[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.90,0:00:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a story about\Nhow much music can matter.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.75,0:00:21.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A few years ago, I was in Russia\Nwith my band "The Real Tuesday Weld."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.38,0:00:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'd been playing some concerts,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.32,0:00:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and afterwards, I went to a flea market\Nwith some Russian friends.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.71,0:00:29.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We were wandering around,\Nand we came across a store,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.88,0:00:32.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on the store\Nwere many strange objects,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.06,0:00:34.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but, one thing in particular\Ncaught my attention.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.71,0:00:37.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My Russian friends\Ndidn't know what it was,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.63,0:00:40.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the guy whose store it was\Nwas rather dismissive.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.56,0:00:43.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I bought it anyway\Nand brought it back to London.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.71,0:00:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was so fascinated by it that I began\Na journey to find out what it was.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.71,0:00:51.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That research led to a story,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.88,0:00:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the story led\Nto the X-ray Audio Project,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.00,0:00:56.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is why I am here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.75,0:00:58.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'm going to start with a question.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.54,0:01:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who here has got an MP3 player\Nor a phone that plays music?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.12,0:01:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Everybody, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.58,0:01:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so who's got more\Nthan 1,000 songs
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.38,0:01:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on that device or on their laptop?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.46,0:01:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ten thousand?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.17,0:01:21.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty thousand? It's like an auction.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:22.54,0:01:23.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twenty thousand.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.71,0:01:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, OK; well, look,\Nwe're used to listening
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.95,0:01:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to whatever we want, when we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.59,0:01:30.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have abundance,\Nbut you, sir, for the 20,000 songs.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.54,0:01:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Have you got anything\Nillegal on your computer?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.83,0:01:34.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.33,0:01:36.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, well, we'll trust you.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.25,0:01:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But imagine this, you're\Non the way to TEDx today,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.75,0:01:41.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're walking through Kraków,\Nand two men step out of the shadows,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.92,0:01:45.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,grab you by the arm,\Nthey demand to see your MP3 player,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.12,0:01:47.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you show them, they go down\Nand scroll through the songs,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.97,0:01:51.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they say to you,\N"You've got a song by the British band
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.08,0:01:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,'The Real Tuesday Weld',\Nand that is forbidden."
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.49,0:01:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's inconceivable, isn't it?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.96,0:01:59.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's inconceivable you have a song\Nby my band on your MP3 player.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.12,0:02:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or it's inconceivable that it would be\Nforbidden, or what about this?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:04.46,0:02:06.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You go home after today's TEDx.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.75,0:02:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You're asleep in your apartment\Nor hotel or bedroom.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.96,0:02:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a tremendous\Nbanging and crashing.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.06,0:02:15.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You go out to the front door.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.04,0:02:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Police rush in,\Nand they go through your things.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.56,0:02:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They examine your computer.\NThey check your emails.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.21,0:02:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They say you've been\Nsending music to people.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.50,0:02:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sharing music, that's illegal,\Nyou are under arrest.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.19,0:02:29.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's pretty inconceivable, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.33,0:02:33.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, if we go back 70 years to Russia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.41,0:02:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things were very very different.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.29,0:02:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Nick Markovich.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.25,0:02:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's standing on a street corner\Nin Moscow in the 1950s.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.92,0:02:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's on his way to his friend's house\Nto play music, to share music.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.38,0:02:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's just like us, he's a music fan.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:50.04,0:02:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those boxes that he's carrying\Nare his MP3 player.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:57.33,0:02:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In there is all the music that he loves.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.08,0:03:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are gramophone records there\Nfrom before the war
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.42,0:03:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which belonged\Nto his parents or grandparents,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.85,0:03:06.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which he still loved.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.97,0:03:09.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'd been bought in\Nofficial Soviet record stores.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.75,0:03:13.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the music on them\Nhad become forbidden.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.71,0:03:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's also got in those boxes,\Nsome outright illegal records,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.12,0:03:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I'm going to talk about that later.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.50,0:03:23.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why would a nice young man\Nlike Nick Markovich
