0:00:17.359,0:00:20.257
I'd like to start by asking you[br]a few questions.

0:00:20.257,0:00:23.542
Please raise your hand[br]if you have a smartphone.

0:00:23.542,0:00:26.344
OK. Is there anyone here[br]without a smartphone?

0:00:26.344,0:00:28.902
Oh, I'm sorry.[br](Laughter)

0:00:28.902,0:00:31.611
Raise your hand if you have[br]a Facebook account.

0:00:31.611,0:00:34.781
OK. Is there anyone here[br]without a Facebook account?

0:00:34.781,0:00:38.969
Wow, I'll speak more slowly.[br](Laughter)

0:00:38.969,0:00:43.036
Is there anyone here that has more[br]than one Facebook account?

0:00:43.036,0:00:44.951
OK, interesting.

0:00:44.951,0:00:48.297
How about Twitter?[br]Instagram?

0:00:48.297,0:00:51.828
Have you ever bought[br]something from Ebay?

0:00:51.828,0:00:56.743
Amazon? Deal Extreme?[br]With that, you are very good.

0:00:56.743,0:01:00.379
Is there anyone here that has bitcoins?

0:01:00.379,0:01:01.753
OK, interesting.

0:01:01.753,0:01:03.683
OK, last one.[br]Listen carefully.

0:01:03.683,0:01:06.984
If you had to choose[br]between spending three days

0:01:06.984,0:01:10.000
without your smartphone[br]or without your toothbrush,

0:01:10.000,0:01:12.873
what would you choose?[br](Laughter)

0:01:12.873,0:01:16.369
Don't answer.[br]There are cameras here.

0:01:16.369,0:01:19.291
Ever since I was a kid,[br]I was fascinated with computers.

0:01:19.291,0:01:22.732
I loved taking them apart[br]and putting them back together.

0:01:22.732,0:01:25.685
Putting them back together[br]didn't always work.

0:01:25.685,0:01:28.098
Nevertheless, I learned a lot.

0:01:28.098,0:01:31.362
But there was a downside to this,[br]as you would expect.

0:01:31.362,0:01:34.374
Friends, and friends of friends,[br]and even their parents,

0:01:34.374,0:01:35.679
used to call me and ask,

0:01:35.679,0:01:39.431
"Do you have a spare minute?[br]I need you to fix my computer."

0:01:39.431,0:01:40.825
It never took a minute.

0:01:40.825,0:01:45.370
And I hated the fact that computers[br]had so many problems.

0:01:45.370,0:01:47.102
One day, I decided, "Enough.

0:01:47.102,0:01:50.751
From now on, I'm going to charge[br]anyone who wants me to fix his computer."

0:01:50.751,0:01:53.577
Amazingly enough, that actually worked.

0:01:53.577,0:01:56.988
People started paying me[br]to fix their computers.

0:01:56.988,0:02:01.310
From that moment on, I loved the fact[br]that computers had so many problems.

0:02:01.310,0:02:02.653
(Laughter)

0:02:02.653,0:02:05.473
So at the age of 15,[br]I actually opened my first business

0:02:05.473,0:02:07.711
together with a friend of mine[br]from school.

0:02:07.711,0:02:09.665
And it was a huge success for us.

0:02:09.665,0:02:12.796
We didn't have to take anymore money[br]from our parents.

0:02:12.796,0:02:15.320
And we started with fixing computers

0:02:15.320,0:02:18.079
and at some point we started[br]selling computers.

0:02:18.079,0:02:21.629
But the most amazing thing[br]about this story

0:02:21.629,0:02:24.882
is that so few people know it.

0:02:24.882,0:02:27.997
This is actually the first time[br]I'm sharing this business card.

0:02:27.997,0:02:33.805
I only took this picture four days ago[br]for the sake of this presentation.

0:02:33.805,0:02:36.288
I'm from the last generation that knows

0:02:36.288,0:02:39.730
how the world looked like[br]before the Internet.

0:02:39.730,0:02:44.607
Now, keep that in mind, and think[br]about the children of our grandchildren.

0:02:44.607,0:02:46.687
They will know us so well.

0:02:46.687,0:02:50.110
I have no clue who was[br]my great grandfather.

0:02:50.110,0:02:53.114
It could have been anyone.

