Forget about "good as gold".
Today it's going to get evil.

But who or what is evil at all?

The devil?

The Illuminati?

The mother-in-law?

Usually evil stands for 
morally wrong decisions,

a basic power influencing
the history of the world

and being the opponent of good.

Meaning: where there is light, 
there is also shadow.

Of course! God against the devil,
the West against the terrorists,

Aspirin against a headache ...

however, back to 
the individual human being.

Who actually defines 
what is “morally wrong”?

Depending on one's ethic position, 
definitons differ significantly.

According to Bible critic 
Benedict de Spinoza, evil is everything

that blocks the self-assertion 
of an individual.

So it's a force from outside

that prevents us humans
from developing freely.

According to Kant, evil is 
an essential part of human nature,

since humans are not only
equipped with reason,

but also with "empirical",
entirely worldly needs.

The inclination to the "dark side"-

has thus always been a part of us?

His fellow Enlightenment thinker
Rousseau sees things differently.

For him, humans are born good.

Only living in the community is what
poisons them, makes them evil.

So, are we actually born evil,
or is it society that makes us evil?

Nietzsche threw all of this overboard,

declared "good" to be "bad"

and "evil" simply to be 
a construct of Christian "slave morality.”

Leibniz thoroughly examined evil.

He separated it into three categories.

That’s the malum physicum:

Pain, loss, loneliness, poverty...

things you wouldn’t even 
wish on your worst enemy.

Then Leibniz described 
the malum metaphysicum:

small imperfections, breaking points
built in by a divine hand.

According to Leibniz, 
man himself can only be evil in one way -

through the malum morale, the moral evil.

The sin which you commit, 
when you turn away from God.

In the 20th century, 
existential philosopher Karl Jaspers

also divided evil within man 
into three categories

First: Urges of any kind

Second: The lack of the will to do good

And third: The will to do evil

That is indeed interesting!

Haven’t we always been 
more fascinated by Darth Vader

than by Luke Skywalker
clad in boring eco-linen?!

Regardless of your religious or 
ideological point of view -

"pure" evil: killing, stealing, lying

is what is bad for
the individual and society.

Yet it seems
that we need evil.

Good and evil are
in a dualistic relationship

One cannot exist without the other.

Otherwise, Ozzy Osborne
would just be a doddering father

and every Hollywood film 
would begin with the happy-end

and plod along without antagonists

We need evil as an antithesis.

In order to find our way 
in the world of ethics.