate a future\Nin which technology
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.88,0:02:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no longer compromises separate,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.54,0:02:44.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lifeless tools from\Nour minds and our bodies,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.63,0:02:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a future in which technology\Nhas been carefully integrated
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.66,0:02:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within our nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.31,0:02:53.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a world in which what\Nis biological and what is not,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.23,0:02:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is human and what is not,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.34,0:02:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what is nature and what is not,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.48,0:02:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be forever blurred.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.64,0:03:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That future will provide\Nhumanity new bodies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.46,0:03:09.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neuron body design will extend\Nour nervous systems
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.12,0:03:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into the synthetic world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.71,0:03:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the synthetic world into us,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.96,0:03:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fundamentally changing who we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.18,0:03:18.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By designing the biological body\Nto better communicate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.25,0:03:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the built design world,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.10,0:03:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,humanity will end disability\Nin this 21st century
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.37,0:03:27.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and establish the scientific\Nand technological basis
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.94,0:03:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for human augmentation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.35,0:03:34.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extending human capability\Nbeyond innate, physiological levels,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.75,0:03:38.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cognitively, emotionally, and physically.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.54,0:03:42.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are many ways in which\Nto build new bodies across scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.66,0:03:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the biomolecular\Nto the scale of tissues and organs.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.84,0:03:50.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Today, I want to talk about\None area of neural and body design
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.00,0:03:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which the body's tissues
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.30,0:03:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are manipulated and sculpted
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.23,0:03:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using surgical and regenerative processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.43,0:04:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The current amputation paradigm\Nhasn't changed fundamentally
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.42,0:04:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the US Civil War
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.71,0:04:08.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and has grown obsolete\Nin light of dramatic advancements
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.13,0:04:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in actuators, control systems,\Nand neural interfacing technologies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.67,0:04:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A major deficiency is the lack\Nof dynamic muscle interactions
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.64,0:04:20.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for control and proprioception.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.97,0:04:22.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is proprioception?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.91,0:04:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you flex your ankle,\Nmuscles in the front of your leg contract,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.32,0:04:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simultaneously stressing muscles\Nin the back of your leg.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.10,0:04:31.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The opposite happens\Nwhen you extend your ankle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.72,0:04:35.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here, muscles in the back\Nof your leg contract,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.63,0:04:35.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stretching muscles in the front.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.89,0:04:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When these muscles flex and extend,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.58,0:04:39.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,biological sensors\Nwithin the muscle tendons
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.84,0:04:42.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,send information\Nthrough nerves to the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.46,0:04:46.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how we're able to feel\Nwhere our feet are without seeing them
Dialogue: 0,0:04:46.56,0:04:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.27,0:04:52.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The current amputation paradigm\Nbreaks these dynamic muscle relationships,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.67,0:04:56.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in so doing eliminates\Nnormal proprioceptive sensations.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.96,0:04:59.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consequently, a standard artificial limb
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.66,0:05:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot feed back information\Ninto the nervous system
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.36,0:05:05.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about where the prosthesis is in space.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.13,0:05:06.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The patient therefore
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.44,0:05:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cannot sense and feel the positions\Nand movements of the prosthetic joint
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.21,0:05:14.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without seeing it with their eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.07,0:05:18.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My legs were amputated\Nusing a Civil War-era methodology.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.89,0:05:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can feel my feet,\NI can feel them right now
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.40,0:05:23.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a phantom awareness,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.29,0:05:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but when I try to move them, I cannot.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.20,0:05:29.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It feels like they're stuck\Ninside rigid ski boots.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.06,0:05:31.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To solve these problems at MIT,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.36,0:05:35.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we invented the Agonist-antagonist\NMyoneural Interface,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.30,0:05:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or AMI for short.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.09,0:05:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The AMI is a method to connect nerves\Nwithin the residuum
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.29,0:05:43.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to an external, bionic prosthesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.40,0:05:47.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is the AMI designed,\Nand how does it work?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.18,0:05:51.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The AMI comprises two muscles\Nthat are surgically connected,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.34,0:05:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an agonist linked to an antagonist.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.20,0:05:57.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the agonist contracts\Nupon electrical activation,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.15,0:05:59.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it stretches the antagonist.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.57,0:06:02.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This muscle dynamic interaction\Ncauses biological sensors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.22,0:06:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the muscle tendon
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.61,0:06:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to send information through the nerve\Nto the central nervous system,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.70,0:06:13.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relating information\Non the muscle tendon's
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.07,0:06:15.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,length, speed and force.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.23,0:06:15.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is how muscle tendon\Nproprioception works,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.99,0:06:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's the primary way we, as humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.82,0:06:22.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can feel and sense the positions,\Nmovements and forces on our limbs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.61,0:06:26.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When a limb is amputated, the surgeon\Nconnects these opposing muscles
