1
00:00:17,359 --> 00:00:20,257
I'd like to start by asking you
a few questions.

2
00:00:20,257 --> 00:00:23,542
Please raise your hand
if you have a smartphone.

3
00:00:23,542 --> 00:00:26,344
OK. Is there anyone here
without a smartphone?

4
00:00:26,344 --> 00:00:28,902
Oh, I'm sorry.
(Laughter)

5
00:00:28,902 --> 00:00:31,611
Raise your hand if you have
a Facebook account.

6
00:00:31,611 --> 00:00:34,781
OK. Is there anyone here
without a Facebook account?

7
00:00:34,781 --> 00:00:38,969
Wow, I'll speak more slowly.
(Laughter)

8
00:00:38,969 --> 00:00:43,036
Is there anyone here that has more
than one Facebook account?

9
00:00:43,036 --> 00:00:44,951
OK, interesting.

10
00:00:44,951 --> 00:00:48,297
How about Twitter?
Instagram?

11
00:00:48,297 --> 00:00:51,828
Have you ever bought
something from Ebay?

12
00:00:51,828 --> 00:00:56,743
Amazon? Deal Extreme?
With that, you are very good.

13
00:00:56,743 --> 00:01:00,379
Is there anyone here that has bitcoins?

14
00:01:00,379 --> 00:01:01,753
OK, interesting.

15
00:01:01,753 --> 00:01:03,683
OK, last one.
Listen carefully.

16
00:01:03,683 --> 00:01:06,984
If you had to choose
between spending three days

17
00:01:06,984 --> 00:01:10,000
without your smartphone
or without your toothbrush,

18
00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:12,873
what would you choose?
(Laughter)

19
00:01:12,873 --> 00:01:16,369
Don't answer.
There are cameras here.

20
00:01:16,369 --> 00:01:19,291
Ever since I was a kid,
I was fascinated with computers.

21
00:01:19,291 --> 00:01:22,732
I loved taking them apart
and putting them back together.

22
00:01:22,732 --> 00:01:25,685
Putting them back together
didn't always work.

23
00:01:25,685 --> 00:01:28,098
Nevertheless, I learned a lot.

24
00:01:28,098 --> 00:01:31,362
But there was a downside to this,
as you would expect.

25
00:01:31,362 --> 00:01:34,374
Friends, and friends of friends,
and even their parents,

26
00:01:34,374 --> 00:01:35,679
used to call me and ask,

27
00:01:35,679 --> 00:01:39,431
"Do you have a spare minute?
I need you to fix my computer."

28
00:01:39,431 --> 00:01:40,825
It never took a minute.

29
00:01:40,825 --> 00:01:45,370
And I hated the fact that computers
had so many problems.

30
00:01:45,370 --> 00:01:47,102
One day, I decided, "Enough.

31
00:01:47,102 --> 00:01:50,751
From now on, I'm going to charge
anyone who wants me to fix his computer."

32
00:01:50,751 --> 00:01:53,577
Amazingly enough, that actually worked.

33
00:01:53,577 --> 00:01:56,988
People started paying me
to fix their computers.

34
00:01:56,988 --> 00:02:01,310
From that moment on, I loved the fact
that computers had so many problems.

35
00:02:01,310 --> 00:02:02,653
(Laughter)

36
00:02:02,653 --> 00:02:05,473
So at the age of 15,
I actually opened my first business

37
00:02:05,473 --> 00:02:07,711
together with a friend of mine
from school.

38
00:02:07,711 --> 00:02:09,665
And it was a huge success for us.

39
00:02:09,665 --> 00:02:12,796
We didn't have to take anymore money
from our parents.

40
00:02:12,796 --> 00:02:15,320
And we started with fixing computers

41
00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:18,079
and at some point we started
selling computers.

42
00:02:18,079 --> 00:02:21,629
But the most amazing thing
about this story

43
00:02:21,629 --> 00:02:24,882
is that so few people know it.

