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古生物學

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這門科學好像是為小朋友量身打造

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整天挖掘恐龍

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穿的服裝像在「侏儸紀公園」

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骨骸會從泥土裡迸出來

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接著展示眾人眼前

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讓大家瞠目結舌

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只有說到點擊率、著色本還有怪獸電影

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大家才會注意到這門學問

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不對

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等等

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那根本不是古生物學

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古生物學研究先前出現過的生物

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所有先前出現過的生物

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從生命起源到各式奇形怪狀

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這門學問其實也試著在解答：

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「我們是什麼？」

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還有「我們從何演化而來？」

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「我們」的定義，廣義來說

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就是生命

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恐龍是鳥類的一種

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只占了其中非常小一部分

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（笑聲）

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但卻得到所有焦點

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[左：多樣無比的古生命
右：恐龍　下：古生物學]

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這張迷因很中肯

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可不是只有我這樣覺得

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這就是事實

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反正對大多數古生物學家來說

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恐龍就像是入門款

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研究也發現許多更酷炫的化石

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讓我們來綜觀這 40 億年

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但是絕口不提恐龍

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（笑聲）

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第一個是遺傳物質

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基本上，病毒最先製造出蛋白質

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接著破壞了周遭環境

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地球染上了生命

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有些新型細菌開始把陽光當作養分

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產出氧氣

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從空氣裡得到碳元素

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毀掉其他微生物的鐵質維生來源

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然後製造出鐵鏽

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這持續了幾十億年

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一些細菌開始捕食其他細菌

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並把氧氣轉化成能源

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成為動植物的先驅

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但後來，氣候有了很大的改變

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由暖轉冷又回溫

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最後地球變成一顆雪球，冰河滿布

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此時期的正式名稱就是「雪球地球」

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（笑聲）

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大概是在七、八億年前

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總之，微生物彼此聚集

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因此出現多細胞生物

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六億年前

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幾何形的菌落出現了

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吸收水中的微生物

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現代動物的祖先很快取而代之

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稱作寒武紀大爆發

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龍蝦的遠親用爪臂捕食其他生物

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沙蠺身上布滿硬殼，蠕動而行

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橫跨且深入了海床，建立新的生態系

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人類的祖先，神似蝌蚪

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掠過了古代海岸線

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這種動物的近親
長得像鰻魚，滿喉利牙

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漫遊在甜筒狀的珊瑚始祖之間

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隨時得躲避公車大小的海怪

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還有飢腸轆轆的海蠍

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菌類植物接著登陸

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但冰河不久又現跡地球

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幾乎所有生命都無法生存

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大滅絕卻開啟了新機

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無頷魚類開始在海洋中出現

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演化出斑點和尖牙，最後還長出魚鰭

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蜘蛛、蠍子、蝸牛和蠕蟲登陸地面

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魚類在中國附近演化出下顎

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這種魚類的後代使無頷魚類

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海蠍和分枝浮游生物滅絕

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這些魚類其中

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有些魚鰭長有前肢骨頭

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每片魚鰭上長出七、八隻指頭

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植物在陸地上長成大樹

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體積龐大

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或在凋零前，就散播那麼一次種子

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但冰河又降臨了

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這是第二次大滅絕

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這個時代到處都是奇形怪狀的魚類

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表面充滿絨毛的海百合

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有些鯊魚長了翅膀

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有些下顎成鋸齒狀

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有些魚鰭長滿小型牙齒

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有些用牙床磨碎食物

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多骨魚類貌似現今的神仙魚和鰻魚

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也第一次出現

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地球發展出濕地

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孕育了三公尺長的馬陸和巨型蜻蜓

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足跡遍布整個盤古大陸

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死亡後轉變成木炭

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還造成為時一億年的冰河時期

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脊椎動物這時終於登陸

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更永遠留了下來

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出現了像短吻鱷的兩棲類動物

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尖牙利嘴的合弓綱動物

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但整個西伯利亞火山爆發

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近乎所有生命死亡

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這是第三次大滅絕

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（笑聲）

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這時的地球只有黑夜

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只有一種長獠牙的哺乳類

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得以生存茁壯

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但移動快速的鱷魚隨即取而代之

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海洋滿是爬行動物

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海膽的遠親聚集成龐大的平面狀

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還有軀殼堅硬的魷魚和菊石

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型態豐富

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盤古大陸接著漸漸分離開來

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形成岩漿海

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這片岩漿就是現今的大西洋

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那時排出大量毒氣至大氣層中

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造成第四次大滅絕

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（笑聲）

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其實有很多次這樣的滅絕

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只是這幾次比較嚴重

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（笑聲）

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終於這之後出現了鯨魚大小的魚類

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還有現今魚群聚集的那種珊瑚

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以捉捕藻類、吸收陽光而壯大

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螃蟹、魟魚出現了

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還有一些魚類，長著扁平狀牙齒

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用來壓碎貝類

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捕食者和獵物間因此競爭激烈

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海洋生物多樣性暴增

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哺乳類學會爬樹和飛翔

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還有很多行為看起來跟今日沒兩樣

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靠第一批開花植物維生

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這些植物靠第一批蜜蜂授粉

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不論陸海，生態系都有了偌大轉變

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慢慢趨向現代

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但一顆彗星墜落在墨西哥

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引發火山在地球另一頭的印度爆發

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所有生命又差點滅絕了

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（笑聲）

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但是，總有例外

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不然人類打哪來

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哺乳類自絕境重生

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在炙熱的環境下體型變小

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接著又變得無比巨大

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北極地區出現了棕櫚樹和蛇類

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中爪獸在古代河流旁嬉戲

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牠們的近親則返回海洋

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成為最初的海獺形鯨魚

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鬣狗和其他掠食性動物

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受到巨型長頸犀牛威脅

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此場景看似熟悉

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但真相未必如此

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南極地區開始遇上冰河時期

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兩億年來

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首見極區永凍冰冠就此誕生

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也讓世界其他地方變得乾涸

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但草原、囓齒動物
和貓類動物才得以發展

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非洲某處

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大草原甫出現，人猿在這學會行走

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還出現了巨型利齒鮭魚

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我就只是想提到這個而已

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（笑聲）

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人類瞭解了之前發生的一切

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而且不只如此

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還有如何發生？

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為什麼發生？

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古生物學這門學問正如日中天

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多種學門和科技交會於此

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我們挖掘出塊塊化石

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是規模最龐大的資料

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我們使用電腦斷層掃瞄

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同位素

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基因組

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機器人

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數學模擬

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還應用各種方式分析

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我們善用各種方法

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以對過去和演化更加瞭解

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也因此能預測未來

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下一次大滅絕，什麼事會發生？

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會有什麼奇聞異事？

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哺乳類體型會再次縮小嗎？

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或甚至會不復存在呢？

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總而言之

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人類研究恐龍大有成果

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但其他 99.9% 曾經存在的生物

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仍值得我們探索

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這才是古生物學

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謝謝

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（掌聲與歡呼聲）