0:00:14.901,0:00:17.751
This is a story about[br]how much music can matter.

0:00:17.751,0:00:21.377
A few years ago, I was in Russia[br]with my band "The Real Tuesday Weld."

0:00:21.378,0:00:23.317
We'd been playing some concerts,

0:00:23.317,0:00:26.709
and afterwards, I went to a flea market[br]with some Russian friends.

0:00:26.710,0:00:29.876
We were wandering around,[br]and we came across a store,

0:00:29.876,0:00:32.064
and on the store[br]were many strange objects,

0:00:32.064,0:00:34.668
but, one thing in particular[br]caught my attention.

0:00:34.709,0:00:37.627
My Russian friends[br]didn't know what it was,

0:00:37.628,0:00:40.564
and the guy whose store it was[br]was rather dismissive.

0:00:40.565,0:00:43.667
But I bought it anyway[br]and brought it back to London.

0:00:43.709,0:00:49.708
I was so fascinated by it that I began[br]a journey to find out what it was.

0:00:49.709,0:00:51.751
That research led to a story,

0:00:51.876,0:00:54.876
and the story led[br]to the X-ray Audio Project,

0:00:55.004,0:00:56.750
and that is why I am here.

0:00:56.751,0:00:58.960
But I'm going to start with a question.

0:00:59.542,0:01:05.418
Who here has got an MP3 player[br]or a phone that plays music?

0:01:08.117,0:01:09.557
Everybody, right?

0:01:09.584,0:01:12.374
OK, so who's got more[br]than 1,000 songs

0:01:12.375,0:01:14.917
on that device or on their laptop?

0:01:16.459,0:01:18.043
Ten thousand?

0:01:19.167,0:01:21.542
Twenty thousand? It's like an auction.

0:01:22.542,0:01:23.709
Twenty thousand.

0:01:23.709,0:01:25.918
Right, OK; well, look,[br]we're used to listening

0:01:25.954,0:01:27.586
to whatever we want, when we want.

0:01:27.587,0:01:30.541
We have abundance,[br]but you, sir, for the 20,000 songs.

0:01:30.542,0:01:32.792
Have you got anything[br]illegal on your computer?

0:01:32.834,0:01:34.333
(Laughter)

0:01:34.334,0:01:36.249
OK, well, we'll trust you.

0:01:36.250,0:01:38.751
But imagine this, you're[br]on the way to TEDx today,

0:01:38.751,0:01:41.918
you're walking through Kraków,[br]and two men step out of the shadows,

0:01:41.918,0:01:45.124
grab you by the arm,[br]they demand to see your MP3 player,

0:01:45.125,0:01:47.853
you show them, they go down[br]and scroll through the songs,

0:01:47.973,0:01:51.084
and they say to you,[br]"You've got a song by the British band

0:01:51.085,0:01:53.542
'The Real Tuesday Weld',[br]and that is forbidden."

0:01:54.490,0:01:55.950
It's inconceivable, isn't it?

0:01:55.959,0:01:59.835
It's inconceivable you have a song[br]by my band on your MP3 player.

0:02:01.125,0:02:04.459
Or it's inconceivable that it would be[br]forbidden, or what about this?

0:02:04.459,0:02:06.751
You go home after today's TEDx.

0:02:06.751,0:02:09.960
You're asleep in your apartment[br]or hotel or bedroom.

0:02:09.961,0:02:12.959
There's a tremendous[br]banging and crashing.

0:02:13.065,0:02:15.037
You go out to the front door.

0:02:15.042,0:02:17.563
Police rush in,[br]and they go through your things.

0:02:17.564,0:02:20.168
They examine your computer.[br]They check your emails.

0:02:20.209,0:02:22.501
They say you've been[br]sending music to people.

0:02:22.502,0:02:26.335
Sharing music, that's illegal,[br]you are under arrest.

0:02:27.192,0:02:29.072
It's pretty inconceivable, right?