44
00:02:24,882 --> 00:02:27,997
This is actually the first time
I'm sharing this business card.

45
00:02:27,997 --> 00:02:33,805
I only took this picture four days ago
for the sake of this presentation.

46
00:02:33,805 --> 00:02:36,288
I'm from the last generation that knows

47
00:02:36,288 --> 00:02:39,730
how the world looked like
before the Internet.

48
00:02:39,730 --> 00:02:44,607
Now, keep that in mind, and think
about the children of our grandchildren.

49
00:02:44,607 --> 00:02:46,687
They will know us so well.

50
00:02:46,687 --> 00:02:50,110
I have no clue who was
my great grandfather.

51
00:02:50,110 --> 00:02:53,114
It could have been anyone.

52
00:02:53,114 --> 00:02:56,197
There is so little information
about past generations.

53
00:02:56,197 --> 00:02:59,395
And only selected few had received
this highest honor

54
00:02:59,395 --> 00:03:01,169
of having their life documented.

55
00:03:01,169 --> 00:03:03,696
Right, kings and philosophers.

56
00:03:03,696 --> 00:03:07,926
But for us, we document
our lives as we go.

57
00:03:07,926 --> 00:03:13,420
Every 60 seconds, 100 hours of movies
are being uploaded to YouTube.

58
00:03:13,420 --> 00:03:19,227
In those 60 seconds, approximately 40,000 
pictures are being posted on Instagram.

59
00:03:19,227 --> 00:03:22,733
And 350,000 tweets are being shared.

60
00:03:22,733 --> 00:03:26,713
So, future generations will have 
so much information about us,

61
00:03:26,713 --> 00:03:28,937
they wouldn't know what to do with it.

62
00:03:28,937 --> 00:03:32,195
They could know us so well,
but so could anyone else.

63
00:03:32,195 --> 00:03:34,954
Including our future potential boss

64
00:03:34,954 --> 00:03:37,465
that might approach
a new type of psychologist,

65
00:03:37,465 --> 00:03:41,856
that will be asked to determine whether
we fit for the job that we applied to.

66
00:03:41,856 --> 00:03:44,434
And he would do that
without even meeting us.

67
00:03:44,434 --> 00:03:47,972
Just by browsing through
the information we shared,

68
00:03:47,972 --> 00:03:51,537
and, yes, sometimes the information
we forgot we've shared.

69
00:03:51,537 --> 00:03:52,933
(Laughter)

70
00:03:52,933 --> 00:03:55,426
I have no excuse, I'm sorry.

71
00:03:56,286 --> 00:03:59,076
No one needs to meet us
in order to know us.

72
00:03:59,076 --> 00:04:01,768
So sometimes we will find out 
if we got the job

73
00:04:01,768 --> 00:04:04,381
even before we had the interview.

74
00:04:04,381 --> 00:04:09,382
Strange as it may sound,
today, 75% of employers

75
00:04:09,382 --> 00:04:13,056
are already browsing through
candidates' personal profiles

76
00:04:13,056 --> 00:04:14,659
before hiring them.

77
00:04:14,659 --> 00:04:18,699
One in every three admitted
having disqualified a candidate

78
00:04:18,699 --> 00:04:22,291
because of information found online.

79
00:04:22,291 --> 00:04:26,022
And we're becoming even better
at sharing information, right?

80
00:04:26,022 --> 00:04:29,227
So, amazing companies
are creating great tools

81
00:04:29,227 --> 00:04:32,592
that will help us share
more and more information.

82
00:04:32,592 --> 00:04:35,758
They do that because
they understand the great value

83
00:04:35,758 --> 00:04:40,982
in holding huge amounts of personal
information, of our infomation.

84
00:04:40,982 --> 00:04:44,003
We should think of them as a great machine

85
00:04:44,003 --> 00:04:49,136
that knows how to transform
personal data into profit.

86
00:04:49,136 --> 00:04:52,054
And they make billions of money.

