0:00:20.482,0:00:21.776 Thanks for sticking around 0:00:21.800,0:00:25.014 thanks for having a big red X[br]burned into your eyeballs 0:00:25.038,0:00:26.213 for the next three days. 0:00:26.237,0:00:27.356 (Laughter) 0:00:27.380,0:00:31.216 Today I want to talk[br]about the meaning of words, 0:00:31.240,0:00:32.536 how we define them 0:00:32.560,0:00:34.736 and how they, almost as revenge, 0:00:34.760,0:00:35.959 define us. 0:00:37.640,0:00:40.696 The English language[br]is a magnificent sponge. 0:00:40.720,0:00:43.376 I love the English language.[br]I'm glad that I speak it. 0:00:43.487,0:00:47.003 I think you are all lucky[br]to speak it, as well. 0:00:47.800,0:00:49.800 But for all that, it has a lot of holes. 0:00:51.040,0:00:53.376 In Greek, there's a word, "lachesism" 0:00:53.400,0:00:56.840 which is the hunger for disaster. 0:00:57.280,0:01:00.856 You know, when you see[br]a thunderstorm on the horizon 0:01:00.880,0:01:03.166 and you just find yourself[br]rooting for the storm. 0:01:04.640,0:01:06.576 In Mandarin, they have a word "yù yī" -- 0:01:06.600,0:01:08.616 I'm not pronouncing that correctly -- 0:01:08.640,0:01:12.336 which means the longing[br]to feel intensely again 0:01:12.360,0:01:14.360 the way you did when you were a kid. 0:01:16.240,0:01:19.376 In Polish, they have a word "jouska" 0:01:19.400,0:01:22.936 which is the kind of[br]hypothetical conversation 0:01:22.960,0:01:25.080 that you compulsively[br]play out in your head. 0:01:26.960,0:01:30.096 And finally, in German,[br]of course in German, 0:01:30.120,0:01:32.976 they have a word called "Zielschmerz," 0:01:33.000,0:01:36.416 which is the dread[br]of getting what you want. 0:01:36.440,0:01:40.536 (Laughter) 0:01:40.560,0:01:42.520 Finally fulfilling a lifelong dream. 0:01:44.400,0:01:47.656 I'm German myself,[br]so I know exactly what that feels like. 0:01:47.680,0:01:50.296 Now, I'm not sure[br]if I would use any of these words 0:01:50.320,0:01:51.976 as I go about my day, 0:01:52.000,0:01:54.136 but I'm really glad they exist. 0:01:54.260,0:01:57.996 But the only reason they exist[br]is because I made them up. 0:01:58.020,0:02:01.636 I am the author of "The Dictionary[br]of Obscure Sorrows," 0:02:01.660,0:02:04.299 which I've been writing[br]for the last seven years. 0:02:06.580,0:02:08.596 And the whole mission of the project 0:02:08.620,0:02:13.796 is to find holes[br]in the language of emotion 0:02:13.820,0:02:15.036 and try to fill them 0:02:15.060,0:02:18.956 so that we have a way of talking[br]about all those human peccadilloes 0:02:18.980,0:02:21.396 and quirks of the human condition 0:02:21.420,0:02:25.396 that we all feel[br]but may not think to talk about 0:02:25.420,0:02:28.116 because we don't have the words to do it. 0:02:29.015,0:02:32.729 It started watching the end credits[br]of "Saturday Night Live," 0:02:32.753,0:02:37.013 and I was beset by the most[br]beautiful and haunting melancholy. 0:02:37.037,0:02:39.488 If you ever get a chance[br]to stay up that late, 0:02:39.512,0:02:42.845 I would urge you to watch[br]the end credits of SNL. 0:02:44.480,0:02:49.266 And so, I decided to try[br]to define that emotion. 0:02:49.290,0:02:51.706 And about halfway through this project, 0:02:51.730,0:02:53.346 I defined "sonder," 0:02:53.370,0:02:56.746 the idea that we all think of ourselves[br]as the main character 0:02:56.770,0:02:59.026 and everyone else is just extras. 0:02:59.050,0:03:01.746 But in reality,[br]we're all the main character, 0:03:01.770,0:03:04.849 and you yourself are an extra[br]in someone else's story. 