[Script Info]
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Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.79,0:00:02.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You may not realize this,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.53,0:00:07.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but there are more bacteria in your body\Nthan stars in our entire galaxy.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.04,0:00:11.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This fascinating universe\Nof bacteria inside of us
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.17,0:00:13.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an integral part of our health,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.44,0:00:15.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and our technology is evolving so rapidly
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.53,0:00:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that today we can program these bacteria\Nlike we program computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.06,0:00:22.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, the diagram that you see here,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.94,0:00:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I know it looks like\Nsome kind of sports play,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.47,0:00:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is actually a blueprint of\Nthe first bacterial program I developed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.63,0:00:32.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And like writing software,\Nwe can print and write DNA
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.95,0:00:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into different algorithms\Nand programs inside of bacteria.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.82,0:00:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What this program does\Nis produces fluorescent proteins
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.52,0:00:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a rhythmic fashion
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.96,0:00:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and generates a small molecule
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.56,0:00:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows bacteria\Nto communicate and synchronize,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.14,0:00:46.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as you're seeing in this movie.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.50,0:00:49.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The growing colony of bacteria\Nthat you see here
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.78,0:00:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about the width of a human hair.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.78,0:00:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, what you can't see\Nis that our genetic program
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.28,0:00:57.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instructs these bacteria\Nto each produce small molecules,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.77,0:01:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these molecules travel between\Nthe thousands of individual bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.18,0:01:03.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,telling them when to turn on and off.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.90,0:01:07.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the bacteria synchronize\Nquite well at this scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.15,0:01:11.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because the molecule that synchronizes\Nthem together can only travel so fast,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.14,0:01:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in larger colonies of bacteria,\Nthis results in traveling waves
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.72,0:01:17.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between bacteria that are\Nfar away from each other,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.62,0:01:21.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you can see these waves going\Nfrom right to left across the screen.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.36,0:01:24.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, our genetic program\Nrelies on a natural phenomenon
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.14,0:01:25.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called quorum sensing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:25.32,0:01:28.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in which bacteria trigger coordinated\Nand sometimes virulent behaviors
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.65,0:01:31.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once they reach a critical density.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.59,0:01:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can observe quorum sensing\Nin action in this movie,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.24,0:01:37.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where a growing colony of bacteria\Nonly begins to glow
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.89,0:01:40.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,once it reaches a high\Nor critical density.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.26,0:01:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our genetic program
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.10,0:01:45.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,continues producing these\Nrhythmic patterns of fluorescent proteins
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.25,0:01:47.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the colony grows outwards.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.62,0:01:51.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This particular movie and experiment\Nwe call The Supernova,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.31,0:01:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it looks like an exploding star.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.34,0:01:56.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, besides programming\Nthese beautiful patterns,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.73,0:01:59.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wondered, what else can we get\Nthese bacteria to do?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.32,0:02:01.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I decided to explore\Nhow we can program bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.90,0:02:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect and treat diseases\Nin our bodies like cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.01,0:02:08.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the surprising facts about bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.31,0:02:11.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that they can naturally grow\Ninside of tumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.74,0:02:13.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This happens because typically tumors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.51,0:02:15.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are areas where the immune system\Nhas no access,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.92,0:02:17.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so the bacteria find these tumors
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.92,0:02:21.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and use them as a safe haven\Nto grow and thrive.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.75,0:02:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We started using probiotic bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.58,0:02:26.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are safe bacteria\Nthat have a health benefit,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.21,0:02:28.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and found that\Nwhen orally delivered to mice,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.67,0:02:32.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these probiotics would selectively\Ngrow inside of liver tumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.83,0:02:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We realized that the most convenient way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.78,0:02:36.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to highlight the presence\Nof the probiotics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.86,0:02:38.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hence, the presence of the tumors,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.72,0:02:40.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was to get these bacteria\Nto produce a signal
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.95,0:02:43.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would be detectable in the urine,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.07,0:02:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so we specifically\Nprogrammed these probiotics
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.48,0:02:48.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make a molecule that would change\Nthe color of your urine
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.36,0:02:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to indicate the presence of cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.17,0:02:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We went on to show that this technology
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.18,0:02:56.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could sensitively and specifically\Ndetect liver cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.37,0:02:59.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one that is challenging\Nto detect otherwise.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.89,0:03:02.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, since these bacteria\Nspecifically localize to tumors,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:02.89,0:03:05.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've been programming them\Nto not only detect cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.48,0:03:07.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but also to treat cancer
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.27,0:03:10.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by producing therapeutic molecules\Nfrom within the tumor environment
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.49,0:03:12.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that shrink the existing tumors,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.82,0:03:15.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we've been doing this\Nusing quorum sensing programs
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.57,0:03:17.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like you saw in the previous movies.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.41,0:03:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Altogether, imagine in the future\Ntaking a programmed probiotic
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.11,0:03:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that could detect and treat cancer,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.59,0:03:26.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or even other diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.96,0:03:28.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our ability to program bacteria
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.60,0:03:30.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and program life
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.30,0:03:33.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,opens up new horizons in cancer research,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.25,0:03:35.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to share this vision,\NI worked with artist Vik Muniz
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.98,0:03:37.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create the symbol of the universe,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.80,0:03:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,made entirely out of bacteria\Nor cancer cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.44,0:03:46.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ultimately, my hope is that the beauty\Nand purpose of this microscopic universe
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.64,0:03:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can inspire new and creative approaches\Nfor the future of cancer research.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.54,0:03:54.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.17,0:03:57.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)