87
00:04:52,054 --> 00:04:55,938
But I want to speak about
a different type of machines.

88
00:04:55,938 --> 00:04:59,964
Those machines also take personal data,
the same data,

89
00:04:59,964 --> 00:05:04,313
but they transform it
into National Security.

90
00:05:04,313 --> 00:05:08,179
Those are governments
and intelligence agencies.

91
00:05:08,179 --> 00:05:12,391
So, with Facebook, we know
how they get the information.

92
00:05:12,391 --> 00:05:14,840
We give it to them, free of charge.

93
00:05:14,840 --> 00:05:18,132
But how would intelligence agencies
get this information?

94
00:05:18,132 --> 00:05:21,520
It's not very easy to collect, right?

95
00:05:21,520 --> 00:05:23,030
But wait a minute.

96
00:05:23,030 --> 00:05:27,351
If someone already collected it,
maybe we can use it.

97
00:05:27,351 --> 00:05:33,212
So, many states understand now
that they have a great incentive

98
00:05:33,212 --> 00:05:36,990
to put a spy inside Facebook.

99
00:05:36,990 --> 00:05:39,055
But not just Facebook.

100
00:05:39,055 --> 00:05:43,639
Many companies in the private sector
are unwillingly becoming pawned

101
00:05:43,639 --> 00:05:47,970
in the national security games,
in the homeland security campaigns.

102
00:05:47,970 --> 00:05:49,833
You probably recognize this guy, right?

103
00:05:49,833 --> 00:05:52,593
This is Edward Snowden,
who worked for the NSA.

104
00:05:52,593 --> 00:05:55,702
The NSA is the National Security Agency.

105
00:05:55,702 --> 00:05:58,636
What do they do there, inside the NSA?

106
00:05:58,636 --> 00:06:03,833
In the world of intelligence, they are
called SIGINT Intelligence gathering Unit.

107
00:06:03,833 --> 00:06:07,298
SIGINT stands for Signals Intelligence.

108
00:06:07,298 --> 00:06:09,598
That means that the NSA,

109
00:06:09,598 --> 00:06:11,746
much like Facebook and Google and others,

110
00:06:11,746 --> 00:06:16,599
is in the business of collecting
digital data and processing it.

111
00:06:16,599 --> 00:06:20,235
So, every country in the world
has an agency

112
00:06:20,235 --> 00:06:22,224
that is responsible for SIGINT gathering.

113
00:06:22,224 --> 00:06:24,065
In the United States, it's the NSA.

114
00:06:24,065 --> 00:06:25,614
Edward Snowden worked there,

115
00:06:25,614 --> 00:06:27,453
and one day he decided to do something

116
00:06:27,453 --> 00:06:30,766
that completely changed the way
we speak about privacy.

117
00:06:30,766 --> 00:06:33,214
He took many documents and published them;

118
00:06:33,214 --> 00:06:36,914
many classified documents
from within the NSA, and published them.

119
00:06:36,914 --> 00:06:39,311
You should understand,
that until that point,

120
00:06:39,311 --> 00:06:44,628
people in my field of work
addressed NSA as No Such Agency.

121
00:06:44,948 --> 00:06:46,715
This is how we called them.

122
00:06:46,715 --> 00:06:50,267
But right now, we have so much information
about what is going on in there.

123
00:06:50,267 --> 00:06:52,524
So, one of the first things 
that Edward Snowden

124
00:06:52,524 --> 00:06:54,477
actually published,
revealed to the world

125
00:06:54,477 --> 00:06:58,482
this secret secret secret project,
named PRISM.

126
00:06:58,852 --> 00:07:00,855
This is what Edward Snowden published.

127
00:07:00,855 --> 00:07:04,935
This is what used to be
a top secret presentation.

128
00:07:04,935 --> 00:07:09,353
It was so secret that
only selected few inside the NSA

129
00:07:09,353 --> 00:07:11,584
were cleared to see it.