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.75,0:03:26.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be carrying illegal forbidden things?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.48,0:03:28.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How could music be forbidden?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.33,0:03:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to go back a bit further.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.29,0:03:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There'd been a revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.96,0:03:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Russia had become the Soviet Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.08,0:03:38.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, it was a very\Nexciting time in the culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.92,0:03:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In music, there were lots\Nof experimental amazing things happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.42,0:03:44.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as the years went by,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.25,0:03:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the states got more and more involved
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.83,0:03:49.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what the products\Nof culture should be.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.25,0:03:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And by 1932, Stalin\Nand Nikoloy Zadarnov and company,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.54,0:03:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decided that all the products of the arts,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.67,0:04:01.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,theater, architecture, literature,\Nballet, poetry, and music
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.96,0:04:03.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be subject to a censor.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.00,0:04:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The censor would decide\Nif that piece of art,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.46,0:04:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if that book, if that song was\Nin the service of Socialist realism.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.29,0:04:15.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, I'm in Poland.\NYou have some of this history yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.79,0:04:19.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We know one thing\Nabout dictators, generally.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.17,0:04:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They like things big,\Nand they like things simple.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.38,0:04:25.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't like jazz.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.96,0:04:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So jazz was one of the musical forms
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.34,0:04:34.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that suffered under the Soviet Union\Nuntil the Second World War.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.29,0:04:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Second World War\Nus the British, you the Polish,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.12,0:04:39.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Russians, and the Americans\Nwere on the same team.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.75,0:04:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, for a while, in Russia, jazz was OK.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.88,0:04:45.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were Russian jazz bands,\Nmany of them, very popular.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.75,0:04:49.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could watch American films\Nwith jazz soundtracks in Russia.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.72,0:04:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Young people loved it, of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.33,0:04:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But when that war ended\Nand a much colder war began,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.17,0:04:59.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then jazz and rock'n'roll\Nwas the music of the enemy,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.21,0:05:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it was completely forbidden.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.17,0:05:05.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Russian jazz stars were arrested\Nand sent to Russian prison camp
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.96,0:05:10.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you could no longer listen\Nto music by Ella Fitzgerald
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.50,0:05:13.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or buy records by Bill Haley,\Nwho came a bit later.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.54,0:05:15.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But young people wanted\Nto listen to that music,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.88,0:05:19.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also you couldn't listen\Nto music by these people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.67,0:05:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now these were Russians\Nor Russian speaking.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.96,0:05:25.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were émigrees,\Nthey were massively popular.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.71,0:05:29.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pyotr Leshchenko, Ella Belanova,\Nthey'd been big stars.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.63,0:05:32.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they didn't come back\Nto the Soviet Union
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.29,0:05:35.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to join in the great communist project.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.21,0:05:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They became, effectively traitors,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.04,0:05:40.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so their records were,\Neven if they were singing about love,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.08,0:05:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if they were singing about\Nthe nobility of the working classes,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.46,0:05:45.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,became forbidden.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.67,0:05:48.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But also, music by these people\Nwas forbidden.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.54,0:05:51.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they were Russians\Nliving in the Soviet Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.34,0:05:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the right, it's Vadim Kozin,\Nanother huge star.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.08,0:05:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he was arrested,\Nprobably for being homosexual.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.71,0:06:04.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And his records became forbidden.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.58,0:06:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the left, is Arkady Severny
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.93,0:06:08.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He came a bit later,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.42,0:06:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but he represents a musician\Nwho performed in the Russian prison
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.96,0:06:16.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or barred Russian folk styles\Nthat were hugely popular,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.88,0:06:20.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,singing about criminals and prostitutes\Nand the dark side of Socialist realism.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.33,0:06:24.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The authorities\Ndidn't like that stuff at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.46,0:06:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also, Arkady Severny sang his own songs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:29.33,0:06:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was forbidden to sing and record\Nyour own songs in the Soviet Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.09,0:06:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You had to be a member\Nof the Composers' Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:37.75,0:06:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And whole rhythms were banned.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.67,0:06:42.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tango was banned.\NThe foxtrot was banned.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.96,0:06:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was said that the foxtrot represented\Na man and a woman making love.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.75,0:06:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you see me do a foxtrot,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.63,0:06:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will know\Nthat is definitely not the case.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.67,0:06:54.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.38,0:06:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you have dances banned.