WEBVTT 00:00:11.049 --> 00:00:14.050 This is a story of how the government of the United Kingdom 00:00:14.005 --> 00:00:19.061 decided to attack an Arab nation, of how afraid 00:00:20.006 --> 00:00:20.088 its oil supplies were under threat and 00:00:20.088 --> 00:00:23.170 embarked on a strategy of regime change. 00:00:24.007 --> 00:00:27.176 Of how Britain deliberately bypassed the United Nations 00:00:27.869 --> 00:00:31.670 and of how a power British Prime Minister led 00:00:31.067 --> 00:00:35.071 the nation to war based on suspect intelligence. 00:00:35.071 --> 00:00:42.071 But this isn't Iraq 2003, 00:00:44.073 --> 00:00:49.072 this is Egypt 1956. These are British paratroopers 00:00:49.072 --> 00:00:51.063 fighting on the orders of British Prime Minister 00:00:51.063 --> 00:00:55.149 Anthony Eden. He has gambled on a war in a desperate bid to destroy 00:00:56.049 --> 00:00:59.084 Egypt's new young president Gamal Abdel Nasser. 00:01:00.076 --> 00:01:03.108 "I'm utterly convinced the action we have taken is right." 00:01:04.007 --> 00:01:07.050 This is a war over who will run 00:01:07.005 --> 00:01:11.043 this Egyptian waterway - the Suez Canal - and the vital 00:01:11.043 --> 00:01:13.064 oil supplies which are transported through it. 00:01:13.064 --> 00:01:17.065 Suez is a crisis which will push the world to the brink of nuclear 00:01:17.074 --> 00:01:19.975 catastrophe. "That moment I did think 00:01:19.975 --> 00:01:21.100 this is really going to be the 00:01:22.000 --> 00:01:24.061 Third World War." 00:01:24.061 --> 00:01:27.149 In Britain we know Suez is a war based on a Prime Minister's lie, 00:01:28.049 --> 00:01:32.123 a lie which destroys him. "MI-6 sexed up their intelligence." 00:01:33.023 --> 00:01:37.051 But seen from the other side, Suez is a story of how a small 00:01:37.051 --> 00:01:40.079 poor Arab country defended itself against the Western world 00:01:40.079 --> 00:01:44.158 and won. "People will defend their country, they will defend their land." 00:02:02.002 --> 00:02:06.061 July the 26th, 1956. It is a warm evening 00:02:06.061 --> 00:02:10.073 as Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser prepares to address his people. 00:02:10.073 --> 00:02:14.119 His country is in ferment. Only seven days before, 00:02:15.019 --> 00:02:19.035 the young president had suffered a humiliating blow when the West sabotaged 00:02:19.035 --> 00:02:20.068 his key plan to lift 00:02:20.068 --> 00:02:25.070 Egypt out of poverty. Now, two hundred thousand people gathered to hear their 00:02:25.088 --> 00:02:26.091 president's response. 00:02:27.018 --> 00:02:32.023 But unknown to the crowd, 30 people stationed on the banks of the Suez Canal 00:02:32.068 --> 00:02:35.153 are listening for a password - a Frenchman's name hidden 00:02:36.053 --> 00:02:39.058 in Nasser's speech. "They have 00:02:39.058 --> 00:02:43.066 their radio on to follow the speech 00:02:43.066 --> 00:02:47.095 waiting for the password "De Lesseps." 00:02:47.095 --> 00:02:52.152 When they hear this word, their president has told them to storm the offices of 00:02:53.052 --> 00:02:54.096 the Suez Canal Company. 00:02:54.096 --> 00:02:57.105 {Segment from speech} 00:02:58.005 --> 00:03:01.079 As jubilant Egyptians celebrate, 00:03:01.079 --> 00:03:05.150 Nasser heads to a movie theater to relax. He doesn't know that in London, 00:03:06.005 --> 00:03:13.005 Anthony Eden has already decided to have him killed. 00:03:18.079 --> 00:03:21.100 Egypt - cradle of ancient civilizations 00:03:22.000 --> 00:03:26.035 and in the post-war era, strategically the most valuable country in the Arab 00:03:26.035 --> 00:03:29.035 world. 00:03:29.035 --> 00:03:34.110 Thanks to this, the Suez Canal, which carries oil to the economies of the West. 00:03:35.001 --> 00:03:39.057 The company that runs the canal 00:03:39.066 --> 00:03:43.073 is largely owned by Egypt's old colonial masters, Britain and France, 00:03:43.073 --> 00:03:46.110 and is staffed by Europeans. "Reconsider 00:03:47.001 --> 00:03:53.002 the Suez Canal Company is a country, inside 00:03:53.011 --> 00:03:59.093 our country, a state inside our state. Egypt sees virtually nothing of the tens of millions of dollars the 00:03:59.093 --> 00:04:00.139 canal earns each year. 00:04:01.039 --> 00:04:05.388 Feelings of resentment are growing. "Imagine 00:04:05.739 --> 00:04:11.080 somebody, a foreigner in your country, and he give your nothing. 00:04:11.008 --> 00:04:14.020 He take everything and give you nothing. Is that justice?" 00:04:14.002 --> 00:04:15.008 00:04:15.008 --> 00:04:20.019 00:04:20.091 --> 00:04:24.147 In February 1955, Egypt's young President Gamal Abdel Nasser 00:04:25.047 --> 00:04:28.081 meets British Prime Minister Anthony Eden for the first time. 00:04:28.081 --> 00:04:31.132 The two men dislike one another from the start. 00:04:32.032 --> 00:04:36.067 "The impression of President Nasser 00:04:36.067 --> 00:04:39.083 about Anthony Eden 00:04:39.083 --> 00:04:41.134 was that he was small Cheshire and not a, you know, 00:04:42.034 --> 00:04:44.122 committed with imposing 00:04:45.022 --> 00:04:50.561 the British point of view on the other side." 00:04:50.759 --> 00:04:54.813 For Eden, Egypt remains part of Britain's sphere of influence in the Middle East. 00:04:55.299 --> 00:04:59.383 Although nominally independent since 1922, Egyptian kings have dutifully done 00:05:00.139 --> 00:05:01.198 what British Prime Minister's 00:05:01.729 --> 00:05:04.765 have told them to do. "Eden lived in the 00:05:05.089 --> 00:05:08.136 legend of the empire, but the world was different. 00:05:08.559 --> 00:05:11.588 Eden didn't realize 00:05:11.849 --> 00:05:16.960 the change in the balance of power." 00:05:16.096 --> 00:05:19.107 Anthony Eden is every inch the conservative Prime Minister. 00:05:20.007 --> 00:05:24.035 Educated at Eton and Oxford, he was foreign secretary during the war 00:05:24.035 --> 00:05:31.035 and is Winston Churchill's hand-picked successor. 00:05:32.008 --> 00:05:35.055 But in Nasser, Eden encounters a new kind of Arab leader. 00:05:35.055 --> 00:05:38.136 He is part of a new generation of Egyptians determined to secure 00:05:39.036 --> 00:05:42.090 real independence for their country. 00:05:42.009 --> 00:05:46.046 00:05:47.027 --> 00:05:51.416 00:05:51.659 --> 00:05:55.780 00:05:55.078 --> 00:05:58.117 Nasser is one of a group of officers who had overthrown the playboy 00:05:59.017 --> 00:06:03.062 King Farouk in 1952. Two years later, 00:06:03.062 --> 00:06:06.106 Nasser had shown Britain that Egypt would not be pushed around. 00:06:07.006 --> 00:06:11.013 An aggressive guerrilla campaign forces the British to evacuate 00:06:11.013 --> 00:06:14.061 eighty-eight thousand soldiers from the biggest base in the world, 00:06:14.061 --> 00:06:18.102 on the banks of the Suez Canal. "At that time, 00:06:19.002 --> 00:06:23.031 what was most important is real independence 00:06:23.031 --> 00:06:26.034 and to get free, really free, by 00:06:26.034 --> 00:06:30.043 evacuating the troops." "There was an operation 00:06:30.043 --> 00:06:34.050 against the British troops prior to the negotiations. 00:06:35.013 --> 00:06:38.091 When the negotiations go in a smooth way, 00:06:38.091 --> 00:06:42.094 we ease the resistance. When 00:06:43.021 --> 00:06:46.073 the British delegation became stubborn, 00:06:46.073 --> 00:06:53.073 we intensify the resistance." 00:06:56.699 --> 00:06:58.705 By the spring of 1956, 00:06:58.759 --> 00:07:03.300 Egypt is free of British troops. With his country moving away from its 00:07:03.003 --> 00:07:04.029 colonial past, 00:07:04.056 --> 00:07:09.285 Nasser embarks on an ambitious plan to transform the lives of his people. 00:07:09.789 --> 00:07:13.220 "Egypt was very much backward, 00:07:13.022 --> 00:07:16.061 half percent of the people were possessing 00:07:16.259 --> 00:07:19.630 nearly about seventy-five percent of the fortune. 00:07:19.063 --> 00:07:22.132 "We had one of the lowest standards life, 00:07:22.699 --> 00:07:25.733 the majority of Egyptians were in streets with 00:07:26.039 --> 00:07:30.520 naked feet." 00:07:30.052 --> 00:07:36.115 Nasser's solution is to build a huge dam on the Nile at Aswan 00:07:37.015 --> 00:07:40.018 which will provide water for agriculture and electricity. 