0:03:06.370,0:03:09.466 And so as soon as I published that, 0:03:09.490,0:03:11.186 I got a lot of response from people 0:03:11.210,0:03:15.826 saying "thank you for giving voice[br]to something I had felt all my life 0:03:15.850,0:03:18.866 but there was no word for that." 0:03:18.890,0:03:20.650 So it made them feel less alone. 0:03:21.370,0:03:23.170 That's the power of words, 0:03:24.090,0:03:26.850 to make us feel less alone. 0:03:27.610,0:03:29.346 And it was not long after that 0:03:29.370,0:03:31.146 that I started to notice sonder 0:03:31.170,0:03:35.466 being used earnestly[br]in conversations online, 0:03:35.490,0:03:38.386 and not long after I actually noticed it, 0:03:38.410,0:03:41.906 I caught it next to me[br]in an actual conversation in person. 0:03:41.930,0:03:44.386 There is no stranger feeling[br]than making up a word 0:03:44.410,0:03:48.706 and then seeing it[br]take on a mind of its own. 0:03:48.730,0:03:50.826 I don't have a word[br]for that yet, but I will. 0:03:50.850,0:03:52.266 (Laughter) 0:03:52.290,0:03:53.490 I'm working on it. 0:03:54.290,0:03:56.970 I started to think[br]about what makes words real, 0:03:58.250,0:03:59.746 because a lot of people ask me, 0:03:59.770,0:04:02.106 the most common thing[br]I got from people is, 0:04:02.130,0:04:05.386 "Well, are these words made up?[br]I don't really understand." 0:04:05.410,0:04:07.466 And I didn't really know what to tell them 0:04:07.490,0:04:09.426 because once sonder started to take off, 0:04:09.450,0:04:12.130 who am I to say what words[br]are real and what aren't. 0:04:12.850,0:04:16.906 And so I sort of felt like Steve Jobs,[br]who described his epiphany 0:04:16.930,0:04:20.386 as when he realized that most of us,[br]as we go through the day, 0:04:20.410,0:04:23.426 we just try to avoid[br]bouncing against the walls too much 0:04:23.450,0:04:26.546 and just sort of get on with things. 0:04:26.570,0:04:29.130 But once you realize that people -- 0:04:30.970,0:04:34.746 that this world was built[br]by people no smarter than you, 0:04:34.770,0:04:36.866 then you can reach out[br]and touch those walls 0:04:36.890,0:04:38.586 and even put your hand through them 0:04:38.610,0:04:40.970 and realize that you have[br]the power to change it. 0:04:42.689,0:04:43.839 It's phenomenal. 0:04:45.737,0:04:50.888 So I think from there,[br]that changed how I look at words 0:04:50.912,0:04:52.645 and what makes words real. 0:04:52.770,0:04:56.426 And when people ask me,[br]"Are these words real?" 0:04:56.450,0:04:58.546 I had a variety of answers[br]that I tried out. 0:04:58.570,0:05:00.706 Some of them made sense.[br]Some of them didn't, 0:05:00.730,0:05:02.306 but one of them I tried out was, 0:05:02.330,0:05:05.866 "Well, a word is real[br]if you want it to be real." 0:05:05.890,0:05:10.106 The way that this path is real[br]because people wanted it to be there. 0:05:10.130,0:05:11.826 (Laughter) 0:05:11.850,0:05:13.946 It happens on college[br]campuses all the time. 0:05:13.970,0:05:15.306 It's called a "desire path." 0:05:15.330,0:05:17.108 (Laughter) 0:05:17.132,0:05:20.080 And so, languages[br]are a reflection of desire 0:05:20.104,0:05:22.068 something that they want to be there. 0:05:22.092,0:05:23.925 And it may be the road less traveled, 0:05:23.949,0:05:25.875 but it will get there eventually. 0:05:26.581,0:05:28.652 But that's not really a satisfying answer, 0:05:28.676,0:05:30.993 so I gave up on that one. 0:05:31.970,0:05:34.306 But then I decided,[br]what people are really asking 0:05:34.330,0:05:37.226 when they're asking if a word is real,[br]they're really asking, 0:05:37.250,0:05:41.750 "Well, how many brains[br]will this give me access to?" 0:05:42.549,0:05:45.286 Because I think that's[br]a lot of how we look at language. 