0:02:29.334,0:02:33.293
But, if we go back 70 years to Russia,

0:02:33.414,0:02:36.955
things were very very different.

0:02:37.292,0:02:40.249
This is Nick Markovich.

0:02:40.250,0:02:42.917
He's standing on a street corner[br]in Moscow in the 1950s.

0:02:42.918,0:02:46.794
He's on his way to his friend's house[br]to play music, to share music.

0:02:47.382,0:02:49.292
He's just like us, he's a music fan.

0:02:50.042,0:02:56.209
Those boxes that he's carrying[br]are his MP3 player.

0:02:57.334,0:02:59.960
In there is all the music that he loves.

0:03:00.083,0:03:03.292
There are gramophone records there[br]from before the war

0:03:03.417,0:03:05.834
which belonged[br]to his parents or grandparents,

0:03:05.847,0:03:06.852
which he still loved.

0:03:06.972,0:03:09.710
They'd been bought in[br]official Soviet record stores.

0:03:09.751,0:03:13.377
But the music on them[br]had become forbidden.

0:03:13.709,0:03:18.124
He's also got in those boxes,[br]some outright illegal records,

0:03:18.125,0:03:20.292
but I'm going to talk about that later.

0:03:20.501,0:03:23.750
Why would a nice young man[br]like Nick Markovich

0:03:23.751,0:03:26.335
be carrying illegal forbidden things?

0:03:26.475,0:03:28.639
How could music be forbidden?

0:03:29.334,0:03:31.584
We have to go back a bit further.

0:03:32.292,0:03:33.876
There'd been a revolution.

0:03:33.962,0:03:36.067
Russia had become the Soviet Union.

0:03:36.083,0:03:38.917
At first, it was a very[br]exciting time in the culture.

0:03:38.918,0:03:42.419
In music, there were lots[br]of experimental amazing things happening.

0:03:42.420,0:03:44.126
But as the years went by,

0:03:44.250,0:03:46.834
the states got more and more involved

0:03:46.834,0:03:49.251
with what the products[br]of culture should be.

0:03:49.252,0:03:53.542
And by 1932, Stalin[br]and Nikoloy Zadarnov and company,

0:03:53.542,0:03:56.666
decided that all the products of the arts,

0:03:56.667,0:04:01.917
theater, architecture, literature,[br]ballet, poetry, and music

0:04:01.959,0:04:03.999
would be subject to a censor.

0:04:04.000,0:04:06.417
The censor would decide[br]if that piece of art,

0:04:06.459,0:04:12.291
if that book, if that song was[br]in the service of Socialist realism.

0:04:12.292,0:04:15.626
Of course, I'm in Poland.[br]You have some of this history yourself.

0:04:15.792,0:04:19.166
We know one thing[br]about dictators, generally.

0:04:19.166,0:04:22.959
They like things big,[br]and they like things simple.

0:04:24.375,0:04:25.917
They don't like jazz.

0:04:26.959,0:04:29.334
So jazz was one of the musical forms

0:04:29.335,0:04:34.291
that suffered under the Soviet Union[br]until the Second World War.

0:04:34.292,0:04:37.084
The Second World War[br]us the British, you the Polish,

0:04:37.125,0:04:39.751
the Russians, and the Americans[br]were on the same team.

0:04:39.751,0:04:42.875
So, for a while, in Russia, jazz was OK.

0:04:42.876,0:04:45.752
There were Russian jazz bands,[br]many of them, very popular.

0:04:45.753,0:04:49.710
You could watch American films[br]with jazz soundtracks in Russia.

0:04:49.716,0:04:51.327
Young people loved it, of course.

0:04:51.334,0:04:54.918
But when that war ended[br]and a much colder war began,

0:04:55.167,0:04:59.209
then jazz and rock'n'roll[br]was the music of the enemy,

0:04:59.209,0:05:01.168
and it was completely forbidden.