00:07:40.018 --> 00:07:44.032 It will be the biggest dam in the world and will lift Egypt out of poverty 00:07:44.032 --> 00:07:47.125 once and for all. "This project of the high dam 00:07:48.025 --> 00:07:51.032 will provide Egypt with water to double the 00:07:51.032 --> 00:07:57.086 farms and will give power - electricity to industrialize Egypt." 00:07:57.086 --> 00:08:00.163 But Nasser needs four hundred million dollars to realize his dream, 00:08:01.063 --> 00:08:05.091 an enormous sum in the 1950s. His first port of call 00:08:05.091 --> 00:08:09.130 is the West. "In the beginning, Nasser 00:08:09.949 --> 00:08:15.008 and all the revolution have no problem with the Americans. On the contrary, we can get help 00:08:15.539 --> 00:08:20.130 of the Americans." The World Bank, backed by the United States and Britain, 00:08:20.013 --> 00:08:24.088 agrees to give him a loan. At this point, Nasser's relations with the Americans 00:08:24.088 --> 00:08:27.617 seem close. "Nasser's favorite film 00:08:28.409 --> 00:08:31.820 is It's a Wonderful Life with Jimmy Stewart. He really loves that 00:08:31.082 --> 00:08:35.361 film and Washington arranges to send out a special copy of the film 00:08:36.099 --> 00:08:40.900 with Arabic subtitles." By 1956, 00:08:40.009 --> 00:08:43.948 Egypt's glamorous young president is confident his plans to develop Egypt 00:08:44.839 --> 00:08:47.851 are on course, but Nasser has another problem, 00:08:47.959 --> 00:08:54.959 which will destroy his plans. 00:08:55.759 --> 00:08:59.170 "As the sporadic fighting takes on the proportions of full-scale war, 00:08:59.017 --> 00:09:03.075 dead and captured arms are the order of the day, as both Arabs and Israelis put 00:09:03.075 --> 00:09:05.644 their nations on a full mobilization basis." 00:09:06.319 --> 00:09:10.382 {Explosions} 00:09:10.949 --> 00:09:14.981 Nassar faught in the Arab armies defeated by the Israelis in 1948. 00:09:15.269 --> 00:09:19.326 Since then the Middle East's newest state has fought a border war with its 00:09:19.839 --> 00:09:20.690 Arab neighbors. 00:09:20.069 --> 00:09:23.398 Israel's very existence is an affront 00:09:24.019 --> 00:09:28.038 to Nasser. "Nasser was at the time a great 00:09:28.209 --> 00:09:32.214 danger and enemy. Very soon, it was clear that he aspires 00:09:32.709 --> 00:09:36.690 to the unify the Arab world." "Nasser 00:09:36.069 --> 00:09:39.118 made great speeches. He was handsome, he 00:09:40.018 --> 00:09:43.079 was eloquent. He carried fire with him, 00:09:43.079 --> 00:09:48.144 there was a catastrophe." 00:09:49.044 --> 00:09:55.047 The Israelis see themselves surrounded by enemies, 00:09:55.047 --> 00:09:59.266 fearing attack, they are desperately trolling the world for arms. 00:09:59.689 --> 00:10:02.784 "The Americans were very strict, they wouldn't supply us arms, 00:10:03.639 --> 00:10:07.130 so did Great Britain, and I thought 00:10:07.013 --> 00:10:10.013 the only opening we have is France." 00:10:10.013 --> 00:10:16.041 France agrees to supply Israel with the Jewish state's 00:10:16.041 --> 00:10:19.660 first jet fighters. To Nasser, 00:10:20.029 --> 00:10:23.095 it looks like an increasingly powerful enemy is at the gates. 00:10:23.689 --> 00:10:27.721 "The French are giving Israel arms, I am 00:10:28.009 --> 00:10:31.620 confronting the situation that may distract my country. 00:10:31.062 --> 00:10:35.070 Should I stand still?" 00:10:35.007 --> 00:10:40.012 So Nasser decides he too will look abroad for arms. 00:10:40.075 --> 00:10:43.078 As with the loan for his dam, his first call 00:10:44.005 --> 00:10:47.033 is on the United States. "Nasser, from the first 00:10:47.033 --> 00:10:50.036 day of revolution, asks the Americans, 00:10:50.063 --> 00:10:53.095 I need arms, our 00:10:53.095 --> 00:10:56.139 army needs arms and he asked the British 00:10:57.039 --> 00:11:00.478 the same question. Neither the British 00:11:00.829 --> 00:11:07.829 nor the Americans gave a response on that." But this 00:11:09.459 --> 00:11:13.120 is the 1950s, the depths of the Cold War, 00:11:13.012 --> 00:11:17.054 the West and the Soviet Union are locked in a battle for influence across the 00:11:17.054 --> 00:11:17.663 world. 00:11:18.149 --> 00:11:21.240 Nasser knows that if Washington says no 00:11:21.024 --> 00:11:28.024 then maybe Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow will say yes. 00:11:30.052 --> 00:11:34.063 "Egypt flexes its military muscles with the display of arms newly acquired from 00:11:34.063 --> 00:11:35.117 Russia and its satellites." 00:11:36.017 --> 00:11:39.086 The first arms from the Soviet bloc 00:11:39.086 --> 00:11:42.086 land in Alexandria on the 27th of September, 00:11:42.086 --> 00:11:45.153 1955. The deal as a triumph for Khrushchev, 00:11:46.053 --> 00:11:49.067 who is keen to extend Communist influence in the region. 00:11:49.067 --> 00:11:52.150 "He didn't expect that countries would be communist immediately, 00:11:53.005 --> 00:11:56.078 he's willing to wait. Egypt was the first great success for him. 00:11:57.023 --> 00:12:00.034 This was for Khrushchev a sign. 00:12:00.034 --> 00:12:03.076 The kind of relationship he could have with many of the large states in 00:12:03.076 --> 00:12:03.159 developing world. 00:12:04.059 --> 00:12:07.077 And for the West, this was a very dramatic achievement." 00:12:07.077 --> 00:12:10.133 But Nasser is not in Khrushchev's pocket, 00:12:11.033 --> 00:12:16.046 as many in the West fear. "Nasser has never been a Communist, never, never 00:12:16.046 --> 00:12:19.129 at all." "We are believer. I am a believer, I believe in God. Nasser 00:12:20.029 --> 00:12:23.045 used to believe in God. Nasser used to pray. 00:12:23.045 --> 00:12:26.102 The Communists don't believe in God. 00:12:27.002 --> 00:12:31.019 Nasser was an anti-communist. 00:12:31.019 --> 00:12:35.020 The soviets knew full well he was an anti-communist. They knew that he was putting communists 00:12:35.002 --> 00:12:35.055 in jail. 00:12:35.073 --> 00:12:38.115 He didn't let those communists out of jail when his relations improved with the 00:12:39.015 --> 00:12:42.048 Soviet Union, but both sides made a pragmatic 00:12:42.048 --> 00:12:45.075 decision." But in Eden's view, 00:12:45.075 --> 00:12:49.078 Nasser does look like a communist stooge. The prime minister and the Americans 00:12:50.005 --> 00:12:52.091 decide to punish him for cutting a deal with the Soviets. 00:12:52.091 --> 00:12:56.135 Their response is to mount a covert campaign against Nasser, 00:12:57.035 --> 00:13:01.110 code-named Omega. "Omega includes propaganda 00:13:02.001 --> 00:13:05.024 to provide information to journalists, to broadcasters, 00:13:05.033 --> 00:13:09.082 that say, "Nasser really isn't a very good person, can you please report this?" 00:13:09.082 --> 00:13:11.171 00:13:12.071 --> 00:13:15.116 "Omega also includes sanctions against Egypt. It includes 00:13:16.016 --> 00:13:20.061 locking military aid to Egypt." Then 00:13:20.061 --> 00:13:24.144 as part of this undeclared war, a secret decision is taken to slow down financing 00:13:25.044 --> 00:13:26.087 on the Aswan dam. 00:13:26.087 --> 00:13:30.094 Anthony Eden and the US Secretary of State, John Foster Dulles, 00:13:30.094 --> 00:13:33.100 are behind the new strategy. "I think 00:13:34.000 --> 00:13:38.035 Dulles was angry with Nasser for having 00:13:38.035 --> 00:13:42.048 almost flaunted his independence. I really think that 00:13:42.048 --> 00:13:46.133 Dulles believed that Nasser's behavior was 00:13:47.033 --> 00:13:54.033 almost a personal affront him. 00:13:54.067 --> 00:13:58.067 In London, Eden's mistrust of Nasser is increased by some mysterious 00:13:58.067 --> 00:14:01.166 intelligence reports which have just landed on his desk. 00:14:01.769 --> 00:14:05.540 They are from an MI6 contact known as "Lucky Break". 