0:05:45.310,0:05:48.086 A word is essentially a key 0:05:48.110,0:05:51.086 that gets us into certain people's heads, 0:05:51.110,0:05:53.550 and if it gets us into one brain, 0:05:54.390,0:05:55.646 it's not really worth it, 0:05:55.670,0:05:56.926 not really worth knowing. 0:05:56.950,0:05:59.406 Two brains, eh, it depends on who it is. 0:05:59.430,0:06:01.630 A million brains, OK, now we're talking. 0:06:02.270,0:06:08.726 And so a real word is one that gets you[br]access to as many brains as you can. 0:06:08.750,0:06:12.006 That's what makes it worth knowing. 0:06:12.030,0:06:16.187 Incidentally, the realest word of all[br]by this measure is this. 0:06:16.211,0:06:18.086 [O.K.] 0:06:18.110,0:06:19.326 That's it. 0:06:19.350,0:06:20.606 The realest word we have. 0:06:20.630,0:06:23.206 That is the closest thing we have[br]to a master key. 0:06:23.230,0:06:25.806 That's the most commonly[br]understood word in the world, 0:06:25.830,0:06:27.086 no matter where you are. 0:06:27.110,0:06:28.326 The problem with that is, 0:06:28.350,0:06:30.969 no one seems to know[br]what those two letters stand for. 0:06:30.993,0:06:33.126 (Laughter) 0:06:33.150,0:06:35.206 Which is kind of weird, right? 0:06:35.230,0:06:38.686 I mean, it could be a misspelling[br]of "all correct," I guess, 0:06:38.710,0:06:39.966 or "old kinderhook." 0:06:39.990,0:06:43.846 No one really seems to know,[br]but the fact that it doesn't matter 0:06:43.870,0:06:47.366 says something about[br]how we add meaning to words. 0:06:47.390,0:06:50.190 The meaning is not[br]in the words themselves. 0:06:51.150,0:06:53.910 We're the ones[br]that pour ourselves into it. 0:06:54.670,0:06:58.430 And I think, when we're all searching[br]for meaning in our lives, 0:06:59.270,0:07:01.126 and searching for the meaning of life, 0:07:01.150,0:07:04.390 I think words have[br]something to do with that. 0:07:05.270,0:07:08.046 And I think if you're looking[br]for the meaning of something, 0:07:08.070,0:07:10.070 the dictionary is a decent place to start. 0:07:13.022,0:07:17.689 I saw an interview with[br]the religious scholar Reza Aslan. 0:07:17.713,0:07:21.315 He was describing a misunderstanding 0:07:21.339,0:07:23.214 that many people have about religion. 0:07:23.757,0:07:27.114 He said that what a religion is 0:07:27.138,0:07:30.525 is basically a set of[br]symbols and metaphors 0:07:30.549,0:07:32.692 that people pour themselves into 0:07:32.716,0:07:35.516 to try to express something inexpressible. 0:07:36.351,0:07:39.025 Religion is essentially just a language. 0:07:39.049,0:07:40.208 That's all it is. 0:07:40.232,0:07:42.930 It's a container for whatever[br]meanings we bring to it. 0:07:43.938,0:07:45.805 And that got me thinking ... 0:07:46.969,0:07:49.307 What if language was a kind of religion. 0:07:50.649,0:07:54.249 That would mean that this[br]is basically our holy book. 0:07:56.469,0:07:58.365 And if you think of the creation story, 0:07:58.389,0:08:01.077 it's really more of a definition story. 0:08:02.109,0:08:05.771 In the beginning, there was chaos[br]upon the waters of the Earth 0:08:05.795,0:08:07.999 and then God separated[br]the land from the sea, 0:08:08.023,0:08:10.820 the fish from the birds, man from woman, 0:08:10.844,0:08:12.902 the eternal from the ephemeral. 0:08:12.926,0:08:14.659 That's all in these pages. 0:08:14.777,0:08:16.644 That's what a definition is. 0:08:17.208,0:08:20.999 And so, if we're looking[br]for meaning in the world, 0:08:22.005,0:08:24.403 this is our faith, this is our holy book. 0:08:24.991,0:08:26.589 Because the reality is, 0:08:26.613,0:08:28.767 and the point of this holy book, 0:08:28.791,0:08:31.166 and the point of, I think, all holy books, 0:08:31.190,0:08:33.966 is that it brings a sense of order 0:08:33.990,0:08:35.750 to a very chaotic universe. 