\NThe saxophone was banned.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.29,0:07:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Western music's banned.\NJazz music's banned.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.54,0:07:03.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Music by Russian stars\Nfrom before the war is banned.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.33,0:07:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have a whole culture\Ncut off from its culture.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.38,0:07:12.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's like someone saying to us\Nyou can no longer listen to the Beatles.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.38,0:07:16.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, of course, the states\Ncompletely control the recording industry.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.34,0:07:17.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no alternative,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.79,0:07:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was no other way to get this music,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.12,0:07:23.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,apart from in\Nvery small quantities at high cost.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.08,0:07:28.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But then, something amazing happened.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.17,0:07:33.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A Polish man arrived in Leningrad in 1946.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.92,0:07:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was called Stanisław Philo,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.96,0:07:39.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he was carrying with him\Na most extraordinary machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.63,0:07:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was recording tool\Nmade by telephonkin company.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.42,0:07:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had stolen it - it was a war trophy -\Nit had come from Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.92,0:07:49.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A recording lathe\Nis like a gramophone in reverse.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.13,0:07:51.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Instead of a needle, there is a cutter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.38,0:07:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You feed an audio signal\N- music, say, or voice - into it,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.63,0:07:59.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cutter will cut the groove\Nonto a record of plastic,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:59.34,0:08:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which can be played back.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.33,0:08:05.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was probably used\Nby a journalist during the war
Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.88,0:08:08.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make a report from the front.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.12,0:08:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Stanisław Philo got permission\Nto open a shop on Nevsky Prospekt
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.46,0:08:15.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he installed\Nhis machine in the corner.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.21,0:08:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For a few rubles, people could come in\Nand use a microphone
Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.21,0:08:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make a recording of their voice\Nonto a plastic disc, like a souvenir.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.46,0:08:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His business started to do amazingly well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.96,0:08:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't\Nbecause of the souvenir recordings.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.67,0:08:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was because in the evenings,\Nwhen the shop was closed,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.08,0:08:39.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he was using this machine to copy\Nforbidden gramophone records.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.17,0:08:43.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a bootlegger.\NAnd he was selling these to music lovers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.75,0:08:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One day, into his store, came the guy\Non the right, Ruslan Bogoslowski.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.30,0:08:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a music lover.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.17,0:08:54.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And while he was in the shop,\Nhe heard a tango playing.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.25,0:08:55.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He loved tango.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.79,0:08:57.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he knew it was forbidden.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.42,0:09:01.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He said to Stanisław Philo,\N"Can I buy that?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.83,0:09:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Philo said, "No,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.58,0:09:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but come back when the shop is closed,\Nand I'll see what I can do."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.54,0:09:16.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bogoslowski came back, and Stanisław Philo\Nsold him a bootleg copy of the tango.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.04,0:09:18.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He decided to hang around\Nthe shop a bit more.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.42,0:09:20.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There he met the guy\Non the left, Boris Taigin.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:20.67,0:09:24.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They became good friends.\NThey bonded over music.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.57,0:09:26.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were music lovers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.05,0:09:29.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On one day, Bogoslowski said to Taigin,\N"Wouldn't it be amazing
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.33,0:09:34.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if apart from just buying these bootleg\Nrecords, we could make our own?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.67,0:09:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Taigin said, "It would be amazing,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.04,0:09:41.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but where are we going to get\Na machine, a recording lathe,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.54,0:09:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do that in the Soviet Union?
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.03,0:09:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even if we could find one,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.44,0:09:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it would be so incredibly expensive\Non the black market."
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.42,0:09:53.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then Bogoslowski takes out\Nhis notebook and shows him.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.38,0:09:57.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For weeks, he's secretly been making\Ndrawings and measurements
Dialogue: 0,0:09:57.08,0:09:59.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Stanisław Philo's recording lathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.52,0:10:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he now believes he can build his own.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.10,0:10:04.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They go to his father's country house.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.50,0:10:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,His father was a celebrated engineer\Nand had a workshop.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.25,0:10:08.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They'd go to the workshop,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.00,0:10:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they repurposed and recycled bits
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.13,0:10:15.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from gramophones, from tools,\Nfrom all over the place.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.79,0:10:19.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Bogoslowski manages\Nto make a recording machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.84,0:10:23.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they make their first recording.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.33,0:10:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I've missed something out!