0:02:53.114,0:02:56.197
There is so little information[br]about past generations.

0:02:56.197,0:02:59.395
And only selected few had received[br]this highest honor

0:02:59.395,0:03:01.169
of having their life documented.

0:03:01.169,0:03:03.696
Right, kings and philosophers.

0:03:03.696,0:03:07.926
But for us, we document[br]our lives as we go.

0:03:07.926,0:03:13.420
Every 60 seconds, 100 hours of movies[br]are being uploaded to YouTube.

0:03:13.420,0:03:19.227
In those 60 seconds, approximately 40,000 [br]pictures are being posted on Instagram.

0:03:19.227,0:03:22.733
And 350,000 tweets are being shared.

0:03:22.733,0:03:26.713
So, future generations will have [br]so much information about us,

0:03:26.713,0:03:28.937
they wouldn't know what to do with it.

0:03:28.937,0:03:32.195
They could know us so well,[br]but so could anyone else.

0:03:32.195,0:03:34.954
Including our future potential boss

0:03:34.954,0:03:37.465
that might approach[br]a new type of psychologist,

0:03:37.465,0:03:41.856
that will be asked to determine whether[br]we fit for the job that we applied to.

0:03:41.856,0:03:44.434
And he would do that[br]without even meeting us.

0:03:44.434,0:03:47.972
Just by browsing through[br]the information we shared,

0:03:47.972,0:03:51.537
and, yes, sometimes the information[br]we forgot we've shared.

0:03:51.537,0:03:52.933
(Laughter)

0:03:52.933,0:03:55.426
I have no excuse, I'm sorry.

0:03:56.286,0:03:59.076
No one needs to meet us[br]in order to know us.

0:03:59.076,0:04:01.768
So sometimes we will find out [br]if we got the job

0:04:01.768,0:04:04.381
even before we had the interview.

0:04:04.381,0:04:09.382
Strange as it may sound,[br]today, 75% of employers

0:04:09.382,0:04:13.056
are already browsing through[br]candidates' personal profiles

0:04:13.056,0:04:14.659
before hiring them.

0:04:14.659,0:04:18.699
One in every three admitted[br]having disqualified a candidate

0:04:18.699,0:04:22.291
because of information found online.

0:04:22.291,0:04:26.022
And we're becoming even better[br]at sharing information, right?

0:04:26.022,0:04:29.227
So, amazing companies[br]are creating great tools

0:04:29.227,0:04:32.592
that will help us share[br]more and more information.

0:04:32.592,0:04:35.758
They do that because[br]they understand the great value

0:04:35.758,0:04:40.982
in holding huge amounts of personal[br]information, of our infomation.

0:04:40.982,0:04:44.003
We should think of them as a great machine

0:04:44.003,0:04:49.136
that knows how to transform[br]personal data into profit.

0:04:49.136,0:04:52.054
And they make billions of money.

0:04:52.054,0:04:55.938
But I want to speak about[br]a different type of machines.

0:04:55.938,0:04:59.964
Those machines also take personal data,[br]the same data,

0:04:59.964,0:05:04.313
but they transform it[br]into National Security.

0:05:04.313,0:05:08.179
Those are governments[br]and intelligence agencies.

0:05:08.179,0:05:12.391
So, with Facebook, we know[br]how they get the information.

0:05:12.391,0:05:14.840
We give it to them, free of charge.

0:05:14.840,0:05:18.132
But how would intelligence agencies[br]get this information?

0:05:18.132,0:05:21.520
It's not very easy to collect, right?

0:05:21.520,0:05:23.030
But wait a minute.

0:05:23.030,0:05:27.351
If someone already collected it,[br]maybe we can use it.

0:05:27.351,0:05:33.212
So, many states understand now[br]that they have a great incentive

0:05:33.212,0:05:36.990
to put a spy inside Facebook.

0:05:36.990,0:05:39.055
But not just Facebook.

0:05:39.055,0:05:43.639
Many companies in the private sector[br]are unwillingly becoming pawned

0:05:43.639,0:05:47.970
in the national security games,[br]in the homeland security campaigns.

0:05:47.970,0:05:49.833
You probably recognize this guy, right?

0:05:49.833,0:05:52.593
This is Edward Snowden,[br]who worked for the NSA.