0:08:36.710,0:08:39.399 Our view of things is so limited 0:08:39.423,0:08:44.706 and the universe is so complicated 0:08:44.730,0:08:47.506 that we have to come up[br]with patterns and shorthands 0:08:47.530,0:08:49.826 and try to figure out[br]a way to interpret it 0:08:49.850,0:08:51.690 and be able to get on with our day. 0:08:54.682,0:08:57.206 And that's why we need words to do that, 0:08:57.230,0:08:58.740 to give meaning to our lives. 0:08:58.764,0:09:00.396 But even more than that, 0:09:00.420,0:09:03.700 we need words to contain us,[br]to define ourselves. 0:09:04.014,0:09:07.226 And that is, I think, a lot[br]of how we use words right now, 0:09:07.250,0:09:12.768 we're all sort of begging[br]to be defined, in certain ways. 0:09:12.792,0:09:16.279 And I think especially now,[br]with technology and globalization, 0:09:16.303,0:09:18.039 it's so easy to get lost in the fog. 0:09:18.063,0:09:20.667 Each of us is undefined, in a way, 0:09:20.691,0:09:23.459 and the world is becoming[br]ever more undefined. 0:09:23.601,0:09:28.314 And so, I think a lot[br]of the structures that we look to 0:09:28.338,0:09:30.095 to try to contain ourselves 0:09:30.119,0:09:31.269 look like this. 0:09:33.964,0:09:36.347 Both in the sense[br]of "pound" and "hashtag." 0:09:36.371,0:09:37.521 (Laughter) 0:09:38.029,0:09:40.418 It's trying to box ourselves in[br]in certain ways 0:09:40.442,0:09:45.039 and say, to look for certain entries[br]and certain categories 0:09:45.063,0:09:46.796 and say, "Yes, that's me." 0:09:47.355,0:09:49.153 What we do is look at other people 0:09:49.177,0:09:50.844 and say, "You're like me ... 0:09:51.020,0:09:54.018 And so, we are an 'us'." 0:09:55.218,0:09:56.957 And that gives us meaning. 0:09:56.981,0:09:59.168 That's just a way of borrowing meaning. 0:09:59.192,0:10:04.791 The problem is that a lot of that[br]depends on institutions 0:10:05.832,0:10:07.580 and there are so many of us now, 0:10:07.604,0:10:11.098 and life is now so complicated and chaotic 0:10:11.122,0:10:14.114 that we have to wall ourselves off. 0:10:14.138,0:10:16.839 We're becoming[br]fundamentalists in our faith. 0:10:16.863,0:10:18.013 Literalists. 0:10:19.068,0:10:21.888 Because we all feel these categories[br]start to fall apart. 0:10:21.912,0:10:25.301 Have you noticed how many[br]of our conversations now 0:10:25.325,0:10:27.658 are about the definitions of words? 0:10:28.138,0:10:32.343 I don't know how many times I've seen[br]a conversation on the Huffington Post 0:10:32.367,0:10:34.113 that starts "Are you a feminist?" 0:10:34.978,0:10:36.634 "What does 'feminist' mean?" 0:10:36.658,0:10:39.709 "Who on this debate stage[br]is the real progressive?" 0:10:40.265,0:10:41.687 "What does 'socialist' mean?" 0:10:41.711,0:10:43.045 "Who is a 'fascist'?" 0:10:44.992,0:10:46.258 "Who is a 'woman'?" 0:10:46.814,0:10:47.964 Caitlyn Jenner. 0:10:48.233,0:10:50.433 "Who is 'black'?" Rachel Dolezal. 0:10:50.826,0:10:53.567 These are the kind of conversations[br]we have all the time, 0:10:53.591,0:10:55.640 but they're not really about meaning. 0:10:55.664,0:10:58.264 They're about how we package the world. 