130
00:07:11,584 --> 00:07:16,824
While viewing this presentation,
we come to understand two amazing things.

131
00:07:16,824 --> 00:07:21,107
The first one, they design terrible
presentations inside the NSA.

132
00:07:21,107 --> 00:07:22,480
(Laughter)

133
00:07:22,480 --> 00:07:26,655
This design is unforgivable.
Seriously, guys.

134
00:07:26,655 --> 00:07:29,934
The second thing that we learned
is what PRISM is.

135
00:07:29,934 --> 00:07:33,518
PRISM is an intelligence
gathering program,

136
00:07:33,518 --> 00:07:38,029
through which the NSA actually
had access to private companies,

137
00:07:38,029 --> 00:07:40,676
to information that was stored
inside private companies,

138
00:07:40,676 --> 00:07:45,570
like Microsoft, Yahoo, Google
and Facebook, Skype, YouTube and Apple.

139
00:07:45,570 --> 00:07:48,218
The NSA could access those companies

140
00:07:48,218 --> 00:07:51,411
in order to gain access
to our information.

141
00:07:51,411 --> 00:07:54,422
Obviously these things
that Edward Snowden published

142
00:07:54,422 --> 00:07:57,347
created a lot of public criticism
surrounding the NSA, right?

143
00:07:57,347 --> 00:07:59,524
The public wasn't happy with that.

144
00:07:59,524 --> 00:08:02,482
So, someone had to tell
the other side of the story.

145
00:08:02,482 --> 00:08:06,976
The job fell on the shoulders
of this guy, General Keith Alexander,

146
00:08:06,976 --> 00:08:09,936
who until recently was 
the head of the NSA.

147
00:08:09,936 --> 00:08:13,206
So, his job was to demonstrate 
the trade-off.

148
00:08:13,206 --> 00:08:14,979
So if you have privacy in one hand,

149
00:08:14,979 --> 00:08:16,754
and national security in the other,

150
00:08:16,754 --> 00:08:18,667
and you want more national security,

151
00:08:18,667 --> 00:08:20,885
you should compromise privacy.
That's that.

152
00:08:20,885 --> 00:08:26,119
So, he tries to convince us that the NSA
is actually an efficient machine

153
00:08:26,119 --> 00:08:29,697
for transforming personal data
into national security.

154
00:08:29,697 --> 00:08:31,115
How did he do that?

155
00:08:31,115 --> 00:08:32,651
One of the things that he did,

156
00:08:32,651 --> 00:08:39,102
he went onstage at a big
cyber conference in Las Vegas.

157
00:08:39,102 --> 00:08:41,837
This conference is for hackers
and security professionals.

158
00:08:41,837 --> 00:08:44,323
I was sitting there in the audience
listening to him,

159
00:08:44,323 --> 00:08:48,841
and he said about PRISM
and other intelligence gathering programs

160
00:08:48,841 --> 00:08:53,798
that they were a vital tool
in stopping actual terrorist attacks.

161
00:08:53,798 --> 00:08:56,408
Oh my God!
What should we take from it?

162
00:08:56,408 --> 00:09:00,432
What should we take from the fact
that the NSA is using this information

163
00:09:00,432 --> 00:09:02,343
to stop terrorist attacks?

164
00:09:02,343 --> 00:09:07,062
It is now the undeniable truth
that the information that sits

165
00:09:07,062 --> 00:09:10,807
within private companies
such as Facebook,

166
00:09:10,807 --> 00:09:14,623
is valuable intelligence
related information.

167
00:09:14,623 --> 00:09:17,932
It is the type of information
that the United States can use

168
00:09:17,932 --> 00:09:21,299
in order to promote its old
national security agenda.

169
00:09:21,299 --> 00:09:24,068
Now, the NSA had a pretty easy life

170
00:09:24,068 --> 00:09:27,051
because all of those companies
are actually American companies,

171
00:09:27,051 --> 00:09:29,022
which sit within the United States.