0:05:01.169,0:05:05.417
Russian jazz stars were arrested[br]and sent to Russian prison camp

0:05:05.959,0:05:10.500
So you could no longer listen[br]to music by Ella Fitzgerald

0:05:10.501,0:05:13.541
or buy records by Bill Haley,[br]who came a bit later.

0:05:13.542,0:05:15.876
But young people wanted[br]to listen to that music,

0:05:15.876,0:05:19.666
but also you couldn't listen[br]to music by these people,

0:05:19.667,0:05:21.959
now these were Russians[br]or Russian speaking.

0:05:21.959,0:05:25.668
They were émigrees,[br]they were massively popular.

0:05:25.709,0:05:29.418
Pyotr Leshchenko, Ella Belanova,[br]they'd been big stars.

0:05:29.626,0:05:32.168
But they didn't come back[br]to the Soviet Union

0:05:32.292,0:05:35.168
to join in the great communist project.

0:05:35.209,0:05:36.918
They became, effectively traitors,

0:05:37.042,0:05:40.084
so their records were,[br]even if they were singing about love,

0:05:40.085,0:05:43.458
even if they were singing about[br]the nobility of the working classes,

0:05:43.459,0:05:45.001
became forbidden.

0:05:45.667,0:05:48.543
But also, music by these people[br]was forbidden.

0:05:48.544,0:05:51.334
And they were Russians[br]living in the Soviet Union.

0:05:51.335,0:05:55.459
On the right, it's Vadim Kozin,[br]another huge star.

0:05:56.083,0:05:59.708
But he was arrested,[br]probably for being homosexual.

0:05:59.709,0:06:04.210
And his records became forbidden.

0:06:04.584,0:06:06.929
On the left, is Arkady Severny

0:06:06.929,0:06:08.416
He came a bit later,

0:06:08.417,0:06:12.958
but he represents a musician[br]who performed in the Russian prison

0:06:12.959,0:06:16.875
or barred Russian folk styles[br]that were hugely popular,

0:06:16.876,0:06:20.752
singing about criminals and prostitutes[br]and the dark side of Socialist realism.

0:06:21.334,0:06:24.459
The authorities[br]didn't like that stuff at all.

0:06:24.460,0:06:29.333
Also, Arkady Severny sang his own songs.

0:06:29.334,0:06:34.085
It was forbidden to sing and record[br]your own songs in the Soviet Union.

0:06:34.086,0:06:37.750
You had to be a member[br]of the Composers' Union.

0:06:37.751,0:06:39.669
And whole rhythms were banned.

0:06:39.670,0:06:42.917
The tango was banned.[br]The foxtrot was banned.

0:06:42.959,0:06:48.001
It was said that the foxtrot represented[br]a man and a woman making love.

0:06:48.751,0:06:50.502
If you see me do a foxtrot,

0:06:50.626,0:06:53.544
you will know[br]that is definitely not the case.

0:06:53.667,0:06:54.876
(Laughter)

0:06:55.375,0:06:58.293
But you have dances banned.[br]The saxophone was banned.

0:06:58.294,0:07:00.542
Western music's banned.[br]Jazz music's banned.

0:07:00.543,0:07:03.501
Music by Russian stars[br]from before the war is banned.

0:07:04.334,0:07:08.374
You have a whole culture[br]cut off from its culture.

0:07:08.375,0:07:12.334
It's like someone saying to us[br]you can no longer listen to the Beatles.

0:07:12.375,0:07:16.334
And, of course, the states[br]completely control the recording industry.

0:07:16.335,0:07:17.709
There was no alternative,

0:07:17.792,0:07:20.001
there was no other way to get this music,

0:07:20.125,0:07:23.043
apart from in[br]very small quantities at high cost.

0:07:25.083,0:07:28.125
But then, something amazing happened.

0:07:28.167,0:07:33.751
A Polish man arrived in Leningrad in 1946.

