0:00:01.000,0:00:02.944 Concrete is all around us, 0:00:02.968,0:00:05.786 but most of us don't even[br]notice that it's there. 0:00:05.810,0:00:09.856 We use concrete to build our roads,[br]buildings, bridges, airports; 0:00:09.880,0:00:11.063 it's everywhere. 0:00:11.087,0:00:14.126 The only resource we use[br]more than concrete is water. 0:00:14.150,0:00:16.646 And with population[br]growth and urbanization, 0:00:16.670,0:00:18.733 we're going to need[br]concrete more than ever. 0:00:18.757,0:00:20.176 But there's a problem. 0:00:20.200,0:00:23.686 Cement's the glue[br]that holds concrete together. 0:00:23.710,0:00:25.188 And to make cement, 0:00:25.212,0:00:30.606 you burn limestone with other ingredients[br]in a kiln at very high temperatures. 0:00:30.630,0:00:34.866 One of the byproducts of that process[br]is carbon dioxide, or CO2. 0:00:34.890,0:00:37.866 For every ton of cement[br]that's manufactured, 0:00:37.890,0:00:41.876 almost a ton of CO2[br]is emitted into the atmosphere. 0:00:41.900,0:00:43.057 As a result, 0:00:43.081,0:00:47.506 the cement industry is the second-largest[br]industrial emitter of CO2, 0:00:47.530,0:00:51.776 responsible for almost eight percent[br]of total global emissions. 0:00:51.800,0:00:54.076 If we're going to solve global warming, 0:00:54.100,0:00:58.869 innovation in both cement production[br]and carbon utilization 0:00:58.893,0:01:01.006 is absolutely necessary. 0:01:01.030,0:01:07.016 Now, to make concrete, you mix cement[br]with stone, sand, and other ingredients, 0:01:07.040,0:01:11.306 throw in a bunch of water,[br]and then wait for it to harden or cure. 0:01:11.330,0:01:14.336 With precast products[br]like pavers and blocks, 0:01:14.360,0:01:16.506 you might shoot steam[br]into the curing chamber 0:01:16.530,0:01:18.936 to try to accelerate the curing process. 0:01:18.960,0:01:21.327 For buildings, roads, and bridges, 0:01:21.351,0:01:25.656 we pour what's called ready-mix concrete[br]into a mold on the job site 0:01:25.680,0:01:27.776 and wait for it to cure over time. 0:01:27.800,0:01:31.298 Now, for over 50 years,[br]scientists believed 0:01:31.322,0:01:35.546 that if they cured concrete[br]with CO2 instead of water, 0:01:35.570,0:01:37.066 it would be more durable, 0:01:37.090,0:01:39.726 but they were hamstrung[br]by Portland cement's chemistry. 0:01:39.750,0:01:43.238 You see, it likes to react[br]with both water and CO2, 0:01:43.262,0:01:47.486 and those conflicting chemistries[br]just don't make for very good concrete. 0:01:47.510,0:01:49.636 So we came up with[br]a new cement chemistry. 0:01:49.660,0:01:52.356 We use the same equipment[br]and raw materials, 0:01:52.380,0:01:54.186 but we use less limestone, 0:01:54.210,0:01:56.726 and we fire the kiln[br]at a lower temperature, 0:01:56.750,0:02:00.646 resulting in up to a 30 percent[br]reduction in CO2 emissions. 0:02:00.670,0:02:02.776 Our cement doesn't react with water. 0:02:02.800,0:02:05.467 We cure our concrete with CO2, 0:02:05.491,0:02:08.906 and we get that CO2 by capturing waste gas 0:02:08.930,0:02:13.886 from industrial facilities[br]like ammonia plants or ethanol plants 0:02:13.910,0:02:16.676 that otherwise would've been[br]released into the atmosphere. 0:02:16.700,0:02:21.946 During curing, the chemical reaction[br]with our cement breaks apart the CO2, 0:02:21.970,0:02:24.516 capturing the carbon to make limestone, 0:02:24.540,0:02:28.286 and that limestone's used[br]to bind the concrete together. 0:02:28.310,0:02:31.906 Now, if a bridge made out of our concrete[br]were ever demolished, 0:02:31.930,0:02:36.976 there's no fear of the CO2 being emitted[br]because it doesn't exist any longer. 0:02:37.000,0:02:40.706 When you combine the emissions reduction[br]during cement production 0:02:40.730,0:02:44.331 with the CO2 consumption[br]during concrete curing, 0:02:44.355,0:02:48.499 we reduce cement's carbon footprint[br]by up to 70 percent. 0:02:48.523,0:02:53.086 And because we don't consume water,[br]we also save trillions of liters of water. 0:02:53.110,0:02:56.216 Now, convincing a 2,000-year-old industry 0:02:56.240,0:02:59.339 that hasn't evolved much[br]over the last 200 years, 0:02:59.363,0:03:00.696 is not easy; 0:03:00.720,0:03:04.216 but there are lots of new[br]and existing industry players 0:03:04.240,0:03:06.026 that are attacking that challenge. 0:03:06.050,0:03:08.356 Our strategy is to ease adoption 0:03:08.380,0:03:12.294 by seeking solutions[br]that go beyond just sustainability. 0:03:12.318,0:03:15.486 We use the same processes,[br]raw material, and equipment 0:03:15.510,0:03:17.796 that's used to make traditional concrete, 0:03:17.820,0:03:21.336 but our new cement[br]makes concrete cured with CO2 0:03:21.360,0:03:25.126 that is stronger, more durable,[br]lighter in color, 0:03:25.150,0:03:29.526 and it cures in 24 hours[br]instead of 28 days. 0:03:29.550,0:03:31.526 Our new technology for ready-mix 0:03:31.550,0:03:33.976 is in testing and[br]infrastructure applications, 0:03:34.000,0:03:36.690 and we've pushed our research even further 0:03:36.714,0:03:39.736 to develop a concrete[br]that may become a carbon sink. 0:03:39.760,0:03:45.126 That means that we will consume more CO2[br]than is emitted during cement production. 0:03:45.150,0:03:48.366 Since we can't use CO2 gas[br]at a construction site, 0:03:48.390,0:03:50.766 we knew we had to deliver[br]it to our concrete 0:03:50.790,0:03:52.816 in either a solid or liquid form. 0:03:52.840,0:03:57.011 So we've been partnering with companies[br]that are taking waste CO2 0:03:57.035,0:04:00.461 and transforming it[br]into a useful family of chemicals 0:04:00.485,0:04:02.976 like oxalic acid or citric acid, 0:04:03.000,0:04:05.076 the same one you use in orange juice. 0:04:05.100,0:04:07.106 When that acid reacts with our cement, 0:04:07.130,0:04:11.416 we can pack in as much as four times[br]more carbon into the concrete, 0:04:11.440,0:04:13.186 making it carbon negative. 0:04:13.210,0:04:18.106 That means that for a one-kilometer[br]road section, we would consume more CO2 0:04:18.130,0:04:21.866 than almost a 100,000 trees do[br]during one year. 0:04:21.890,0:04:24.976 So thanks to chemistry and waste CO2, 0:04:25.000,0:04:27.356 we're trying to convert[br]the concrete industry, 0:04:27.380,0:04:30.846 the second-most-used[br]material on the planet, 0:04:30.870,0:04:33.679 into a carbon sink for the planet. 0:04:34.500,0:04:35.690 Thank you.