0:05:52.593,0:05:55.702
The NSA is the National Security Agency.

0:05:55.702,0:05:58.636
What do they do there, inside the NSA?

0:05:58.636,0:06:03.833
In the world of intelligence, they are[br]called SIGINT Intelligence gathering Unit.

0:06:03.833,0:06:07.298
SIGINT stands for Signals Intelligence.

0:06:07.298,0:06:09.598
That means that the NSA,

0:06:09.598,0:06:11.746
much like Facebook and Google and others,

0:06:11.746,0:06:16.599
is in the business of collecting[br]digital data and processing it.

0:06:16.599,0:06:20.235
So, every country in the world[br]has an agency

0:06:20.235,0:06:22.224
that is responsible for SIGINT gathering.

0:06:22.224,0:06:24.065
In the United States, it's the NSA.

0:06:24.065,0:06:25.614
Edward Snowden worked there,

0:06:25.614,0:06:27.453
and one day he decided to do something

0:06:27.453,0:06:30.766
that completely changed the way[br]we speak about privacy.

0:06:30.766,0:06:33.214
He took many documents and published them;

0:06:33.214,0:06:36.914
many classified documents[br]from within the NSA, and published them.

0:06:36.914,0:06:39.311
You should understand,[br]that until that point,

0:06:39.311,0:06:44.628
people in my field of work[br]addressed NSA as No Such Agency.

0:06:44.948,0:06:46.715
This is how we called them.

0:06:46.715,0:06:50.267
But right now, we have so much information[br]about what is going on in there.

0:06:50.267,0:06:52.524
So, one of the first things [br]that Edward Snowden

0:06:52.524,0:06:54.477
actually published,[br]revealed to the world

0:06:54.477,0:06:58.482
this secret secret secret project,[br]named PRISM.

0:06:58.852,0:07:00.855
This is what Edward Snowden published.

0:07:00.855,0:07:04.935
This is what used to be[br]a top secret presentation.

0:07:04.935,0:07:09.353
It was so secret that[br]only selected few inside the NSA

0:07:09.353,0:07:11.584
were cleared to see it.

0:07:11.584,0:07:16.824
While viewing this presentation,[br]we come to understand two amazing things.

0:07:16.824,0:07:21.107
The first one, they design terrible[br]presentations inside the NSA.

0:07:21.107,0:07:22.480
(Laughter)

0:07:22.480,0:07:26.655
This design is unforgivable.[br]Seriously, guys.

0:07:26.655,0:07:29.934
The second thing that we learned[br]is what PRISM is.

0:07:29.934,0:07:33.518
PRISM is an intelligence[br]gathering program,

0:07:33.518,0:07:38.029
through which the NSA actually[br]had access to private companies,

0:07:38.029,0:07:40.676
to information that was stored[br]inside private companies,

0:07:40.676,0:07:45.570
like Microsoft, Yahoo, Google[br]and Facebook, Skype, YouTube and Apple.

0:07:45.570,0:07:48.218
The NSA could access those companies

0:07:48.218,0:07:51.411
in order to gain access[br]to our information.

0:07:51.411,0:07:54.422
Obviously these things[br]that Edward Snowden published

0:07:54.422,0:07:57.347
created a lot of public criticism[br]surrounding the NSA, right?

0:07:57.347,0:07:59.524
The public wasn't happy with that.

0:07:59.524,0:08:02.482
So, someone had to tell[br]the other side of the story.

0:08:02.482,0:08:06.976
The job fell on the shoulders[br]of this guy, General Keith Alexander,

0:08:06.976,0:08:09.936
who until recently was [br]the head of the NSA.

0:08:09.936,0:08:13.206
So, his job was to demonstrate [br]the trade-off.

0:08:13.206,0:08:14.979
So if you have privacy in one hand,

0:08:14.979,0:08:16.754
and national security in the other,

0:08:16.754,0:08:18.667
and you want more national security,

0:08:18.667,0:08:20.885
you should compromise privacy.[br]That's that.

0:08:20.885,0:08:26.119
So, he tries to convince us that the NSA[br]is actually an efficient machine

0:08:26.119,0:08:29.697
for transforming personal data[br]into national security.

0:08:29.697,0:08:31.115
How did he do that?