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.25,0:10:30.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the Soviet Union,\Nwhat were they recording on to?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.58,0:10:34.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't buy this stuff in the shops.\NIt's impossible to get.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.42,0:10:36.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to go back\Nto the beginning of my story.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.71,0:10:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because when I was walking\Nin that market, in St. Petersburg,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.96,0:10:43.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I bought something, it was this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.12,0:10:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a record.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.92,0:10:47.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can put it on a turntable
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.71,0:10:50.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can put a needle in,\Nand it will play music.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.54,0:10:54.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, as you can see, it is also an X-ray.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.67,0:10:58.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can record music\Non to various types of plastic.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.75,0:11:00.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But human beings as we know,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:00.75,0:11:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are incredibly ingenious,\Nparticularly in times of oppression.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.21,0:11:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some, very clever resourceful person,\Nhad come up with the idea
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.08,0:11:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of repurposing, recycling used X-rays
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.52,0:11:17.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a base for making bootleg records.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.96,0:11:21.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what Boris Taigin\Nand Bogoslowski were doing.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.34,0:11:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it was a very good idea, why?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.79,0:11:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because in the Soviet Union,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.38,0:11:29.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the government had issued an order\Nthat all hospitals had to get rid of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.46,0:11:33.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their X-rays after a year,\Nbecause they were a fire risk.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.08,0:11:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these guys could go to a hospital,\Naround the back,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.04,0:11:41.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a few rubles, or some bottles\Nof vodka and make an exchange.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.71,0:11:44.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The hospital staff\Nwould get rid of a difficult job,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.46,0:11:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they would get plenty of resources\Nto make records with.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.92,0:11:53.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The records that they were\Nmaking sounded so good
Dialogue: 0,0:11:53.88,0:11:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that poor old Stanisław Philo\Nstarted to lose his customers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.58,0:12:00.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They moved over to these guys.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.42,0:12:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They became so busy\Nthey got a friend involved.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.79,0:12:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They called themselves,\N"The Golden Dog Gang."
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.88,0:12:11.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were the first underground X-ray\Nbootleg record label
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.42,0:12:13.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Soviet Union.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.29,0:12:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bogoslowski was so clever\Nthat he started to copy his own machine.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.04,0:12:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He gave one to somebody else.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.54,0:12:22.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The secret got out:\Nhow to record onto X-rays.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:22.96,0:12:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This started to spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.38,0:12:27.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Other people in Leningrad\Nstarted to do it, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.04,0:12:29.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It went to Moscow, Kiev, Odessa.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.08,0:12:34.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, the authorities\Ngot very interested.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.38,0:12:36.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in 1950, they swooped,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.33,0:12:41.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they arrested everybody involved\Nin this business in Leningrad.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.46,0:12:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Bogoslowski was taken to court.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.00,0:12:49.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a trial, he was given\Nfive years in the gulag for copying music.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.12,0:12:52.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Boris Taigin was given seven years.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.85,0:12:54.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was given an extra two years
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.63,0:12:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because he had been writing\Nand recording his own songs.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.38,0:13:03.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately for them,\Ntwo years later, Stalin died.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.37,0:13:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was a general amnesty.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.04,0:13:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A million prisoners\Nwere released from the gulag.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.25,0:13:11.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Golden Dog Gang\Ncame back to Leningrad.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.58,0:13:15.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What do you think they started\Nto do when they got there?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.17,0:13:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They immediately started to make\NX-ray records again!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.08,0:13:24.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should maybe have\Na listen and a look.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:24.96,0:13:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.58,0:13:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are images of pain and damage\Ninscribed with the sounds of pleasure.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.17,0:13:54.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are pictures\Nof the interior of Soviet citizens,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.46,0:13:57.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,impressed with the music\Nthey secretly loved.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.29,0:14:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were sold on street corners,\Nin parks, in dark secret places
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.75,0:14:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a bit like drugs are.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.02,0:14:07.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They cost a few rubles,\Nthey wouldn't last for very long.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.46,0:14:09.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you could replace them.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.96,0:14:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They often didn't sound very good,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.71,0:14:14.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the song title that was written\Non them was often wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:15.17,0:14:17.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it didn't matter in a way.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.27,0:14:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were precious objects