0:10:58.733,0:11:01.342 And so, I think the end result 0:11:01.366,0:11:04.507 is that we end up[br]looking something like this, 0:11:04.531,0:11:06.798 where we allow words to define us. 0:11:07.979,0:11:10.709 We forget that all words are made up. 0:11:11.345,0:11:15.342 They're just models of how the world[br]could be or should be, 0:11:15.366,0:11:19.253 and so, we're all withdrawing[br]in our own communities of concern, 0:11:19.277,0:11:20.988 speaking in our own languages 0:11:21.870,0:11:25.764 when in fact, the world is more than that. 0:11:27.008,0:11:29.074 I think all of us feel 0:11:29.098,0:11:33.127 that the categories that we use[br]to give our lives meaning 0:11:33.151,0:11:35.751 don't necessarily fit us all that well. 0:11:37.145,0:11:39.657 And so, we have to explain to people that, 0:11:39.681,0:11:42.462 that, "Yes, I subscribe to this, 0:11:42.486,0:11:44.286 but that doesn't define me. 0:11:44.655,0:11:46.717 We have to keep doing this over and over, 0:11:46.741,0:11:52.305 negotiating how we fit[br]into the categories that we have. 0:11:54.330,0:11:56.370 I think a lot of us feel boxed in 0:11:57.250,0:11:58.826 by how we use these words. 0:11:58.850,0:12:01.186 We forget that words are made up. 0:12:01.210,0:12:03.570 It's not just my words.[br]All words are made up, 0:12:04.210,0:12:05.890 but not all of them mean something. 0:12:07.022,0:12:09.543 And so I think what I'd like to -- 0:12:12.181,0:12:15.160 The image I have of where we are today, 0:12:15.184,0:12:16.651 I think of Anne Frank. 0:12:17.547,0:12:21.571 Because she was in her little[br]apartment in Amsterdam 0:12:21.595,0:12:24.388 and in a time when everyone around her 0:12:24.412,0:12:26.258 was trying to organize humanity 0:12:26.282,0:12:29.631 in a way that made sense[br]with clean lines and brutal efficiency, 0:12:29.655,0:12:33.262 she was on the inside,[br]organizing her own humanity. 0:12:33.792,0:12:36.519 I think there's something[br]really beautiful about that, 0:12:36.543,0:12:39.745 because a lot of it was[br]about her own confusion 0:12:39.769,0:12:41.503 and her own vulnerability. 0:12:41.798,0:12:45.548 And I think that's why we need[br]a new kind of language 0:12:45.572,0:12:47.558 that looks a little more like this. 0:12:47.582,0:12:50.753 Because each of us could be anyone. 0:12:50.777,0:12:53.602 At any given time,[br]we are not just one person, 0:12:53.626,0:12:55.426 we are many people at once. 0:12:56.386,0:13:01.329 And so, we have to get more in line[br]with how the world actually is, 0:13:01.353,0:13:05.479 not to get too caught up in the models[br]that we've imposed on the world. 0:13:06.908,0:13:10.946 GPS devices tend to warn you, 0:13:10.970,0:13:14.570 reminding you that the map you see[br]is not the real world, 0:13:14.594,0:13:16.261 so don't run into a lake. 0:13:16.980,0:13:18.130 (Laughter) 0:13:18.682,0:13:20.651 And I think we need the same reminder, 0:13:20.675,0:13:22.530 that the map is not the real world 0:13:22.554,0:13:25.020 and so if we run into these problems, 0:13:26.801,0:13:29.207 we have an option[br]to define things for ourself; 0:13:29.231,0:13:33.810 we don't necessarily[br]just have to borrow the meanings 0:13:33.834,0:13:35.901 that give meaning to our lives. 0:13:36.894,0:13:38.048 It is possible -- 0:13:38.072,0:13:41.258 and I know this because[br]I've been doing it the last seven years -- 0:13:41.282,0:13:42.695 to come up with new metaphors 0:13:42.719,0:13:44.853 that make the invisible visible. 0:13:45.859,0:13:48.024 There's something[br]really beautiful about that. 0:13:48.898,0:13:53.118 And I think if we got[br]in a better relationship with chaos, 0:13:54.370,0:13:58.814 if we stopped trying to oversimplify 0:13:58.838,0:14:03.073 the interior storm[br]that all of us are facing 0:14:03.097,0:14:05.763 and the confusion and the vulnerability, 0:14:05.787,0:14:08.620 and how complicated the world really is, 0:14:08.644,0:14:11.565 then we could feel[br]a little more comfortable in our skin 0:14:11.589,0:14:14.158 and we wouldn't have to withdraw 0:14:14.182,0:14:16.482 within the categories[br]that we allow to define us. 0:14:16.506,0:14:19.198 And we could take the power[br]back from our words 0:14:19.222,0:14:21.003 and define them. 0:14:21.356,0:14:23.904 I think that's a little more[br]healthy relationship. 