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.90,0:06:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within the residuum to create an AMI.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.49,0:06:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, multiple AMI\Nconstructs can be created
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.12,0:06:36.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the control and sensation\Nof multiple prosthetic joints.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.52,0:06:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Artificial electrodes are then placed\Non each AMI muscle,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.94,0:06:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and small computers within the bionic limb
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.30,0:06:43.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decode those signals
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.48,0:06:47.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to control powerful motors\Non the bionic limb.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.21,0:06:49.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When the bionic limb moves,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.20,0:06:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the AMI muscles move back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.22,0:06:53.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sending signals through\Nthe nerve to the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.21,0:06:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,enabling a person wearing the prosthesis
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.08,0:06:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to experience natural sensations
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.86,0:07:00.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of positions and movements\Nof the prosthesis.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.82,0:07:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can these tissue design principles\Nbe used in an actual human being?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.31,0:07:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few years ago, my good friend Jim Ewing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.86,0:07:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 34 years reached out to me for help.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.99,0:07:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim was in an a terrible\Nclimbing accident.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.93,0:07:17.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He fell 50 feet in the Cayman Islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.35,0:07:21.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and his rope failed to catch him,\Nhitting the ground's surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.70,0:07:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He suffered many, many injuries:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.10,0:07:28.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,punctured lungs and many broken bones.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.50,0:07:32.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After his accident, he dreamed\Nof returning to his chosen sport
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.32,0:07:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of mountain climbing,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.61,0:07:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but how might this be possible?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.22,0:07:40.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The answer was Team Cyborg,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.23,0:07:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a team of surgeons,\Nscientists and engineers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.76,0:07:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assembled at MIT to rebuild Jim\Nback to his former climbing prowess.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.88,0:07:52.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Team member Dr. Matthew Carney\Namputated Jim's badly damaged leg
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.70,0:07:55.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston\Nusing the AMI surgical procedure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.37,0:08:01.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Tendon pulleys were created\Nand attached to Jim's tibia bone
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.31,0:08:03.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reconnect the opposing muscles.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.79,0:08:07.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The AMI procedure\Nreestablished the neural link
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.39,0:08:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Jim's ankle-foot\Nmuscles and his brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.29,0:08:12.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When Jim moves his phantom limb,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.94,0:08:15.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the reconnected muscles move\Nin dynamic pairs,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.68,0:08:20.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,causing signals to pass through nerves\Nof proprioception to the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.28,0:08:23.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so Jim experiences normal sensations\Nwith ankle-foot positions and movements
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.26,0:08:25.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even when blindfolded.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.84,0:08:29.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's Jim at the MIT laboratory\Nafter his surgeries.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.49,0:08:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We electrically linked Jim's AMI muscles
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.93,0:08:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,via the electrodes to a bionic limb,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.90,0:08:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Jim quickly learned\Nhow to move the bionic limb
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.93,0:08:40.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in four distinct ankle-foot\Nmovement directions.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.33,0:08:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were excited by these results,\Nbut then Jim stood up,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.36,0:08:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what occurred was truly remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.24,0:08:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the natural biomechanics\Nmediated by the central nervous system
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.23,0:08:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emerged via the synthetic limb
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.83,0:08:57.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as an involuntary, reflexive action.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.29,0:08:59.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All the intricacies of foot placement,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.37,0:09:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thank you, during stair ascent
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.09,0:09:04.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.61,0:09:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,emerged before our eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.71,0:09:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's Jim descending steps,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.15,0:09:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reaching with his bionic toe\Nto the next stair tread,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.87,0:09:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,automatically exhibiting natural motions
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.34,0:09:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without him even trying to move his limb.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.10,0:09:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because Jim's central nervous system
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.66,0:09:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is receiving the proprioceptive signals,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.70,0:09:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it knows exactly how to control\Nthe synthetic limb in a natural way.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:27.64,0:09:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, Jim moves and behaves\Nas if the synthetic limb is part of him.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:32.42,0:09:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, one day in lab,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.57,0:09:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he accidentally stepped\Non a roll of electric tape.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.08,0:09:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what do you do\Nwhen something's stuck to your shoe?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.52,0:09:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You don't reach down like this.\NIt's way too awkward.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.48,0:09:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead you shake it off,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.92,0:09:47.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's exactly what Jim did\Nafter being neurally connected to the limb
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.63,0:09:51.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for just a few hours.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.55,0:09:55.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was most interesting to me\Nis what Jim was telling us
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.26,0:09:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was experiencing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.59,0:10:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said, "The robot became part of me."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.54,0:10:03.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim Ewing: The morning after the first\Ntime I was attached to the robot,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.96,0:10:05.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my daughter came downstairs