172
00:09:29,022 --> 00:09:32,095
So they could approach a federal judge
that will issue a warrant.

173
00:09:32,095 --> 00:09:33,359
This is a magic key.

174
00:09:33,359 --> 00:09:36,732
It forces everyone to hand over
this information.

175
00:09:36,732 --> 00:09:38,772
But what can Russia do?

176
00:09:38,772 --> 00:09:40,244
What can China do?

177
00:09:40,244 --> 00:09:43,079
What can any other country
in the world do?

178
00:09:43,079 --> 00:09:46,177
Every intelligence agency in the world

179
00:09:46,177 --> 00:09:49,832
wants the information that sits
inside Facebook and other companies.

180
00:09:49,832 --> 00:09:52,337
If the United States
can stop terrorist attacks

181
00:09:52,337 --> 00:09:53,861
using this information,

182
00:09:53,861 --> 00:09:56,572
everyone can use this information.

183
00:09:56,572 --> 00:09:57,969
Make no mistake.

184
00:09:57,969 --> 00:10:00,270
It is not a question 
of if they will get it.

185
00:10:00,270 --> 00:10:03,533
It is a question of how and when.

186
00:10:03,533 --> 00:10:06,516
They can try to actually 
approach the federal judge,

187
00:10:06,516 --> 00:10:08,209
right, the American federal judge.

188
00:10:08,209 --> 00:10:11,420
It won't help, though 
it might amuse him a lot.

189
00:10:11,730 --> 00:10:15,139
So there are basically two ways
to go about it.

190
00:10:15,139 --> 00:10:17,970
One, they can try hacking into Facebook,

191
00:10:17,970 --> 00:10:20,062
which is not an easy thing to accomplish.

192
00:10:20,062 --> 00:10:22,446
Trust me.
(Laughter)

193
00:10:22,446 --> 00:10:24,784
The second thing that they can do,

194
00:10:24,784 --> 00:10:27,360
they can try to put a spy inside Facebook,

195
00:10:27,360 --> 00:10:29,780
so that he will provide
the information they need.

196
00:10:29,780 --> 00:10:32,613
Well, when we think
about a spy inside Facebook,

197
00:10:32,613 --> 00:10:35,199
this is probably not a spy
we have in mind.

198
00:10:35,199 --> 00:10:38,371
This is more like it.
(Laughter)

199
00:10:38,371 --> 00:10:41,529
It's strange to think about
state sponsored spies

200
00:10:41,529 --> 00:10:44,486
inside private companies,
inside commercial companies.

201
00:10:44,486 --> 00:10:49,718
But there are several reasons
that make this thing easier.

202
00:10:49,718 --> 00:10:54,024
One, it's much easier to get a job
inside Facebook than inside the NSA,

203
00:10:54,024 --> 00:10:56,405
security clearance-wise.

204
00:10:56,405 --> 00:10:58,962
The second thing is 
that the risk is lower.

205
00:10:58,962 --> 00:11:01,131
Being a spy inside Facebook
is not as risky

206
00:11:01,131 --> 00:11:03,245
as being a spy inside the NSA.

207
00:11:03,245 --> 00:11:07,203
And the third, in the past,
if you wanted to be a good spy,

208
00:11:07,203 --> 00:11:11,671
if you wanted to hire a good spy,
you wanted this guy.

209
00:11:11,671 --> 00:11:14,148
This is the guy that
knew everything, right?

210
00:11:14,148 --> 00:11:18,902
You wanted someone that would be as senior
as possible inside the organization.

211
00:11:18,902 --> 00:11:21,944
But today, in the age of information,

212
00:11:21,944 --> 00:11:25,810
the people that actually have the power
are those people,

213
00:11:25,810 --> 00:11:29,097
the hands-on guys, the engineers,
the support team.

214
00:11:29,097 --> 00:11:33,052
Those people have unrestricted access
to information.

215
00:11:33,052 --> 00:11:34,742
This is what you want.