0:14:23.928,0:14:27.798 I don't know how many conversations[br]would be benefited by someone -- 0:14:28.169,0:14:29.823 Like the game Catch Phrase, 0:14:30.591,0:14:34.376 where you're given[br]the actual topic you're talking about, 0:14:34.400,0:14:36.501 so the challenge is,[br]"Don't say that word." 0:14:36.525,0:14:39.634 I think if we all did that,[br]we would be a little better off. 0:14:40.922,0:14:44.346 Because it would allow[br]certain lexical fluidity 0:14:44.370,0:14:46.246 that I think we're losing now. 0:14:46.270,0:14:50.366 We're all just sort of[br]trapped in our own lexicons 0:14:50.390,0:14:55.126 that don't necessarily correlate[br]with people who aren't already like us, 0:14:55.150,0:14:59.766 and so I think I feel us drifting apart[br]a little more every year, 0:14:59.790,0:15:01.870 the more seriously we take words. 0:15:04.270,0:15:07.070 Because remember, words are not real. 0:15:07.990,0:15:09.779 They don't have meaning. We do. 0:15:09.803,0:15:11.754 I think it's important to remember that. 0:15:11.778,0:15:16.393 And if we took some sense[br]of creativity and authorship 0:15:16.417,0:15:18.541 in inventing who we are, 0:15:18.565,0:15:19.715 that is possible. 0:15:20.364,0:15:25.737 It is possible to try to reach[br]for richer metaphors. 0:15:25.761,0:15:27.841 This world has never been as complicated, 0:15:27.865,0:15:31.276 and our lives have never been[br]more complicated than they are right now. 0:15:31.300,0:15:36.585 And so, instead of reaching[br]for the nearest standardized word, 0:15:36.609,0:15:38.922 or just begging to be[br]diagnosed with something, 0:15:38.946,0:15:41.767 it is worth actually being present, 0:15:41.791,0:15:43.936 in sadness, for example. 0:15:43.960,0:15:45.803 In the chaos of emotion. 0:15:46.681,0:15:48.395 I think that's worth doing. 0:15:48.419,0:15:50.652 I think we need new lenses 0:15:50.676,0:15:55.278 to help contextualize the chaos[br]that we face all the time. 0:15:55.302,0:15:56.724 And if we do that, 0:15:56.748,0:16:01.315 if each of us is willing[br]to actually define who it is we are 0:16:01.339,0:16:03.617 with some sense of creativity, 0:16:03.641,0:16:06.141 I think the world could look[br]a little more like this. 0:16:07.482,0:16:08.632 Really messy. 0:16:09.202,0:16:10.956 I think we are really messy people 0:16:11.064,0:16:12.995 and the world is a really messy world. 0:16:13.825,0:16:15.723 And I think this would not be so bad, 0:16:15.747,0:16:17.610 us pouring out of these institutions, 0:16:17.634,0:16:20.114 which are weakening all the time, 0:16:20.138,0:16:21.931 and meeting each other as we are, 0:16:21.955,0:16:24.361 in all our vulnerability, 0:16:24.385,0:16:26.625 wearing our emotions on our sleeves. 0:16:27.525,0:16:28.675 And I think, 0:16:29.676,0:16:30.876 as messy as it is, 0:16:32.530,0:16:36.330 it would be a little more[br]fulfilling to do that. 0:16:37.400,0:16:40.200 And I'd like to leave you with a reading 0:16:40.680,0:16:43.296 from one of my favorite philosophers, 0:16:43.320,0:16:45.856 Bill Watterson, who created[br]"Calvin and Hobbes." 0:16:45.880,0:16:47.080 He said, 0:16:47.960,0:16:51.776 "Creating a life that reflects[br]your values and satisfies your soul 0:16:51.800,0:16:53.456 is a rare achievement. 0:16:53.480,0:16:55.936 To invent your own life's meaning 0:16:55.960,0:16:57.496 is not easy, 0:16:57.520,0:16:59.336 but it is still allowed, 0:16:59.360,0:17:01.560 and I think you'll be[br]happier for the trouble." 0:17:02.240,0:17:03.456 Thank you. 0:17:03.480,0:17:08.990 (Applause)