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.91,0:10:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and asked me how it felt to be a cyborg,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.84,0:10:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and my answer was that\NI didn't feel like a cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.68,0:10:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I felt like I had my leg,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:17.64,0:10:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it wasn't that I was\Nattached to the robot
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.38,0:10:24.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so much as the robot was attached to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.94,0:10:26.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the robot became a part of me.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.77,0:10:29.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It became my leg pretty quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.62,0:10:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hugh Herr: Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.21,0:10:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.42,0:10:37.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By connecting Jim's\Nnervous system bidirectionally
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.51,0:10:39.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to his synthetic limb,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.36,0:10:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,neurological embodiment was achieved.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.30,0:10:47.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I hypothesized that because Jim can think\Nand move his synthetic limb,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.86,0:10:52.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because he can feel those movements\Nwithin his nervous system,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.06,0:10:55.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the prosthesis is no longer\Na separate tool
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.29,0:10:57.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but an integral part of Jim,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.73,0:11:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an integral part of his body.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.41,0:11:02.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because of this neurological embodiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.54,0:11:05.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim doesn't feel like a cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.54,0:11:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He feels like he just has his leg back,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.87,0:11:09.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he has his body back.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.88,0:11:13.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm often asked when I'm\Ngoing to be neurally linked
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.58,0:11:14.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to my synthetic limbs bidirectionally,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.67,0:11:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when I'm going to become a a cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.38,0:11:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The truth is, I'm hesitant\Nto become a cyborg.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.17,0:11:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Before my legs were amputated,\NI was a terrible student.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.50,0:11:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I got D's and often F's in school.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.34,0:11:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then after my limbs were amputated,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.24,0:11:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suddenly became an MIT professor.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.92,0:11:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.18,0:11:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.53,0:11:42.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm worried that once I'm neurally\Nconnected to my legs once again,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.53,0:11:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my brain will remap back\Nto its not-so-bright self.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.96,0:11:51.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you know what, that's okay,\Nbecause at MIT I already have tenure.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.43,0:11:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)\N(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.87,0:11:58.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe the reach\Nof neural and body design
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.68,0:12:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will extend far beyond limb replacement
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.99,0:12:02.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and will carry humanity
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.82,0:12:07.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into realms that fundamentally\Nredefine human potential.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.04,0:12:09.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this 21st century,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.00,0:12:13.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designers will extend the nervous system
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.29,0:12:14.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into powerfully strong exoskeletons
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.31,0:12:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that humans can control\Nand feel with their minds.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.54,0:12:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Muscles within the body\Ncan be reconfigured
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.80,0:12:25.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the control of powerful motors,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.21,0:12:28.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to feel and sense\Nexoskeletal movements,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.73,0:12:33.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,augmenting humans' strength,\Njumping height, and running speed.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.17,0:12:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In this 21st century, I believe humans
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.02,0:12:38.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will become superheroes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.51,0:12:42.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humans may also extend their bodies
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.40,0:12:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into non-anthropomorphic\Nstructures, such as wings,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.98,0:12:51.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,controlling and feeling each wing movement\Nwithin the nervous system.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.05,0:12:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leonardo da Vinci said,\N"When once you have tasted flight,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.47,0:12:57.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will forever walk the earth\Nwith your eyes turned skyward,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.72,0:13:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for then you have been\Nand there you will always long to return."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.55,0:13:07.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the twilight years of this century,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:07.17,0:13:10.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe humans will be unrecognizable\Nin morphology and dynamics
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.10,0:13:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from what we are today.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.18,0:13:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Humanity will take flight and soar.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.02,0:13:19.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Jim Ewing fell to earth\Nand was badly broken,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:19.14,0:13:23.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but his eyes turned skyward\Nwhere he always longed to return.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.54,0:13:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After his accident, he not only\Ndreamed to walk again,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.26,0:13:30.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to return to his chosen sport\Nof mountain climbing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.01,0:13:34.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At MIT, Team Cyborg built Jim\Na specialized limb for the vertical world,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:34.68,0:13:40.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a brain-controlled leg with full position\Nand movement sensations.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.13,0:13:43.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using this technology, Jim returned\Nto the Cayman Islands,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.58,0:13:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the site of his accident,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.51,0:13:47.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rebuilt as a cyborg
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.64,0:13:50.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to climb skyward once again.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.24,0:13:55.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Crashing waves)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.26,0:14:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.80,0:14:33.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.61,0:14:36.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.36,0:14:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ladies and gentlemen, Jim Ewing,\Nthe first cyborg rock climber.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.29,0:14:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)