00:14:05.054 --> 00:14:10.097 Lucky Break tells Eden that Nasser is a pawn of the Soviet Union 00:14:10.097 --> 00:14:15.256 and the Egyptian people will welcome his overthrow. "From reading the reports in MI6 00:14:16.129 --> 00:14:19.138 is giving to British officials and giving to the Americans, 00:14:20.029 --> 00:14:23.490 I think they're taking a few sources and their sexing them up. 00:14:23.049 --> 00:14:27.338 No one individual 00:14:27.779 --> 00:14:33.600 could have provided the information that Nasser was so close to the Soviets, 00:14:33.006 --> 00:14:37.013 that Nasser was so vulnerable to being overthrown, 00:14:37.067 --> 00:14:40.069 if not assinated, because that was 00:14:40.087 --> 00:14:45.158 not true, that simply was not true." 00:14:46.058 --> 00:14:49.113 But "Lucky Break" is telling the British Prime Minister 00:14:50.013 --> 00:14:55.071 what he wants to hear them. The firm attitude that the government have adopted is not (quote fades) 00:14:55.071 --> 00:14:56.077 Foreign Office Minister Anthony Nutting 00:14:57.031 --> 00:15:00.037 is one of the first to realize just how far the Prime Minister 00:15:00.091 --> 00:15:02.763 is now prepared to go. "Over an open line, 00:15:05.435 --> 00:15:08.109 having just said, 'it's me,' we started a violent argument on the telephone, and he 00:15:09.009 --> 00:15:09.105 was really violent 00:15:10.005 --> 00:15:12.036 in our conversation 00:15:12.036 --> 00:15:16.195 and ended up by shouting at me, 'I don't want Nasser neutralized, I want him 00:15:16.519 --> 00:15:17.390 destroyed'." 00:15:17.039 --> 00:15:20.178 There were two-two people [unintelligible] in conversation: 00:15:20.529 --> 00:15:24.060 Eden and Nutting. Nutting said subsequently that Eden had said murder. 00:15:24.006 --> 00:15:28.067 00:15:28.067 --> 00:15:29.142 Operatives within MI6 00:15:30.042 --> 00:15:34.139 take the Prime Minister at his word. "What you have is Thomas of Becket situation 00:15:35.039 --> 00:15:36.064 were Eden says will someone not 00:15:36.064 --> 00:15:41.152 make me rid of this turbulent Nasser." "I'm not exaggerating. 00:15:42.052 --> 00:15:45.060 Nearly every month, nearly 00:15:46.032 --> 00:15:49.032 every month, there was an attempt against Nasser. 00:15:49.032 --> 00:15:52.060 From the West, either French 00:15:52.006 --> 00:15:56.094 or British, or Israelis, nearly every month. 00:15:57.048 --> 00:16:01.066 As Nasser was making a public speech in Alexandria, 00:16:01.066 --> 00:16:05.071 a young man fired eight bullets at him. All missed the Premier, but two of his aids 00:16:06.016 --> 00:16:06.069 were wounded. 00:16:06.069 --> 00:16:09.086 "The plans just are are wildly out of control, 00:16:09.086 --> 00:16:12.132 putting nerve gas into the ventilation system of 00:16:13.032 --> 00:16:17.034 Nasser's headquarters, trying to put poison into Nasser's coffee, 00:16:17.034 --> 00:16:24.034 trying at some point to possibly shoot Nasser. 00:16:27.071 --> 00:16:31.117 If Lucky Break did not exist in 1956, he would have had to be created 00:16:32.017 --> 00:16:39.017 to justify their extravagant plans to get rid of Nasser. 00:16:49.045 --> 00:16:53.116 On the 19th of July, 1956, the Egyptian ambassador to the USA 00:16:54.016 --> 00:16:58.049 is called into the state department. He is informed that the financing up the Aswan 00:16:58.049 --> 00:17:00.114 dam is cancelled. 00:17:01.014 --> 00:17:05.040 If the West can't assassinate Nasser, then they will destroy his dreams to 00:17:05.040 --> 00:17:06.057 develop Egypt. 00:17:06.057 --> 00:17:11.076 To add insult to injury, president Nasser only learns of the decision from the 00:17:11.076 --> 00:17:12.080 radio news. 00:17:12.080 --> 00:17:16.720 I was surprised by the insultive attitude 00:17:17.449 --> 00:17:21.180 which the refusal was declared, 00:17:21.018 --> 00:17:24.060 not by the refusal itself, but the 00:17:24.060 --> 00:17:30.132 insultive attitude and- which meant humiliation. Now 00:17:31.032 --> 00:17:35.038 Nasser has two choices, he can meekly except the West's punishment, 00:17:35.092 --> 00:17:38.154 or he can fight. Three days later, 00:17:39.054 --> 00:17:44.093 he gathers his most trusted lieutenants together. "President Nasser 00:17:44.093 --> 00:17:51.093 ordered me to bring him the file on the Suez Canal. 00:17:53.095 --> 00:17:58.174 And he told me 'what about nationalizing this canal?'" 00:17:59.029 --> 00:18:03.105 I got surprised 00:18:03.789 --> 00:18:06.888 but internally 00:18:07.779 --> 00:18:11.840 in myself, I got proud to think about 00:18:12.389 --> 00:18:15.405 this action at that time. 00:18:15.549 --> 00:18:18.578 I felt proud." 00:18:18.839 --> 00:18:21.900 Nasser calculates that the Aswan dam can still be built, 00:18:22.449 --> 00:18:25.537 if the tolls have ships transiting the Suez Canal come to Egypt 00:18:26.329 --> 00:18:29.385 and not the British and French controlled Suez Canal Company. 00:18:29.889 --> 00:18:33.917 But Nasser knows that nationalization is a huge risk, 00:18:34.169 --> 00:18:38.181 he will have to physically seize control of the canal itself. 00:18:38.289 --> 00:18:43.190 The next day he is scheduled to make his first speech since his humiliation at 00:18:43.019 --> 00:18:46.358 the hands of the West. All Egypt waits for his response. 00:18:46.529 --> 00:18:50.543 00:18:50.669 --> 00:18:53.765 The speech is an anti-climax. "It was all rhetoric. 00:18:54.629 --> 00:18:58.676 The reaction of Egyptians was 'Oh, that he hasn't got the balls 00:18:59.099 --> 00:19:03.168 to really stand up to the United States. But afterwards 00:19:03.789 --> 00:19:06.812 Nasser orders an old military colleague, Mahmoud Eunice, 00:19:07.019 --> 00:19:11.035 to mastermind the dangerous job taking physical control of the canal. 00:19:11.179 --> 00:19:14.860 Eunice selects 30 man he can trust. 00:19:14.086 --> 00:19:17.144 Eunice emphasized that, if 00:19:18.044 --> 00:19:21.049 this peace of news 00:19:21.049 --> 00:19:24.066 is released then 00:19:24.066 --> 00:19:27.068 it will surely 00:19:27.086 --> 00:19:31.139 not succeed. Three days later, 00:19:32.039 --> 00:19:36.073 Nasser is scheduled to speak publicly again. The men know their queue for 00:19:36.073 --> 00:19:39.077 action is a password hidden in the President's speech, 00:19:39.077 --> 00:19:42.138 which will be carried on Egyptian radio. The password 00:19:43.038 --> 00:19:47.061 is the name of the man who designed the canal, Ferdinand de Lesseps. 00:19:47.061 --> 00:19:51.144 As they wait, they still don't know if their President has definitely decided 00:19:52.044 --> 00:19:53.078 to take the gamble. 00:19:53.078 --> 00:19:56.147 "My feelings were combination 00:19:57.047 --> 00:20:00.101 of first, fear, 00:20:01.001 --> 00:20:05.002 and of course the sense of 00:20:05.011 --> 00:20:08.102 responsibility. This 00:20:09.002 --> 00:20:16.002 is tremendous. 00:20:19.078 --> 00:20:24.347 In the stifling July heat, Nasser makes his way to Alexandria's Mansheya Square, 00:20:25.049 --> 00:20:30.090 where he is to deliver his speech. Once again his people wait to hear if he 00:20:30.009 --> 00:20:31.052 will respond to the West's 00:20:31.052 --> 00:20:35.100 denial of funding for the Aswan dam. At 9pm, 00:20:36.000 --> 00:20:41.021 Nasser climbs the podium. The speech is long. 00:20:41.021 --> 00:20:46.058 Nasser catalogs the centuries of humiliations the Egyptians have suffered 00:20:46.058 --> 00:20:50.110 at the hands of the West. 00:20:51.001 --> 00:20:54.690 It is an attitude of such arrogance towards other peoples. We will not be manipulated. 00:20:54.789 --> 00:20:55.850 00:20:55.085 --> 00:20:57.169 His tone is measured but angry. 00:20:58.069 --> 00:21:01.125 Today we are going to get rid of what happened in the past. 00:21:02.025 --> 00:21:07.112 00:21:08.012 --> 00:21:11.023 On the canal, Esset and his men are in position, 00:21:11.023 --> 00:21:14.086 ready for the signal, but after two hours, 00:21:14.086 --> 00:21:17.151 it still hasn't come. 00:21:18.051 --> 00:21:25.051 "Every year the Company earn 35 million pounds sterling. This money should be ours. 00:21:26.006 --> 00:21:29.094 Then the moment of truth 00:21:29.094 --> 00:21:33.108 "I imagined I had seen Ferdinand De Lesseps." 00:21:34.008 --> 00:21:38.054 At the signal, Eunice, Esset and their men, simultaneously break into the 00:21:38.054 --> 00:21:40.117 four main offices ot the Suez Canal Company. 00:21:41.017 --> 00:21:45.025 In Alexandria, Nasser leaves nothing to chance. 00:21:45.025 --> 00:21:48.104 He repeats the password a total of 14 times. 00:21:49.004 --> 00:21:52.086 00:21:52.086 --> 00:21:54.163 00:21:55.063 --> 00:21:59.068 In the Canal Company headquarters, Eunice informs the European employees that the 00:22:00.013 --> 00:22:01.100 company has been nationalized. 00:22:02.000 --> 00:22:03.069 He is polite, 00:22:03.069 --> 00:22:07.161 but he is also armed. Attempts sabotage or obstruction by the employees 00:22:08.061 --> 00:22:11.460 will not be tolerated. "They were very 00:22:12.009 --> 00:22:16.110 astonished and afraid. 