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.98,0:14:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because they allowed people to listen\Nto what they wanted, when they wanted.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.21,0:14:29.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately for Bogoslowski,\Nhe was caught again.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.04,0:14:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he spent another prison\Nfor two years.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.33,0:14:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he came back,\Nwhat do you think he did?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:37.26,0:14:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He started again.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.12,0:14:42.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He'd used his time\Nin the gulag incredibly well.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.54,0:14:46.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He'd been perfecting his technique,\Nthinking of how to do it better.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:46.21,0:14:50.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he did; he did it better and bigger,\Nwith more and different types of bootlegs.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.17,0:14:51.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was a very unusual man.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.71,0:14:53.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was an audiophile,\Nhe was a music lover.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:53.92,0:14:57.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was not a dissident,\Nhe didn't want to bring the system down,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:57.08,0:14:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or corrupt Soviet youth.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.63,0:15:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was a music lover, and he believed\Nthat you should be able to share music.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.67,0:15:06.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, he was caught again.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.46,0:15:08.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he came out for the third time,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.67,0:15:12.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll be relieved to know,\Nhe stopped doing it.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.04,0:15:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, that wasn't because he'd changed,\Nit was because the world had changed.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.42,0:15:18.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's another story.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.04,0:15:20.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I set up The X-ray Audio Project,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.00,0:15:24.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to tell the story of people\Nlike Bogoslowski and Taigin,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.52,0:15:25.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the other bootleggers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.88,0:15:29.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with my friend Paul Hartfield,\Nto record, to take photographs
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.96,0:15:32.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of as many of these records\Nas we could find.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.50,0:15:37.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Last year, when we were in Moscow,\Nwe met up with this guy.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.75,0:15:39.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you know who this is?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.96,0:15:43.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the young man\Nwho was standing on the street corner
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.33,0:15:45.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the beginning of this story;
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.09,0:15:46.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nick Markovich.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:47.12,0:15:49.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He came to see us\Nin an apartment in Moscow,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.29,0:15:52.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he brought with him\Nhis portable music player.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.29,0:15:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he took out an X-ray record,\Nand he wound the gramophone up.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:56.96,0:16:00.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he put it on, and he dropped\Nthe needle on, and it started to play.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:01.38,0:16:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it sounded absolutely awful!
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.88,0:16:06.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laugher)
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.96,0:16:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But through the noise\Nand hiss and crackle and static,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.63,0:16:14.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there was a thin ribbon of melody.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.08,0:16:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that thin ribbon of melody\Nwas snaking back to his youth.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.88,0:16:22.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was connecting the dots,\Nif you like, to his youth
Dialogue: 0,0:16:22.50,0:16:27.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a time when he loved music so much,\Nto a time when music mattered so much,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:27.92,0:16:30.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that people went to prison for it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.17,0:16:35.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can it ever matter so much to us?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.38,0:16:39.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another thing that we do\Nwith the X-ray Audio Project,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:39.21,0:16:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have live events, when we cut\Nnew X-ray records, in front of your eyes,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.18,0:16:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from live performances.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.79,0:16:51.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's my colleague, Alex Kulkowski,\Ndoing that on a recording lathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.13,0:16:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.00,0:16:53.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm a musician.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.17,0:16:56.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I, too, have thousands\Nof songs on my computer.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.08,0:16:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I love it.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.63,0:17:00.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's amazing to have so much abundance.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:00.71,0:17:05.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I would not give it up.\NI hear music every day.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:06.48,0:17:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But sometimes, I worry that\NI've stopped listening.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.92,0:17:15.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm sure we've all got songs that meant\Nan awful lot to us; Maybe we still do.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.42,0:17:18.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But, why not, next time we're\Nflicking through our MP3 player,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.42,0:17:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at all the thousands of songs\Nwe've got, thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.25,0:17:23.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Ah, what shall I listen to?"
Dialogue: 0,0:17:23.38,0:17:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe think back to a time
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.54,0:17:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the only way to enjoy and share\Nthe music that you loved
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.04,0:17:32.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was on an X-ray.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:33.28,0:17:34.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We could ask ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:36.63,0:17:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What would happen if somebody\Njust took it all away?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:42.08,0:17:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would I be losing?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.29,0:17:48.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What would I risk to get it back?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:50.83,0:17:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can music still cause\Na revolution in my blood?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.83,0:17:59.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my bone?"
Dialogue: 0,0:18:00.33,0:18:03.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thanks for listening.\NLet's keep listening!
Dialogue: 0,0:18:03.13,0:18:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)