0:07:33.918,0:07:35.958
He was called Stanisław Philo,

0:07:35.959,0:07:39.626
and he was carrying with him[br]a most extraordinary machine.

0:07:39.627,0:07:42.418
It was recording tool[br]made by telephonkin company.

0:07:42.419,0:07:45.918
He had stolen it - it was a war trophy -[br]it had come from Germany.

0:07:45.918,0:07:49.127
A recording lathe[br]is like a gramophone in reverse.

0:07:49.128,0:07:51.375
Instead of a needle, there is a cutter.

0:07:51.376,0:07:55.625
You feed an audio signal[br]- music, say, or voice - into it,

0:07:55.626,0:07:59.335
and the cutter will cut the groove[br]onto a record of plastic,

0:07:59.336,0:08:02.317
which can be played back.

0:08:02.334,0:08:05.875
It was probably used[br]by a journalist during the war

0:08:05.876,0:08:08.120
to make a report from the front.

0:08:08.120,0:08:12.458
Stanisław Philo got permission[br]to open a shop on Nevsky Prospekt

0:08:12.459,0:08:15.210
and he installed[br]his machine in the corner.

0:08:15.211,0:08:19.208
For a few rubles, people could come in[br]and use a microphone

0:08:19.209,0:08:23.960
to make a recording of their voice[br]onto a plastic disc, like a souvenir.

0:08:24.459,0:08:27.251
His business started to do amazingly well.

0:08:27.959,0:08:30.668
But it wasn't[br]because of the souvenir recordings.

0:08:30.669,0:08:34.083
It was because in the evenings,[br]when the shop was closed,

0:08:34.085,0:08:39.166
he was using this machine to copy[br]forbidden gramophone records.

0:08:39.167,0:08:43.708
He was a bootlegger.[br]And he was selling these to music lovers.

0:08:43.751,0:08:49.293
One day, into his store, came the guy[br]on the right, Ruslan Bogoslowski.

0:08:49.299,0:08:51.166
He was a music lover.

0:08:51.167,0:08:54.250
And while he was in the shop,[br]he heard a tango playing.

0:08:54.251,0:08:55.791
He loved tango.

0:08:55.792,0:08:57.792
But he knew it was forbidden.

0:08:58.417,0:09:01.751
He said to Stanisław Philo,[br]"Can I buy that?"

0:09:02.834,0:09:05.583
And Philo said, "No,

0:09:05.584,0:09:09.543
but come back when the shop is closed,[br]and I'll see what I can do."

0:09:10.542,0:09:16.041
Bogoslowski came back, and Stanisław Philo[br]sold him a bootleg copy of the tango.

0:09:16.042,0:09:18.376
He decided to hang around[br]the shop a bit more.

0:09:18.417,0:09:20.667
There he met the guy[br]on the left, Boris Taigin.

0:09:20.668,0:09:24.572
They became good friends.[br]They bonded over music.

0:09:24.573,0:09:26.048
They were music lovers.

0:09:26.049,0:09:29.334
On one day, Bogoslowski said to Taigin,[br]"Wouldn't it be amazing

0:09:29.334,0:09:34.459
if apart from just buying these bootleg[br]records, we could make our own?"

0:09:35.667,0:09:37.917
And Taigin said, "It would be amazing,

0:09:38.042,0:09:41.459
but where are we going to get[br]a machine, a recording lathe,

0:09:41.542,0:09:43.026
to do that in the Soviet Union?

0:09:43.026,0:09:44.318
Even if we could find one,

0:09:44.442,0:09:48.251
it would be so incredibly expensive[br]on the black market."

0:09:49.417,0:09:53.374
Then Bogoslowski takes out[br]his notebook and shows him.

0:09:53.375,0:09:57.084
For weeks, he's secretly been making[br]drawings and measurements

0:09:57.085,0:09:59.417
of Stanisław Philo's recording lathe.