00:22:16.011 --> 00:22:19.062 We tried to calmed them down and 00:22:19.062 --> 00:22:22.951 asked them to continue work 00:22:23.509 --> 00:22:26.740 as if nothing has happened." 00:22:26.074 --> 00:22:30.110 Back in Alexandria, Nasser now reveals to the world 00:22:31.001 --> 00:22:38.001 what the employees at the Suez Canal Company have just discovered. 00:22:43.089 --> 00:22:46.172 "Some of your fellow citizens have just taken over the Canal." Across Egypt, there is pandemonium. "It was a. 00:22:47.072 --> 00:22:51.091 bombshell, of course, absolute bombshell. We listen to this thing 00:22:51.091 --> 00:22:55.107 nobody expected." "People were rioting 00:22:56.007 --> 00:22:59.026 in the street. 00:22:59.026 --> 00:23:02.039 I celebrated with all Egyptians." 00:23:02.039 --> 00:23:04.092 The Suez Canal Company shall be nationalized. All Company assets shall be transferred to the state. The Company is under new management. 00:23:04.092 --> 00:23:11.092 00:23:13.079 --> 00:23:19.094 00:23:19.094 --> 00:23:21.168 The employees at the newly nationalized company 00:23:22.068 --> 00:23:25.111 do not join in the celebrations. "I remember that 00:23:26.011 --> 00:23:29.093 some of them said, 'You do not 00:23:29.093 --> 00:23:32.120 to realize the impact 00:23:33.002 --> 00:23:36.005 and the reactions from the West. 00:23:36.023 --> 00:23:39.050 Because the West cannot leave 00:23:39.005 --> 00:23:42.013 this international waterway 00:23:42.058 --> 00:23:45.149 in incapable hands. 00:23:46.049 --> 00:23:50.057 In London, 00:23:51.029 --> 00:23:55.080 Eden is enjoying post-dinner brandys with military and diplomatic top brass 00:23:55.008 --> 00:23:56.011 at No. 10. 00:23:56.083 --> 00:23:59.083 When news of Nasser's actions comes through, 00:23:59.083 --> 00:24:02.137 he is furious. "We all know this is how 00:24:03.037 --> 00:24:07.070 fascist governments behave and we all remember, 00:24:07.007 --> 00:24:10.102 only too well, what the cost can be 00:24:11.065 --> 00:24:15.161 in giving in to Fascism." The former commanding officer 00:24:16.061 --> 00:24:20.087 of our battalion described, in his usual blunt way to me, he said that 00:24:20.087 --> 00:24:24.116 the moment you mentioned the name Nasser, Eden practically 00:24:25.016 --> 00:24:30.048 got down and chewed the carpet. 00:24:30.048 --> 00:24:33.937 But in the United States, initial reaction is less belligerent. 00:24:34.369 --> 00:24:38.210 Eisenhower dispatches John Foster Dulles to London, 00:24:38.021 --> 00:24:42.840 to calm me Eden down. Dulles carries with him a letter from the President. 00:24:43.029 --> 00:24:46.330 "The letter said that, under no circumstances, within 00:24:46.033 --> 00:24:49.862 American public opinion or the american government support use of force in the 00:24:50.159 --> 00:24:54.850 Middle East." But Eden has already made his decision. 00:24:54.085 --> 00:24:57.404 The next morning, Eisenhower had a 00:24:58.169 --> 00:25:01.600 cable from Eden, 00:25:01.006 --> 00:25:05.105 stating the explicitly that the government had decided that they were 00:25:06.059 --> 00:25:07.124 going to get rid of Nasser, 00:25:08.024 --> 00:25:12.323 that this is the only alternative, that there was a firm decision, they were 00:25:12.539 --> 00:25:13.551 going to change it, 00:25:13.659 --> 00:25:17.660 and that was that." 00:25:17.759 --> 00:25:20.940 "Essentially, the British and French reaction 00:25:20.094 --> 00:25:25.313 to the Suez Crisis, captivated two principles, 00:25:26.159 --> 00:25:29.196 about which we have heard quite a lot recently. 00:25:29.529 --> 00:25:32.530 One was regime change, feeling that Nasser must go. 00:25:32.539 --> 00:25:35.610 The other was preemptive 00:25:36.249 --> 00:25:39.830 self-defense. Eden's justification for this 00:25:39.083 --> 00:25:43.097 is the belief that Nasser is a Soviet puppet, a direct threat 00:25:43.097 --> 00:25:47.176 to British interests. Lucky Break's intelligence has told him so. 00:25:48.049 --> 00:25:52.062 But the intelligence is wrong. In moscow, 00:25:52.179 --> 00:25:55.179 Nikita Kruschev knows nothing of Nasser's plans. 00:25:55.179 --> 00:26:00.720 "When he nationalized the canal, it was a surprise for the Soviet Union also. 00:26:00.072 --> 00:26:04.073 He didn't take their permission or anything." 00:26:04.082 --> 00:26:08.181 "Even once he had made this decision, a few days before the announcement, he didn't tell the Soviets. 00:26:08.919 --> 00:26:12.840 And he didn't tell them for an obvious reason, he knew what their reaction 00:26:12.084 --> 00:26:16.773 would be. Moscow would tell him, "Don't do it." The West 00:26:17.529 --> 00:26:23.567 saw Moscow as the ginger man in the story, as provoking Nasser to be more and 00:26:23.909 --> 00:26:23.985 more aggressive. 00:26:24.669 --> 00:26:28.753 In fact, Moscow was doing the opposite." Meanwhile, 00:26:29.509 --> 00:26:33.220 in the newly nationalized canal, the atmosphere is tense. 00:26:33.022 --> 00:26:37.601 Nasser knows that Edan does not expect the Egyptians will be able to run the 00:26:37.799 --> 00:26:38.350 canal. 00:26:38.035 --> 00:26:41.041 Critical to its running, are the three hundred pilots, 00:26:41.095 --> 00:26:45.134 nearly all European, who guide each ship from one end to the other. 00:26:46.034 --> 00:26:49.047 "Without these pilots, the traffic will 00:26:49.047 --> 00:26:52.082 will never start, canal will stop." 00:26:52.082 --> 00:26:55.151 "We noticed that after 00:26:55.889 --> 00:26:58.955 the summer leave is over, some 00:26:59.549 --> 00:27:03.550 did not come back. We also notice 00:27:03.559 --> 00:27:07.350 that some are selling their cars." 00:27:07.035 --> 00:27:10.604 "In fourteenth of September, 00:27:10.919 --> 00:27:13.925 at twelve o'clock, they declared 00:27:14.519 --> 00:27:19.590 we stop work." Seven weeks after nationalization, 00:27:19.059 --> 00:27:23.248 the British Prime Minister has secretly instructed the pilots to abandon the 00:27:23.779 --> 00:27:23.838 canal. 00:27:24.369 --> 00:27:27.720 "It was now an exam, in 00:27:27.072 --> 00:27:30.135 which if we failed, then soon, 00:27:31.035 --> 00:27:37.074 then soon the Suez Canal would be lost. Egypt's hopes rest on the shoulders of the 00:27:37.074 --> 00:27:39.863 26-year-old trainee pilot Ali Nasri, 00:27:40.529 --> 00:27:44.533 who, with only a fortnight's training, has to take a ship through the canal. 00:27:44.929 --> 00:27:49.952 "My first vessel was German and the captain came and say, 00:27:50.159 --> 00:27:55.220 'You are from the new pilots?', I said, 'Yes and this is my first time. 00:27:55.022 --> 00:27:59.069 I have to take a ship alone'." 00:27:59.069 --> 00:28:04.048 The potential for disaster is huge. The canal is little over a hundred meters 00:28:04.669 --> 00:28:05.681 wide at points. 00:28:05.789 --> 00:28:09.886 Ali Nasri fears a miscalculation could send his tanker into the bank's 00:28:10.759 --> 00:28:13.788 blocking the whole canal and proving Eden right. 00:28:14.049 --> 00:28:19.134 "The feeling of responsibility makes me losing some confidence. 00:28:19.899 --> 00:28:23.700 I couldn't see the buoys. You see the green boys and red buoys. 00:28:23.007 --> 00:28:27.476 I couldn't see any. 00:28:28.169 --> 00:28:32.251 But by time, they [unintelligible], and they start to give orders. 00:28:32.989 --> 00:28:35.120 00:28:35.012 --> 00:28:42.012 Slowly his ship moves off down the canal. 00:28:45.057 --> 00:28:51.098 "My orders, I executed immediately. 00:28:51.098 --> 00:28:53.166 You keep the vessel in the middle, straight. 00:28:54.066 --> 00:28:57.073 So I start to feel happy, relax. 00:28:57.073 --> 00:29:00.107 I can see the way, the vessel was moving. 00:29:01.007 --> 00:29:07.009 So I start to feel easy-easy." Nasri's progress is followed with baited breath 00:29:07.027 --> 00:29:10.079 on the banks of the canal. I saw somebody 00:29:10.079 --> 00:29:13.130 in the road, somebody calling, "Pilot, Pilot." 00:29:14.003 --> 00:29:18.028 Yes, I look by the glass, and found him, Mahmoud Younis himself. 00:29:18.055 --> 00:29:22.119 The Chairman standing in the road saying, 00:29:23.019 --> 00:29:26.088 'Good luck, go ahead." 00:29:26.088 --> 00:29:30.181 14 hours later, a ship piloted by an Egyptian has passed successfully through 00:29:31.081 --> 00:29:31.155 the canal. 00:29:32.055 --> 00:29:35.057 Once again, there are celebrations in the streets. 