0:08:31.115,0:08:32.651
One of the things that he did,

0:08:32.651,0:08:39.102
he went onstage at a big[br]cyber conference in Las Vegas.

0:08:39.102,0:08:41.837
This conference is for hackers[br]and security professionals.

0:08:41.837,0:08:44.323
I was sitting there in the audience[br]listening to him,

0:08:44.323,0:08:48.841
and he said about PRISM[br]and other intelligence gathering programs

0:08:48.841,0:08:53.798
that they were a vital tool[br]in stopping actual terrorist attacks.

0:08:53.798,0:08:56.408
Oh my God![br]What should we take from it?

0:08:56.408,0:09:00.432
What should we take from the fact[br]that the NSA is using this information

0:09:00.432,0:09:02.343
to stop terrorist attacks?

0:09:02.343,0:09:07.062
It is now the undeniable truth[br]that the information that sits

0:09:07.062,0:09:10.807
within private companies[br]such as Facebook,

0:09:10.807,0:09:14.623
is valuable intelligence[br]related information.

0:09:14.623,0:09:17.932
It is the type of information[br]that the United States can use

0:09:17.932,0:09:21.299
in order to promote its old[br]national security agenda.

0:09:21.299,0:09:24.068
Now, the NSA had a pretty easy life

0:09:24.068,0:09:27.051
because all of those companies[br]are actually American companies,

0:09:27.051,0:09:29.022
which sit within the United States.

0:09:29.022,0:09:32.095
So they could approach a federal judge[br]that will issue a warrant.

0:09:32.095,0:09:33.359
This is a magic key.

0:09:33.359,0:09:36.732
It forces everyone to hand over[br]this information.

0:09:36.732,0:09:38.772
But what can Russia do?

0:09:38.772,0:09:40.244
What can China do?

0:09:40.244,0:09:43.079
What can any other country[br]in the world do?

0:09:43.079,0:09:46.177
Every intelligence agency in the world

0:09:46.177,0:09:49.832
wants the information that sits[br]inside Facebook and other companies.

0:09:49.832,0:09:52.337
If the United States[br]can stop terrorist attacks

0:09:52.337,0:09:53.861
using this information,

0:09:53.861,0:09:56.572
everyone can use this information.

0:09:56.572,0:09:57.969
Make no mistake.

0:09:57.969,0:10:00.270
It is not a question [br]of if they will get it.

0:10:00.270,0:10:03.533
It is a question of how and when.

0:10:03.533,0:10:06.516
They can try to actually [br]approach the federal judge,

0:10:06.516,0:10:08.209
right, the American federal judge.

0:10:08.209,0:10:11.420
It won't help, though [br]it might amuse him a lot.

0:10:11.730,0:10:15.139
So there are basically two ways[br]to go about it.

0:10:15.139,0:10:17.970
One, they can try hacking into Facebook,

0:10:17.970,0:10:20.062
which is not an easy thing to accomplish.

0:10:20.062,0:10:22.446
Trust me.[br](Laughter)

0:10:22.446,0:10:24.784
The second thing that they can do,

0:10:24.784,0:10:27.360
they can try to put a spy inside Facebook,

0:10:27.360,0:10:29.780
so that he will provide[br]the information they need.

0:10:29.780,0:10:32.613
Well, when we think[br]about a spy inside Facebook,

0:10:32.613,0:10:35.199
this is probably not a spy[br]we have in mind.

0:10:35.199,0:10:38.371
This is more like it.[br](Laughter)

0:10:38.371,0:10:41.529
It's strange to think about[br]state sponsored spies

0:10:41.529,0:10:44.486
inside private companies,[br]inside commercial companies.

0:10:44.486,0:10:49.718
But there are several reasons[br]that make this thing easier.

0:10:49.718,0:10:54.024
One, it's much easier to get a job[br]inside Facebook than inside the NSA,

0:10:54.024,0:10:56.405
security clearance-wise.

0:10:56.405,0:10:58.962
The second thing is [br]that the risk is lower.

0:10:58.962,0:11:01.131
Being a spy inside Facebook[br]is not as risky

0:11:01.131,0:11:03.245
as being a spy inside the NSA.