0:09:59.525,0:10:02.095
And he now believes he can build his own.

0:10:02.096,0:10:04.490
They go to his father's country house.

0:10:04.501,0:10:07.252
His father was a celebrated engineer[br]and had a workshop.

0:10:07.253,0:10:08.917
They'd go to the workshop,

0:10:09.000,0:10:11.125
and they repurposed and recycled bits

0:10:11.126,0:10:15.791
from gramophones, from tools,[br]from all over the place.

0:10:15.792,0:10:19.875
And Bogoslowski manages[br]to make a recording machine.

0:10:20.842,0:10:23.272
And they make their first recording.

0:10:24.334,0:10:26.252
But I've missed something out!

0:10:26.253,0:10:30.001
This is the Soviet Union,[br]what were they recording on to?

0:10:30.584,0:10:34.418
You can't buy this stuff in the shops.[br]It's impossible to get.

0:10:34.419,0:10:36.834
We have to go back[br]to the beginning of my story.

0:10:37.709,0:10:40.959
Because when I was walking[br]in that market, in St. Petersburg,

0:10:40.960,0:10:43.460
and I bought something, it was this.

0:10:44.125,0:10:45.167
This is a record.

0:10:45.918,0:10:47.544
You can put it on a turntable

0:10:47.709,0:10:50.543
and you can put a needle in,[br]and it will play music.

0:10:50.544,0:10:54.666
But, as you can see, it is also an X-ray.

0:10:54.667,0:10:58.750
You can record music[br]on to various types of plastic.

0:10:58.751,0:11:00.750
But human beings as we know,

0:11:00.751,0:11:04.168
are incredibly ingenious,[br]particularly in times of oppression.

0:11:04.209,0:11:09.082
Some, very clever resourceful person,[br]had come up with the idea

0:11:09.083,0:11:13.417
of repurposing, recycling used X-rays

0:11:13.525,0:11:17.959
as a base for making bootleg records.

0:11:17.959,0:11:21.334
This is what Boris Taigin[br]and Bogoslowski were doing.

0:11:21.335,0:11:23.501
And it was a very good idea, why?

0:11:23.792,0:11:25.251
Because in the Soviet Union,

0:11:25.375,0:11:29.375
the government had issued an order[br]that all hospitals had to get rid of

0:11:29.459,0:11:33.335
their X-rays after a year,[br]because they were a fire risk.

0:11:34.083,0:11:37.001
So these guys could go to a hospital,[br]around the back,

0:11:37.042,0:11:41.708
with a few rubles, or some bottles[br]of vodka and make an exchange.

0:11:41.709,0:11:44.460
The hospital staff[br]would get rid of a difficult job,

0:11:44.461,0:11:49.293
and they would get plenty of resources[br]to make records with.

0:11:49.918,0:11:53.875
The records that they were[br]making sounded so good

0:11:53.876,0:11:58.583
that poor old Stanisław Philo[br]started to lose his customers.

0:11:58.584,0:12:00.293
They moved over to these guys.

0:12:00.417,0:12:02.666
They became so busy[br]they got a friend involved.

0:12:02.786,0:12:05.584
They called themselves,[br]"The Golden Dog Gang."

0:12:05.876,0:12:11.293
They were the first underground X-ray[br]bootleg record label

0:12:11.424,0:12:13.272
in the Soviet Union.

0:12:13.292,0:12:18.041
Bogoslowski was so clever[br]that he started to copy his own machine.

0:12:18.042,0:12:19.543
He gave one to somebody else.

0:12:19.544,0:12:22.958
The secret got out:[br]how to record onto X-rays.

0:12:22.959,0:12:24.251
This started to spread.

0:12:24.375,0:12:27.042
Other people in Leningrad[br]started to do it, too.

0:12:27.043,0:12:29.892
It went to Moscow, Kiev, Odessa.