00:29:35.057 --> 00:29:38.155 "It is beyond any imagination 00:29:39.055 --> 00:29:42.056 that gave the confidence 00:29:42.065 --> 00:29:45.118 to the Egyptian state that they can do 00:29:46.018 --> 00:29:49.054 what the whole world thought 00:29:49.054 --> 00:29:55.573 that they cannot. 00:29:56.059 --> 00:30:00.095 But in London, Eden is still determined to build a case for intervention. 00:30:00.419 --> 00:30:03.580 Removing the pilots is only his opening gambit. 00:30:03.058 --> 00:30:07.037 Now he decides to overwhelm the inexperienced Egyptians 00:30:07.559 --> 00:30:13.330 by forcing a gigantic fleet of tankers through the canal. 00:30:13.033 --> 00:30:17.104 "Now the British had planned a nice little scheme which would demonstrate to 00:30:18.004 --> 00:30:19.086 the world Egyptians were incompetent at 00:30:19.086 --> 00:30:22.905 running the canal and they would have lots of ships, just poised and ready, 00:30:23.679 --> 00:30:26.900 to go through the canal once the pilot's have been withdrawn." 00:30:26.009 --> 00:30:30.065 "Then instead of receiving, say 20 vessels at 00:30:31.046 --> 00:30:36.145 Port Said, you receive 30, to make it more difficult 00:30:36.559 --> 00:30:43.559 for any group to carry on as [unintelligible]. 00:30:43.077 --> 00:30:46.078 Exhausted, the 36 Egyptian pilots 00:30:46.078 --> 00:30:49.161 and whatever foreign recruits they can muster, work day and night 00:30:50.061 --> 00:30:53.099 to deny Eden his wish and to keep the canal running. 00:30:53.099 --> 00:30:56.102 We were working continuously. 00:30:57.029 --> 00:31:00.118 President Nasser, at that time, 00:31:01.018 --> 00:31:04.055 was on the phone, on the wireless, 00:31:04.055 --> 00:31:08.108 hour by hour." 00:31:09.008 --> 00:31:13.064 The Egyptians succeed in keeping the canal open, despite Eden's best efforts 00:31:13.064 --> 00:31:13.155 at sabotage. 00:31:14.055 --> 00:31:17.127 For a second time, the Prime Minister has been foiled. 00:31:18.027 --> 00:31:21.071 The whole world was 00:31:21.071 --> 00:31:24.157 not expect, at all, that 00:31:25.057 --> 00:31:29.065 Egypt would succeed in this severe 00:31:29.065 --> 00:31:32.148 exam. And some of the Western 00:31:33.048 --> 00:31:36.094 papers sugguested that the Egyptians 00:31:36.094 --> 00:31:39.097 cultivate the Suez Canal area with 00:31:40.024 --> 00:31:43.026 potatoes, instead of running 00:31:43.026 --> 00:31:47.103 the Suez Canal." Eden is frustrated, 00:31:48.003 --> 00:31:53.079 but Nasser feels vindicated. It is now almost three months since nationalization 00:31:53.079 --> 00:31:58.164 and the canal is still open for business. It seems Aiden's plans to overthrow Nasser 00:31:59.064 --> 00:32:04.119 and wrestle back control of the canal, have failed. The world can see no reason 00:32:05.019 --> 00:32:10.073 for war. Then, 00:32:10.073 --> 00:32:14.120 on the 14th of October, two visitors from the French Ministry of Defence 00:32:15.002 --> 00:32:18.060 arrive to see a gloomy Prime Minister at his country retreat, 00:32:18.078 --> 00:32:21.144 Checkers. "The French had invented the following 00:32:22.044 --> 00:32:25.129 senario, that Israel should attack 00:32:26.029 --> 00:32:29.085 Egypt. There upon, Britain and France, who 00:32:29.085 --> 00:32:34.098 had forces in the neighborhood, should say, 'We cannot allow this kind of war because 00:32:34.098 --> 00:32:37.160 it will interfere with the Suez Canal, and therefore. 00:32:38.006 --> 00:32:41.015 we are going to intervene and hold the two countries apart. 00:32:42.005 --> 00:32:43.365 "I happened to be in Paris, 00:32:46.087 --> 00:32:48.128 so the Minister of Defense called me in 00:32:49.028 --> 00:32:54.120 and says, 'You ever thought about storming over Sinai?' 00:32:55.002 --> 00:33:01.096 00:33:02.014 --> 00:33:05.099 And that's how it started." 00:33:05.099 --> 00:33:07.177 Eden is enthusiastic about this French plan, 00:33:08.077 --> 00:33:12.109 not only will he be able to seize the canal, he sees a way to bring about 00:33:13.009 --> 00:33:14.056 Nassar's downfall. 00:33:14.056 --> 00:33:17.110 "To bomb Egypt, you 00:33:18.001 --> 00:33:22.014 create panic within the country, you link this 00:33:22.023 --> 00:33:26.058 to an invasion - Israeli invasion, and the new government will emerge 00:33:26.058 --> 00:33:30.064 and Nasser will be no more. As Eden is plotting in Britain, 00:33:31.018 --> 00:33:34.052 the rest of the world is trying to broker a peace deal at the United 00:33:34.052 --> 00:33:34.115 Nations. 00:33:35.015 --> 00:33:38.054 Eden has reluctantly sent his foreign secretary, 00:33:38.054 --> 00:33:41.078 Selwyn Lloyd, to meet with the French and Egyptians in New York. 00:33:41.078 --> 00:33:44.107 To Lloyd's surprise, the talks are going well. 00:33:45.007 --> 00:33:48.018 "He desperately hoped he would be able to make 00:33:48.018 --> 00:33:51.026 real progress in these talks in the United Nations 00:33:51.098 --> 00:33:55.169 and was encouraged by the Egyptian Foreign Minister, Fawzi's, 00:33:56.069 --> 00:34:01.147 willingness to talk over the subject." But just as it seems progress is being made 00:34:02.047 --> 00:34:05.082 the atmosphere changes, the attitude 00:34:05.082 --> 00:34:09.088 of Pireau, the French Foreign Minister, was very ambiguous. 00:34:09.088 --> 00:34:13.110 From the beginning, he seemed to be prepared 00:34:14.011 --> 00:34:19.016 to get down to real negotiations, but then halfway through, 00:34:19.016 --> 00:34:23.069 he seemed to lose interest intirely and we wondered 00:34:23.069 --> 00:34:26.163 what was going on and why. Eden, 00:34:27.063 --> 00:34:31.130 anxious that no deal is struck in New York, telephones Lloyd and orders him to 00:34:32.031 --> 00:34:33.105 abandon the talks immediately. 00:34:34.005 --> 00:34:37.079 The Foreign Secretary, feeling he might be close to a solution, 00:34:37.079 --> 00:34:40.114 is exasperated. Selwyn Lloyd 00:34:41.014 --> 00:34:44.107 probably thought that it was worthwhile continuing with these discussions. 00:34:45.007 --> 00:34:48.016 You might say like Hans Blix thought that he could do with a couple more months 00:34:48.097 --> 00:34:52.176 of time to decide something very definite about the weapons of mass destruction 00:34:53.076 --> 00:34:57.139 but Eden wasn't having any of it." 00:34:58.004 --> 00:35:02.033 Eden has another agenda and instructs Lloyd and Logan to travel, 00:35:02.069 --> 00:35:05.112 in secret, to a Parisian suburb called Se, 00:35:06.012 --> 00:35:09.026 to finalize the plot with the French and Israelis. 00:35:09.026 --> 00:35:13.044 Lloyd was desperately disappointed, but felt, 00:35:13.044 --> 00:35:17.110 out of loyalty, that he had to do it but it turned his stomach to do it 00:35:18.001 --> 00:35:22.087 and he hated it all the way through. The document agreed on here, 00:35:22.096 --> 00:35:26.159 known as the Sev protocol, puts down in black and white the covert plan to 00:35:27.059 --> 00:35:28.068 invade Egypt 00:35:28.068 --> 00:35:32.135 and fool the world. At the end, copies of the protocol are presented for 00:35:33.035 --> 00:35:33.111 signatures. 00:35:34.011 --> 00:35:38.073 Patrick Dean, a Foreign Office official, signs on behalf of the British. 00:35:38.073 --> 00:35:41.165 But Eden does not expect his desire for war 00:35:42.065 --> 00:35:45.164 to be confirmed in writing. "We returned late that night and took the 00:35:46.064 --> 00:35:50.150 document to him in No. 10 and his immediate reaction 00:35:51.005 --> 00:35:56.012 was, 'Oh my god, I never expected it to be signed'." When this document finally emerged, 00:35:56.057 --> 00:35:59.135 forty years later, it confirmed how a British Prime Minister 00:36:00.035 --> 00:36:03.108 had deceived the world and deliberately engineered a war 00:36:04.008 --> 00:36:06.102 in the Middle East. 00:36:07.002 --> 00:36:12.561 00:36:12.579 --> 00:36:16.640 On October the 29th, the Israelis land a parachute brigade 00:36:16.064 --> 00:36:21.089 deep in the Sinai, as agreed at Sev. Nasser is awoken at 4am 00:36:21.089 --> 00:36:24.128 and told the news. "You can take that he was surprised 00:36:25.028 --> 00:36:29.617 and not surprised. We were predicting 00:36:29.869 --> 00:36:34.210 that there would be an action against Egypt, but we have 00:36:34.021 --> 00:36:40.024 no information from Israel." But the Israeli advance towards the canal 00:36:40.051 --> 00:36:41.052 is a fake, 00:36:41.061 --> 00:36:44.106 designed purely to convince the world that the canal is threatened. 00:36:45.006 --> 00:36:48.072 "It was about 40 kilometers from the canal or 45 kilometers. 