216
00:11:34,742 --> 00:11:37,079
This makes your life much easier,

217
00:11:37,079 --> 00:11:39,719
if you want to put a spy
inside a commercial company.

218
00:11:39,719 --> 00:11:41,577
And then the plot thickens,

219
00:11:41,577 --> 00:11:46,325
because there are many other companies
that hold information that is valuable.

220
00:11:46,325 --> 00:11:51,492
For example, you might put a spy
inside a mobile operator.

221
00:11:51,492 --> 00:11:53,905
And he could listen to your phone calls,

222
00:11:53,905 --> 00:11:57,984
and might be able to tell
where you're at at every given moment.

223
00:11:57,984 --> 00:12:01,390
You might want to put a spy
inside a credit card company.

224
00:12:01,390 --> 00:12:04,526
He will know everything about everyone

225
00:12:04,526 --> 00:12:06,946
while being inside a credit card company,

226
00:12:06,946 --> 00:12:09,717
and sometimes, your deepest secrets.

227
00:12:09,717 --> 00:12:11,711
And there are many other companies

228
00:12:11,711 --> 00:12:15,159
that hold valuable information
for intelligence.

229
00:12:15,159 --> 00:12:18,963
So, where do we go from here?

230
00:12:18,963 --> 00:12:21,337
Someone hacked my presentation.

231
00:12:21,337 --> 00:12:23,058
(Laughter)

232
00:12:23,488 --> 00:12:25,760
Good job guys.

233
00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:27,697
Where do we go from here?

234
00:12:27,697 --> 00:12:30,128
We have to understand that today,

235
00:12:30,128 --> 00:12:34,850
commercial companies are actually
better at collecting data

236
00:12:34,850 --> 00:12:37,345
than actual intelligence agencies.

237
00:12:37,345 --> 00:12:42,370
Companies like Facebook and Google
are better at collecting our data

238
00:12:42,370 --> 00:12:44,971
than actual intelligence agencies.

239
00:12:44,971 --> 00:12:46,518
That's amazing.

240
00:12:46,518 --> 00:12:51,807
Think about Facebook 
facial recognition mechanism.

241
00:12:51,807 --> 00:12:54,059
This is an amazing tool for spies.

242
00:12:54,059 --> 00:12:55,916
Are you familiar with this mechanism?

243
00:12:55,916 --> 00:12:58,325
It means that you can take
pictures of your friend

244
00:12:58,325 --> 00:13:00,683
and Facebook will automatically tag them.

245
00:13:00,683 --> 00:13:04,015
He will recognize your friends
and will automatically tag them.

246
00:13:04,015 --> 00:13:08,037
So if you are a spy, 
you could create this amazing camera,

247
00:13:08,037 --> 00:13:11,273
and stand outside a secret agency,

248
00:13:11,273 --> 00:13:13,722
and take pictures of people coming out

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00:13:13,722 --> 00:13:17,010
and immediately receive their names,
the names of their friends,

250
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what are their deepest secrets,
where are they going to be.

251
00:13:20,154 --> 00:13:22,769
Facebook is a dream place for spies.

252
00:13:22,769 --> 00:13:26,598
You can see how much the spy is happy.

253
00:13:26,598 --> 00:13:28,770
So where do we go from here?

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00:13:28,770 --> 00:13:31,988
Should we educate our children
only to use applications

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00:13:31,988 --> 00:13:35,703
that were made by countries
that we consider friendly?

256
00:13:35,703 --> 00:13:38,269
Or should we just accept
that we are living in a world

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that has no secrets?

258
00:13:41,238 --> 00:13:45,374
What we can be sure of 
is that nothing is free.

259
00:13:45,374 --> 00:13:47,592
On the Internet nothing is free.

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00:13:47,592 --> 00:13:52,057
We either pay with money
or with our privacy.

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00:13:52,057 --> 00:13:53,344
Thank you.

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00:13:53,344 --> 00:13:58,229
(Applause)