0:12:31.083,0:12:34.375
Of course, the authorities[br]got very interested.

0:12:34.375,0:12:36.333
And in 1950, they swooped,

0:12:36.334,0:12:41.210
they arrested everybody involved[br]in this business in Leningrad.

0:12:41.459,0:12:43.999
Bogoslowski was taken to court.

0:12:44.000,0:12:49.209
There was a trial, he was given[br]five years in the gulag for copying music.

0:12:50.125,0:12:52.851
Boris Taigin was given seven years.

0:12:52.852,0:12:54.613
He was given an extra two years

0:12:54.626,0:12:57.335
because he had been writing[br]and recording his own songs.

0:12:59.375,0:13:03.293
Fortunately for them,[br]two years later, Stalin died.

0:13:04.370,0:13:06.043
There was a general amnesty.

0:13:06.044,0:13:09.251
A million prisoners[br]were released from the gulag.

0:13:09.252,0:13:11.792
The Golden Dog Gang[br]came back to Leningrad.

0:13:12.584,0:13:15.460
What do you think they started[br]to do when they got there?

0:13:16.167,0:13:19.584
They immediately started to make[br]X-ray records again!

0:13:21.083,0:13:24.208
We should maybe have[br]a listen and a look.

0:13:24.959,0:13:26.334
(Music)

0:13:45.584,0:13:51.126
They are images of pain and damage[br]inscribed with the sounds of pleasure.

0:13:51.167,0:13:54.417
They are pictures[br]of the interior of Soviet citizens,

0:13:54.459,0:13:57.459
impressed with the music[br]they secretly loved.

0:13:58.292,0:14:02.751
They were sold on street corners,[br]in parks, in dark secret places

0:14:02.751,0:14:04.022
a bit like drugs are.

0:14:04.023,0:14:07.250
They cost a few rubles,[br]they wouldn't last for very long.

0:14:08.459,0:14:09.834
But you could replace them.

0:14:09.959,0:14:11.668
They often didn't sound very good,

0:14:11.709,0:14:14.918
the song title that was written[br]on them was often wrong.

0:14:15.167,0:14:17.126
But it didn't matter in a way.

0:14:17.266,0:14:18.981
They were precious objects

0:14:18.982,0:14:24.376
because they allowed people to listen[br]to what they wanted, when they wanted.

0:14:25.209,0:14:29.001
Unfortunately for Bogoslowski,[br]he was caught again.

0:14:29.042,0:14:31.834
And he spent another prison[br]for two years.

0:14:32.334,0:14:36.085
When he came back,[br]what do you think he did?

0:14:37.256,0:14:38.416
He started again.

0:14:40.125,0:14:42.542
He'd used his time[br]in the gulag incredibly well.

0:14:42.543,0:14:46.168
He'd been perfecting his technique,[br]thinking of how to do it better.

0:14:46.209,0:14:50.168
And he did; he did it better and bigger,[br]with more and different types of bootlegs.

0:14:50.169,0:14:51.584
This was a very unusual man.

0:14:51.709,0:14:53.918
He was an audiophile,[br]he was a music lover.

0:14:53.918,0:14:57.043
He was not a dissident,[br]he didn't want to bring the system down,

0:14:57.083,0:14:58.625
or corrupt Soviet youth.

0:14:58.626,0:15:02.876
He was a music lover, and he believed[br]that you should be able to share music.

0:15:03.667,0:15:06.126
Unfortunately, he was caught again.

0:15:06.459,0:15:08.542
When he came out for the third time,

0:15:08.667,0:15:12.041
you'll be relieved to know,[br]he stopped doing it.

0:15:12.042,0:15:16.417
But, that wasn't because he'd changed,[br]it was because the world had changed.

0:15:16.418,0:15:18.027
That's another story.

0:15:18.042,0:15:20.999
But I set up The X-ray Audio Project,

0:15:21.000,0:15:24.501
to tell the story of people[br]like Bogoslowski and Taigin,

0:15:24.521,0:15:25.871
the other bootleggers.