00:36:48.072 --> 00:36:51.103 But when you look at big maps then you can say 00:36:52.003 --> 00:36:56.008 the drop was not far from the canal. There was enough to fulfill the needs of the 00:36:56.053 --> 00:36:56.060 British to say 00:36:57.023 --> 00:37:01.088 the canal is threatened." 00:37:01.088 --> 00:37:04.157 "We didn't go into the motives and consideration of 00:37:05.057 --> 00:37:08.123 France and England because our aims were clear." 00:37:09.023 --> 00:37:14.023 The Israeli forces concentrate instead 00:37:14.023 --> 00:37:18.092 on destroying the Egyptian army in Sinai which they have long seen as a threat 00:37:18.092 --> 00:37:22.181 to Israel's security. The attack takes Nasser's commanders by surprise. 00:37:23.081 --> 00:37:26.099 They are quickly overwhelmed and forced to retreat. 00:37:26.099 --> 00:37:29.103 The following day, Britain and France 00:37:30.003 --> 00:37:35.045 issue their ultimatum as planned at Sev, Israel and Egypt are to cease fighting 00:37:35.045 --> 00:37:39.129 or the two Western powers will intervene. Eden knows 00:37:40.029 --> 00:37:43.046 this is an ultimatum that Nasser cannot accept. 00:37:43.046 --> 00:37:47.095 On the evening of the 30th of October, the ultimatum expires. 00:37:47.095 --> 00:37:54.095 00:37:57.007 --> 00:38:02.020 Shortly afterwards, Nasser hears planes in the skies above Cairo. 00:38:02.083 --> 00:38:07.131 "I was with the Indonesian ambassador and there were the air warning 00:38:08.031 --> 00:38:10.460 and then 00:38:10.739 --> 00:38:14.773 came the blackout. I listened 00:38:15.079 --> 00:38:20.510 and there was the jet airplanes and I said to the Indonesian 00:38:20.051 --> 00:38:24.059 ambassador these are British." 00:38:24.059 --> 00:38:28.338 Now Nasser realizes just how much Eden is prepared to gamble. 00:38:28.869 --> 00:38:32.200 "I hadn't thought at all that Britain would do 00:38:32.002 --> 00:38:35.070 any attack against us because it was clear 00:38:35.088 --> 00:38:38.089 that any attack against us would effect 00:38:38.098 --> 00:38:41.104 the British position all over the Arab countries. 00:38:42.058 --> 00:38:45.115 And would mean the end of the British relations and 00:38:46.015 --> 00:38:50.019 influence in the Middle East. 00:38:50.055 --> 00:38:53.096 As the bombs fall, a frightened Egyptian population 00:38:53.096 --> 00:38:56.155 rush to join civilian militias. "Most of us, 00:38:57.055 --> 00:39:00.103 the young people, decided that we're going to defend the country." 00:39:01.003 --> 00:39:05.049 "We really didn't know what we're gonna do because our training was very cursory. 00:39:05.049 --> 00:39:08.928 It included one clip of live ammunition. When we joined, 00:39:09.369 --> 00:39:13.310 first thing they did was they give us those cases of Kalashnikov rifles 00:39:13.031 --> 00:39:17.590 right out of the boxes with Greece, and they said, 'Okay, here is your rifle.'" 00:39:17.869 --> 00:39:21.350 This makeshift civilian army 00:39:21.035 --> 00:39:24.043 now waits for the arrival of British paratroopers. 00:39:24.043 --> 00:39:27.048 "You hear a lot of fire, people flying 00:39:27.093 --> 00:39:30.141 rifles and firing in the air. We don't- 00:39:31.041 --> 00:39:35.088 you know, everybody is a parachutist, you know. Any noise you think somebody had just 00:39:35.088 --> 00:39:38.092 come from sky. So it was a very very 00:39:39.028 --> 00:39:43.057 tense moment and we were scared." 00:39:43.057 --> 00:39:46.155 But Cairo, where Talaat Badrawi and other volunteers are waiting 00:39:47.055 --> 00:39:51.098 is not the target for the British paratroopers assault. Port Said, 00:39:51.098 --> 00:39:55.142 at the mouth of the canal, is where Britain will begin the reconquest 00:39:56.042 --> 00:40:03.042 of Egypt. 00:40:03.079 --> 00:40:09.113 After five days of aerial bombardment, 668 British paratroopers land in Port Said. 00:40:10.013 --> 00:40:16.056 The city quickly finds itself under occupation, 00:40:16.056 --> 00:40:20.091 but its population is determined not to give Eden the easy victory 00:40:20.091 --> 00:40:24.110 he has anticipated. "And then they landed, 00:40:25.001 --> 00:40:28.002 the British landed in Port Said. 00:40:28.011 --> 00:40:31.028 So of course we wanted to wipe them out." 00:40:31.028 --> 00:40:34.062 "All the people have 00:40:34.062 --> 00:40:38.084 arms and guns and machine guns. They shoot at the airplanes 00:40:38.084 --> 00:40:41.169 and every Egyptian people are ready to sacrifice himself 00:40:42.069 --> 00:40:46.137 in order to- to defend his country." As the resistance mobilizes, 00:40:47.037 --> 00:40:50.040 the British Prime Minister is insisting to the world 00:40:50.004 --> 00:40:53.091 that his actions are right, legal, and morally sound. 00:40:54.027 --> 00:41:00.082 "All my life, I've been a man a man of peace. 00:41:00.082 --> 00:41:03.126 Working for peace, striving for peace, 00:41:04.026 --> 00:41:07.081 negotiating for peace 00:41:07.081 --> 00:41:12.123 and I'm still the same, with the same conviction, 00:41:13.023 --> 00:41:16.041 same diversion to peace. 00:41:16.041 --> 00:41:19.045 But I'm utterly 00:41:19.045 --> 00:41:24.414 convinced the action we have taken is right." 00:41:24.819 --> 00:41:26.440 As Eden is speaking, 00:41:26.044 --> 00:41:29.092 Port Said is burning. 00:41:29.092 --> 00:41:32.098 "There were two streets 00:41:33.052 --> 00:41:36.064 I'm Abbas Street and Adadi 00:41:36.064 --> 00:41:39.115 Street. These were mainly slums of wooden huts. 00:41:40.015 --> 00:41:43.059 So they shot powder 00:41:43.059 --> 00:41:47.148 at this homes and they were all set ablaze. One would see so many 00:41:48.048 --> 00:41:51.107 homes burned, from the start to the end of the street. 00:41:52.007 --> 00:41:56.010 This homes were all burned. 00:41:56.001 --> 00:41:59.019 I saw corpses down the streets that nobody 00:41:59.028 --> 00:42:02.030 could bury and they brought small wagons, 00:42:02.003 --> 00:42:05.031 usually used to sell vegetables, and put six 00:42:05.058 --> 00:42:09.086 or seven corpses on every wagon to take them to the graveyard, 00:42:09.086 --> 00:42:12.144 in order to be buried there and I saw two corpses 00:42:13.044 --> 00:42:16.046 which were flattened to the ground all together. 00:42:16.046 --> 00:42:21.078 They were crushed by tanks." 00:42:21.078 --> 00:42:26.093 The war is barely a week old, hundreds of Egyptian civilians have already been 00:42:26.093 --> 00:42:27.169 killed in the bombing campaign 00:42:28.069 --> 00:42:34.091 and more die in the street fighting that follows. 00:42:34.091 --> 00:42:36.139 00:42:37.039 --> 00:42:41.053 it is at this point that Eden hopes a terrified Egyptian population 00:42:41.053 --> 00:42:46.074 will rise up to overthrow Nasser. "They do not understand what Egypt 00:42:46.074 --> 00:42:51.095 is. They were completely wrong. The Egyptians were- all of them- were 00:42:51.095 --> 00:42:58.095 where at one heart behind Nasser." 00:42:59.089 --> 00:43:01.748 "When they feel a foreign threat, 00:43:02.549 --> 00:43:05.690 people come together and that's what happened exactly." 00:43:05.069 --> 00:43:10.978 The Egyptian Armed Forces may be hopelessly outgunned, 00:43:11.599 --> 00:43:14.660 but Nasser and his government remain in Cairo. 00:43:14.066 --> 00:43:17.073 Plans are made to begin a guerrilla war, 00:43:17.073 --> 00:43:20.100 should the army be overwhelmed. "A popular army 00:43:21.000 --> 00:43:24.046 to fight in the canals, in the streets, in the countryside, in the ports." 00:43:24.046 --> 00:43:28.165 "We were hiding 00:43:28.579 --> 00:43:31.770 arms all over the villages, everywhere in Egypt; 00:43:31.077 --> 00:43:35.164 So even if the troops, they came to invade Egypt, we will fight- we 00:43:36.064 --> 00:43:37.523 will resist." 00:43:38.099 --> 00:43:41.173 And to prevent the British taking the canal, 00:43:41.839 --> 00:43:45.130 Nassar orders ships to be sunk and the canal blocked. 00:43:45.013 --> 00:43:49.202 Eden's invasion has succeeded in obstructing the very waterway 00:43:49.319 --> 00:43:53.530 is trying to save and that is in the Prime Minister's only miscalculation. 00:43:53.053 --> 00:43:56.092 The Suez Crisis suddenly increases the temperature 00:43:56.092 --> 00:43:59.097 of the Cold War. "Burning buildings and bitter street fighting, 00:44:00.042 --> 00:44:05.099 signal the release of long, pent-up resentment." 