0:11:03.245,0:11:07.203
And the third, in the past,[br]if you wanted to be a good spy,

0:11:07.203,0:11:11.671
if you wanted to hire a good spy,[br]you wanted this guy.

0:11:11.671,0:11:14.148
This is the guy that[br]knew everything, right?

0:11:14.148,0:11:18.902
You wanted someone that would be as senior[br]as possible inside the organization.

0:11:18.902,0:11:21.944
But today, in the age of information,

0:11:21.944,0:11:25.810
the people that actually have the power[br]are those people,

0:11:25.810,0:11:29.097
the hands-on guys, the engineers,[br]the support team.

0:11:29.097,0:11:33.052
Those people have unrestricted access[br]to information.

0:11:33.052,0:11:34.742
This is what you want.

0:11:34.742,0:11:37.079
This makes your life much easier,

0:11:37.079,0:11:39.719
if you want to put a spy[br]inside a commercial company.

0:11:39.719,0:11:41.577
And then the plot thickens,

0:11:41.577,0:11:46.325
because there are many other companies[br]that hold information that is valuable.

0:11:46.325,0:11:51.492
For example, you might put a spy[br]inside a mobile operator.

0:11:51.492,0:11:53.905
And he could listen to your phone calls,

0:11:53.905,0:11:57.984
and might be able to tell[br]where you're at at every given moment.

0:11:57.984,0:12:01.390
You might want to put a spy[br]inside a credit card company.

0:12:01.390,0:12:04.526
He will know everything about everyone

0:12:04.526,0:12:06.946
while being inside a credit card company,

0:12:06.946,0:12:09.717
and sometimes, your deepest secrets.

0:12:09.717,0:12:11.711
And there are many other companies

0:12:11.711,0:12:15.159
that hold valuable information[br]for intelligence.

0:12:15.159,0:12:18.963
So, where do we go from here?

0:12:18.963,0:12:21.337
Someone hacked my presentation.

0:12:21.337,0:12:23.058
(Laughter)

0:12:23.488,0:12:25.760
Good job guys.

0:12:25.760,0:12:27.697
Where do we go from here?

0:12:27.697,0:12:30.128
We have to understand that today,

0:12:30.128,0:12:34.850
commercial companies are actually[br]better at collecting data

0:12:34.850,0:12:37.345
than actual intelligence agencies.

0:12:37.345,0:12:42.370
Companies like Facebook and Google[br]are better at collecting our data

0:12:42.370,0:12:44.971
than actual intelligence agencies.

0:12:44.971,0:12:46.518
That's amazing.

0:12:46.518,0:12:51.807
Think about Facebook [br]facial recognition mechanism.

0:12:51.807,0:12:54.059
This is an amazing tool for spies.

0:12:54.059,0:12:55.916
Are you familiar with this mechanism?

0:12:55.916,0:12:58.325
It means that you can take[br]pictures of your friend

0:12:58.325,0:13:00.683
and Facebook will automatically tag them.

0:13:00.683,0:13:04.015
He will recognize your friends[br]and will automatically tag them.

0:13:04.015,0:13:08.037
So if you are a spy, [br]you could create this amazing camera,

0:13:08.037,0:13:11.273
and stand outside a secret agency,

0:13:11.273,0:13:13.722
and take pictures of people coming out

0:13:13.722,0:13:17.010
and immediately receive their names,[br]the names of their friends,

0:13:17.010,0:13:19.794
what are their deepest secrets,[br]where are they going to be.

0:13:20.154,0:13:22.769
Facebook is a dream place for spies.

0:13:22.769,0:13:26.598
You can see how much the spy is happy.

0:13:26.598,0:13:28.770
So where do we go from here?

0:13:28.770,0:13:31.988
Should we educate our children[br]only to use applications

0:13:31.988,0:13:35.703
that were made by countries[br]that we consider friendly?

0:13:35.703,0:13:38.269
Or should we just accept[br]that we are living in a world

0:13:38.269,0:13:40.458
that has no secrets?

0:13:41.238,0:13:45.374
What we can be sure of [br]is that nothing is free.

0:13:45.374,0:13:47.592
On the Internet nothing is free.

0:13:47.592,0:13:52.057
We either pay with money[br]or with our privacy.

0:13:52.057,0:13:53.344
Thank you.

0:13:53.344,0:13:58.229
(Applause)