0:15:25.876,0:15:29.959
And with my friend Paul Hartfield,[br]to record, to take photographs

0:15:29.960,0:15:32.751
of as many of these records[br]as we could find.

0:15:33.501,0:15:37.750
Last year, when we were in Moscow,[br]we met up with this guy.

0:15:37.751,0:15:39.502
Do you know who this is?

0:15:39.959,0:15:43.293
This is the young man[br]who was standing on the street corner

0:15:43.334,0:15:45.085
at the beginning of this story;

0:15:45.086,0:15:46.292
Nick Markovich.

0:15:47.125,0:15:49.292
He came to see us[br]in an apartment in Moscow,

0:15:49.292,0:15:52.291
and he brought with him[br]his portable music player.

0:15:52.292,0:15:56.043
And he took out an X-ray record,[br]and he wound the gramophone up.

0:15:56.959,0:16:00.710
And he put it on, and he dropped[br]the needle on, and it started to play.

0:16:01.375,0:16:05.834
And it sounded absolutely awful!

0:16:05.876,0:16:06.958
(Laugher)

0:16:06.959,0:16:11.626
But through the noise[br]and hiss and crackle and static,

0:16:11.627,0:16:14.082
there was a thin ribbon of melody.

0:16:14.083,0:16:18.875
And that thin ribbon of melody[br]was snaking back to his youth.

0:16:18.876,0:16:22.500
It was connecting the dots,[br]if you like, to his youth

0:16:22.501,0:16:27.917
to a time when he loved music so much,[br]to a time when music mattered so much,

0:16:27.918,0:16:30.960
that people went to prison for it.

0:16:32.167,0:16:35.376
Can it ever matter so much to us?

0:16:36.375,0:16:39.209
Another thing that we do[br]with the X-ray Audio Project,

0:16:39.210,0:16:45.177
we have live events, when we cut[br]new X-ray records, in front of your eyes,

0:16:45.178,0:16:46.788
from live performances.

0:16:46.792,0:16:51.126
Here's my colleague, Alex Kulkowski,[br]doing that on a recording lathe.

0:16:51.127,0:16:51.999
Why?

0:16:52.000,0:16:53.042
I'm a musician.

0:16:53.167,0:16:56.584
I, too, have thousands[br]of songs on my computer.

0:16:57.083,0:16:58.542
And I love it.

0:16:58.626,0:17:00.544
It's amazing to have so much abundance.

0:17:00.709,0:17:05.834
I would not give it up.[br]I hear music every day.

0:17:06.483,0:17:10.900
But sometimes, I worry that[br]I've stopped listening.

0:17:10.917,0:17:15.415
I'm sure we've all got songs that meant[br]an awful lot to us; Maybe we still do.

0:17:15.416,0:17:18.416
But, why not, next time we're[br]flicking through our MP3 player,

0:17:18.417,0:17:21.251
looking at all the thousands of songs[br]we've got, thinking,

0:17:21.252,0:17:23.374
"Ah, what shall I listen to?"

0:17:23.375,0:17:25.416
Maybe think back to a time

0:17:25.541,0:17:30.209
when the only way to enjoy and share[br]the music that you loved

0:17:31.044,0:17:32.524
was on an X-ray.

0:17:33.284,0:17:34.604
We could ask ourselves,

0:17:36.626,0:17:40.835
"What would happen if somebody[br]just took it all away?

0:17:42.083,0:17:44.042
What would I be losing?

0:17:45.292,0:17:48.251
What would I risk to get it back?

0:17:50.834,0:17:56.209
Can music still cause[br]a revolution in my blood?

0:17:57.834,0:17:59.752
In my bone?"

0:18:00.334,0:18:03.126
Thanks for listening.[br]Let's keep listening!

0:18:03.127,0:18:04.167
(Applause)