00:44:05.099 --> 00:44:07.162 2,000 kilometers away, in Budapest, 00:44:08.062 --> 00:44:12.104 the Soviet Union's empire in Europe is threatened by a popular uprising. 00:44:13.004 --> 00:44:17.006 "The red star has been ripped, the hated symbol of communism is effaced 00:44:17.024 --> 00:44:20.082 where ever found." Nikita Kruschev 00:44:20.082 --> 00:44:23.100 sees his ally Nasser coming under attack in Cairo 00:44:24.000 --> 00:44:27.071 and realizes that Soviet prestige appears to be crumbling 00:44:27.071 --> 00:44:30.152 on two continents. "He feels 00:44:31.052 --> 00:44:35.106 that the West is taking advantage of him when he is down, 00:44:36.006 --> 00:44:39.044 that that British and the French are watching his troubles in eastern Europe 00:44:39.044 --> 00:44:42.127 and see that they have an opportunity to deal with one of his allies now because 00:44:43.027 --> 00:44:44.058 he is distracted. 00:44:44.058 --> 00:44:47.132 His reaction was the reaction of political leader 00:44:48.032 --> 00:44:52.063 who is fearful, surprised, and 00:44:52.063 --> 00:44:56.107 angry at the same time. Kruschev 00:44:57.007 --> 00:45:01.053 uses the city of Budapest to send a bloody message to the West, 00:45:01.053 --> 00:45:08.053 as recent research has uncovered. 00:45:08.089 --> 00:45:11.094 "We have the Politburo minutes and it makes clear 00:45:11.094 --> 00:45:15.973 what's going on here. He wants to send a signal to them that no, Soviet Union is as 00:45:16.819 --> 00:45:16.916 powerful as ever. 00:45:17.789 --> 00:45:20.835 You cannot mess with me, either in the Middle East 00:45:21.249 --> 00:45:26.327 or in Eastern Europe." Then 00:45:27.029 --> 00:45:31.112 Kruschev ups the stakes. Lacking conventional forces in the Middle East 00:45:31.859 --> 00:45:33.970 to help, Egypt against the British and French 00:45:33.097 --> 00:45:37.144 he threatens the West with the doomsday option. "He 00:45:38.044 --> 00:45:42.098 said to the world that, don't be surprised 00:45:42.098 --> 00:45:46.143 if the consequences of your actions is that nuclear weapons will fall on 00:45:47.043 --> 00:45:53.127 London and Paris. 00:45:54.027 --> 00:45:55.705 This was the first time they had 00:45:57.383 --> 00:45:59.061 ever made a nuclear threat." Suddenly, 00:45:59.079 --> 00:46:03.082 it looks like Eden's adventure in Egypt is going to end in Armageddon. 00:46:04.009 --> 00:46:09.053 "Somebody had a radio and we heard of that- 00:46:09.053 --> 00:46:12.142 that the Russians were threatening 00:46:13.042 --> 00:46:17.073 to drop bombs on London, and the Chinese might be about to join in 00:46:17.073 --> 00:46:22.106 too. And that moment I did think, this is really going to be 00:46:23.006 --> 00:46:28.063 the third world war. 00:46:28.063 --> 00:46:31.070 The threat of nuclear war 00:46:32.033 --> 00:46:36.072 concentrates minds in Washington, where President Eisenhower is already furious 00:46:36.072 --> 00:46:37.113 with the Prime Minister. 00:46:38.013 --> 00:46:41.017 "United States was not consulted in any way about 00:46:41.053 --> 00:46:44.149 any phase of these actions. Nor were we informed of them 00:46:45.049 --> 00:46:48.121 in advance." "He was so angry with the British, 00:46:49.021 --> 00:46:53.066 I mean, he was really angry with the British. they'd gone 00:46:53.066 --> 00:46:58.117 around his back and colluded with these other guys." 00:46:59.017 --> 00:47:02.023 00:47:02.023 --> 00:47:05.030 In front of the world, the American Secretary of State 00:47:05.003 --> 00:47:08.010 condemns his country's oldest ally. "I doubt that any 00:47:09.000 --> 00:47:14.003 delegate ever spoke from this forum with as heavy a heart 00:47:14.003 --> 00:47:17.080 as I have brought here tonight." 00:47:18.007 --> 00:47:21.054 "Eden had the 00:47:21.054 --> 00:47:24.105 awful realization 00:47:25.005 --> 00:47:30.079 that he had totally misjudged the American aspect of the affair." 00:47:30.079 --> 00:47:34.155 Eden's plans are unraveling fast. He is not anticipated this level of hostility 00:47:35.055 --> 00:47:36.116 from the Americans, 00:47:37.016 --> 00:47:41.107 nor from his own people. "If he is sincere in what he is saying, then he is too stupid to be a prime minister." 00:47:42.007 --> 00:47:46.072 00:47:46.072 --> 00:47:50.072 "There was demonstrations in London as big as demonstrations in Egypt." 00:47:50.072 --> 00:47:56.095 "And there is only one way in which that they can even begin to restore that tarnished reputation. And that is to get out, get out, get out!" 00:47:56.095 --> 00:47:58.144 00:47:59.044 --> 00:48:04.383 00:48:04.779 --> 00:48:08.140 The world sees photographs which show in grisly detail 00:48:08.014 --> 00:48:12.793 the effects of the war on the Egyptian people. As opposition across the world 00:48:12.919 --> 00:48:12.986 mounts, 00:48:13.589 --> 00:48:17.683 moral in Port Said soars. "People around the world we're backing 00:48:18.529 --> 00:48:22.584 you. In the West, we had the public opinion with Egyptians." 00:48:23.079 --> 00:48:28.151 And Eden realizes he has fatally miscalculated the reaction 00:48:28.799 --> 00:48:31.853 of the Egyptian population to invasion. "If you ask me, 00:48:32.339 --> 00:48:38.344 where they afraid? Yes, we were all afraid, because nobody likes to die. 00:48:38.839 --> 00:48:43.928 We used to live a daily natural life, but with little commodities. 00:48:44.729 --> 00:48:47.811 Limited food but people would stay 00:48:48.549 --> 00:48:51.645 at cafes, listening to the radio, encouraging people to resist - 00:48:52.509 --> 00:48:58.160 very special atmosphere." 00:48:58.016 --> 00:49:02.089 Nasser refuses to go into hiding. He determines instead to rally his people 00:49:02.089 --> 00:49:04.090 after Friday prayers at Cairo's 00:49:04.009 --> 00:49:08.050 ancient Al Azar mosque. 00:49:09.031 --> 00:49:13.088 "We will fight from house to house, from village to village. We will fight and never surrender. 00:49:13.088 --> 00:49:18.093 We will fight rather than live humiliated. We will fight to the last drop of blood. We're building our country, our history, our future. 00:49:18.093 --> 00:49:21.106 00:49:22.006 --> 00:49:27.047 00:49:27.047 --> 00:49:34.047 00:49:39.068 --> 00:49:43.507 In London, Eden is feeling the strain. He has failed to win the hearts and minds 00:49:44.119 --> 00:49:45.670 of the Egyptian people. 00:49:45.067 --> 00:49:49.686 Nasser is more popular than ever and now comes the decisive blow. 00:49:50.289 --> 00:49:54.292 Britain's currency reserves have been hemorrhaging since the bombing campaign 00:49:54.589 --> 00:49:54.656 began, 00:49:55.259 --> 00:49:59.283 as dealers all over the world dump sterling. "In those days, 00:49:59.499 --> 00:50:03.546 Britain was the banker of the sterling area. Britain saw 00:50:03.969 --> 00:50:10.640 immediate danger over the bottom falling out of that." 00:50:10.064 --> 00:50:12.151 When Eden appeals to the Americans for financial help, 00:50:13.051 --> 00:50:17.110 President Eisenhower makes sure there will be no room for misunderstanding 00:50:18.001 --> 00:50:23.001 this time. "Eisenhower's was quite firm, he said as soon as you agree to get out 00:50:23.001 --> 00:50:25.062 and really are getting out, we willl help you, but not a minute before." 00:50:27.123 --> 00:50:29.184 On the 6th of November, 00:50:30.084 --> 00:50:33.130 after nine days of war, Eden has no choice. 00:50:34.003 --> 00:50:38.046 With British troops having advanced little over 10 miles down the canal, 00:50:38.073 --> 00:50:43.462 the Prime Minister reluctantly calls a cease-fire. If the United Nations will take over 00:50:44.119 --> 00:50:45.420 this police action, 00:50:45.042 --> 00:50:49.124 we shall welcome, indeed we prefer 00:50:50.024 --> 00:50:56.056 that cause to them." 00:50:56.056 --> 00:51:03.056 The arrival of United Nations contingents at Port Said 00:51:08.019 --> 00:51:12.023 causes a sensation that nearly develops into a riot by excitable Egyptians. 00:51:12.059 --> 00:51:15.068 "Of course, 00:51:15.068 --> 00:51:19.113 I was jumping with joy. When the last British soldier left, 00:51:20.013 --> 00:51:26.072 we used to say, "Go to hell." Plans are made for United Nations troops to 00:51:26.072 --> 00:51:28.091 replace the British and French on the ground. 00:51:28.091 --> 00:51:31.157 The cease-fire is a humiliating climbdown for Eden 00:51:32.057 --> 00:51:35.144 and his commanders. "I have to say 00:51:36.044 --> 00:51:40.044 that most of the offices in the regiment 00:51:40.044 --> 00:51:44.047 took it as a mortal blow. I think it was 00:51:44.047 --> 00:51:47.142 very, very hard all professional soldiers who'd gone into this 00:51:48.042 --> 00:51:52.090 enterprise in good faith, thought that this was going to be the final 00:51:52.009 --> 00:51:56.013 roar of the British lion and suddenly found it it was just a sort of a 00:51:56.094 --> 00:52:01.137 mingy little squeak that achieved nothing." For the prime minister, 00:52:02.037 --> 00:52:07.043 the pressure of failure is unbearable. With Britain facing a winter fuel crisis 00:52:07.043 --> 00:52:08.121 because of the closure of the canal, 00:52:09.021 --> 00:52:12.094 he leaves the country for Jamaica, his health and career 00:52:12.094 --> 00:52:15.121 crumbling. So anthony, at the moment of departure may we ask you how you're feeling?" 00:52:16.021 --> 00:52:19.112 "The main thing I'm feeling 00:52:20.012 --> 00:52:23.045 is that I'm deeply sorry to have to leave 00:52:23.045 --> 00:52:27.090 the country at this time." 00:52:27.009 --> 00:52:33.448 Five weeks later, he is back but not for long. 00:52:34.339 --> 00:52:38.368 Eden never returned to frontline politics and his reputation never recovered from 00:52:38.629 --> 00:52:40.657 taking Britain to war in the Middle East 00:52:40.909 --> 00:52:45.001 under false pretenses. Britain's reputation was equally damaged. 00:52:45.829 --> 00:52:48.916 "Well it was a total utter disaster 00:52:49.699 --> 00:52:52.734 and it took us twenty years 00:52:53.049 --> 00:52:57.116 to recover our rightful position as someone who was not 00:52:57.719 --> 00:53:00.802 lord and master in that area, but a friend 00:53:01.549 --> 00:53:05.603 to those states which will emerge after many centuries when we and the French 00:53:06.089 --> 00:53:09.146 had ruled the roost." In Egypt, 00:53:09.659 --> 00:53:14.754 the Suez Crisis was the making of Nasser. "The 23rd of December, 00:53:15.609 --> 00:53:18.664 1956 [unintelligible]. 00:53:19.159 --> 00:53:22.232 It was the first day of the liberation of Port Said 00:53:22.889 --> 00:53:28.260 and the whole city was out to celebrate victory." 00:53:28.026 --> 00:53:31.075 "At that time, he was, you know, he was God, I have to tell you." 00:53:31.075 --> 00:53:34.158 "President Nasser is a historic hero." 00:53:35.058 --> 00:53:39.141 In the aftermath of the Suez Crisis, 00:53:40.041 --> 00:53:44.098 Nasser was fated all over the Arab world. Here at last was a leader who could 00:53:44.098 --> 00:53:45.130 stand up to the West 00:53:46.003 --> 00:53:49.030 and win. "And the Arabs at that time 00:53:49.057 --> 00:53:53.099 started to realize that Nasser was hero, 00:53:53.099 --> 00:53:56.111 who was sent by god 00:53:57.011 --> 00:54:00.040 to retrieve the Arabs from 00:54:00.004 --> 00:54:04.004 many years of subordination." "Nasser, 00:54:04.004 --> 00:54:08.077 in a sense, was a big winner but with a win which set him up 00:54:09.013 --> 00:54:14.058 to be an awfully big loser because Nasser eventually came to believe his own 00:54:14.058 --> 00:54:14.135 propaganda that 00:54:15.035 --> 00:54:19.064 he had won a great battle." A little over 10 years later, 00:54:19.064 --> 00:54:23.088 Nasser decides that he is strong enough to settle old scores with the Israeli 00:54:23.088 --> 00:54:25.089 invaders of 1956. 00:54:25.098 --> 00:54:28.141 "In 1967, he said, 'Last time, 00:54:29.041 --> 00:54:32.116 we were fighting Israel, Britain, and France. We won then, 00:54:33.016 --> 00:54:38.068 this time, Israel is alone." 00:54:38.068 --> 00:54:41.147 It is an appalling misjudgment. "In the Sinai desert, 00:54:42.047 --> 00:54:45.075 in the wake of Egypt catastrophic retreat, line Nasser's 00:54:45.075 --> 00:54:50.121 wrecked tanks. The whole world hopes, that from great victory and utter defeat, wisdom 00:54:51.021 --> 00:54:52.093 will emerge and bring lasting peace 00:54:52.093 --> 00:54:55.170 to this part of the world." 00:54:56.007 --> 00:54:59.051 But instead of peace coming to the Middle East, 00:55:00.014 --> 00:55:03.045 the unresolved issues at the 1967 war, 00:55:03.045 --> 00:55:07.076 the West Bank, and Gaza Strip, still poison the region today. 00:55:07.076 --> 00:55:11.080 00:55:12.016 --> 00:55:16.045 The end of the Suez Crisis was also the moment a new power decided to take 00:55:16.189 --> 00:55:16.287 center stage 00:55:17.169 --> 00:55:21.400 in the Middle East. Within weeks at the end of the war, 00:55:21.004 --> 00:55:24.080 President Eisenhower, convinced that the British and French could no longer be 00:55:25.016 --> 00:55:27.665 trusted to protect Western interests in the region, 00:55:27.809 --> 00:55:30.855 announces a fight for change in American policy. 00:55:31.269 --> 00:55:36.272 He concludes that what the Middle East needs is more American involvement 00:55:36.299 --> 00:55:41.367 not less. The Eisenhower doctrine said we're going to safeguard any country 00:55:41.979 --> 00:55:45.032 which is threatened by Communism within the Middle East. That's the old idea of 00:55:45.509 --> 00:55:49.510 you're either with us in Washington or with us in Moscow and cuts out a third way 00:55:49.519 --> 00:55:49.614 for Arab Nationalism. 00:55:50.469 --> 00:55:53.502 The very factors which lead the Americans keep their distance 00:55:53.799 --> 00:55:56.890 from Britain's in moving to aggressively against Nasser in 1956, 00:55:57.709 --> 00:56:00.772 they lose sight of those." "The occasion 00:56:01.339 --> 00:56:04.417 has come for us, to show our deep respect for the rights 00:56:05.119 --> 00:56:08.125 and independence of every nation, however great, 00:56:08.179 --> 00:56:11.185 however small. We seek not violence, but peace. 00:56:11.779 --> 00:56:15.480 00:56:15.048 --> 00:56:17.100 It is a policy which echoes from Suez 00:56:18.000 --> 00:56:21.014 to today. "States like these 00:56:21.014 --> 00:56:24.048 and their terrorist allies constitute an 00:56:24.048 --> 00:56:28.617 axis of evil. I will now wait on a bench while dangers gather. 00:56:29.049 --> 00:56:32.049 The United States of America will not permit 00:56:32.049 --> 00:56:35.390 the world's most dangerous regimes to threaten us 00:56:35.039 --> 00:56:41.748 with the world's most destructive weapons." 00:56:42.099 --> 00:56:47.760 "This is not the time to falter, this is the time for this house to give a lead, 00:56:47.076 --> 00:56:50.115 to show that we wil,l stand up for what we know to be right 00:56:51.015 --> 00:56:54.016 to show that we will confront the tyrannies 00:56:54.016 --> 00:57:01.016 and dictatorships and terrorists who put our way of life at risk." 00:57:02.021 --> 00:57:03.025 "The fact of the matter is 00:57:03.025 --> 00:57:07.091 that Iraq could turn out in the long run to be a Suez fifty years later. 00:57:07.091 --> 00:57:10.800 But where as that will take years to find out with Iraq, with Suez, 00:57:11.619 --> 00:57:17.270 we found it out within a matter of weeks." 00:57:17.027 --> 00:57:21.052 Ordinary Egyptians have drawn their own lessons from the Suez Crisis. 00:57:21.052 --> 00:57:25.057 "There is a great difference between resistance 00:57:26.002 --> 00:57:29.015 and terroism. 00:57:29.015 --> 00:57:36.015 I was a patriot, defending my country. 00:57:36.026 --> 00:57:39.068 The spirit of resistance is deeply rooted 00:57:39.068 --> 00:57:44.114 in our country and in the area." 00:57:45.014 --> 00:57:48.040 "When the US and Britain went into Iraq 00:57:48.004 --> 00:57:52.963 with the idea of being accepted with open arms and so on, 00:57:53.359 --> 00:57:57.260 that was a very stupid idea. I mean 00:57:57.026 --> 00:58:00.035 where did they ever come up with that idea. I don't know. They could have looked at the 00:58:01.016 --> 00:58:04.063 history books; they could have looked at the Suez Crisis, you know. 00:58:04.063 --> 00:58:07.100 Which is after all, it's only fifty years ago and they 00:58:08.000 --> 00:58:11.088 could have learned that this will never happen, it will never happen. 00:58:11.088 --> 00:58:15.165 You know, people will defend the country they would defend their land." 00:58:16.065 --> 00:58:19.133 "I am a human being, I have dignity. I don't 00:58:20.033 --> 00:58:24.089 except any foreigner to dominate me or at else, 00:58:24.089 --> 00:58:31.089 I am a slave. Right or wrong?" 00:58:39.008 --> 00:58:42.046 00:58:43.018 --> 00:58:46.027