[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.47,0:00:28.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was March 11, 2020
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.75,0:00:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when the WHO declared
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.39,0:00:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Covid-19 was, to all intents\Nand purposes, a pandemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.31,0:00:43.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I remember how, until a few days before,\Nmany of us were rather skeptical
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.43,0:00:46.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the potential\Nof this new coronavirus,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.89,0:00:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also on the basis of expert advice.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.99,0:00:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yet on that day, on that\N11 March 2020, I wondered:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.91,0:00:59.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if really our species,\Nthe Homo Sapiens,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.43,0:01:01.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,face a pandemic,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.07,0:01:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,face a health crisis,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.35,0:01:09.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a huge spread of infections,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.83,0:01:13.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we would really be able\Nto plan the interventions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.03,0:01:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,effectively?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.07,0:01:18.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the time, it was rather difficult\Nto answer this question:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.15,0:01:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yet I began to wonder, precisely,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.39,0:01:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what this infection was,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.11,0:01:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what it represented
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.47,0:01:30.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not so much for our species,\Nbut also for other species.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.19,0:01:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we humans
Dialogue: 0,0:01:32.80,0:01:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are definitely\Nnot the only animals, species
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.09,0:01:40.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which faces as tough\Na challenge as a pandemic.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.47,0:01:44.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, starting from\Nmy academic background,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.83,0:01:46.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from my various experiences,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.43,0:01:48.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have begun to consider
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.71,0:01:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there really are\Nso many cases, in nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.71,0:01:56.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of infection control behaviours:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.44,0:01:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hygienic behaviour.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.19,0:02:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For example, we could mention\Nthe case of birds.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.71,0:02:06.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some of these species,\Nsuch as sparrows or flocks,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.95,0:02:11.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they use a very, I might say,\Nbizarre behavior
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.47,0:02:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is fumigation,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.19,0:02:16.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very similar to what we do\Nin the house with incense.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.43,0:02:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That is, they apply aromatic herbs -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.03,0:02:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in some cases, they are also\Ncigarette butts -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.96,0:02:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inside the nest.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.43,0:02:28.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The purpose is to disinfect it,\Nto make it more sanitized
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.63,0:02:31.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce the possibility\Nof disease occurrence;
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.47,0:02:33.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so it's absolutely similar
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.01,0:02:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what we do in our homes,\Nperhaps with incense.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.58,0:02:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, turning to the world of mammals,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.75,0:02:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we find a true master of hygiene:
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.43,0:02:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the badger.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.51,0:02:44.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In our woods, the badger\Nis a night dweller,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.41,0:02:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and lives in dens,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.37,0:02:50.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,usually covered with mosses,\Nleaves and shrubs.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.43,0:02:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Especially in the winter months,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.23,0:02:56.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rate usually changes this coating,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.83,0:03:00.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exposes it to the sun\Nand replaces the foliage.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.63,0:03:01.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.64,0:03:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because it reduces the possibility\Nof parasite proliferation
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.51,0:03:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or any pathogens.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.35,0:03:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Besides, we have some cases\Nof cosmetics, so body care.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.47,0:03:18.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The example of brown capuchine monkeys,\Nthese monkeys coming from South America
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.27,0:03:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that use a kind of mosquito spray.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.03,0:03:26.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They exploit the irritating substance\Nproduced by the millipedes,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.27,0:03:31.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to remove mosquitoes and avoid bites.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.83,0:03:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we have the case\Nof African elephants,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.03,0:03:40.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,elephants using clay,\Nthey sprinkle it on the skin,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.15,0:03:42.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce the chance of sunburn
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.55,0:03:46.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which clearly could then compromise\Ntheir immune system
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.79,0:03:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and thus increase the risk\Nof infectious diseases.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.51,0:03:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, faced with this scenario,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.75,0:03:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might ask ourselves:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.47,0:03:58.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but what has this got to do,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.06,0:04:03.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with what we have, for example,\Nin this current pandemic?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.19,0:04:07.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, if we tried to take\Na closer look at the animal world,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.03,0:04:10.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we will notice that many of the behaviors
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.26,0:04:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we are putting in place\Nin recent months
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.19,0:04:15.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are completely similar, if not identical,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.87,0:04:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to those that are implemented\Nby other animal species.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.15,0:04:22.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, talking about mammals,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.07,0:04:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we could quote our cousins,\Nthe chimpanzees.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.59,0:04:30.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Indeed, according to the observations\Nof the British ethologist Jane Goodall,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.03,0:04:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and more recently confirmed\Nby scientific studies,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.31,0:04:36.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when, within the group,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.07,0:04:40.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a chimpanzee expresses\Nclear symptoms of an infectious disease
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.35,0:04:44.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is pushed off the group,\Neven with some violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.75,0:04:47.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until he recuperates.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.67,0:04:52.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At that point, he can\Nbe reinserted into the group.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.83,0:04:57.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this case we see\Nhow the common, collective good
Dialogue: 0,0:04:57.23,0:05:01.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,comes before the interests\Nof the individuals.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.71,0:05:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's an absolutely very similar case
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.59,0:05:08.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what we might call\N"quarantine" or "social distancing"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.35,0:05:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.95,0:05:13.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's now focus\Non a completely different world,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.87,0:05:15.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the world of insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.22,0:05:17.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact, domestic bees
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.59,0:05:21.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are the real inventors\Nof disinfectant gel.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.79,0:05:24.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside the hive, we find the propolis.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.79,0:05:27.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It is a substance made by bees,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.91,0:05:30.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,starting from a vegetable resin,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.43,0:05:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is used for a specific purpose:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.55,0:05:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to reduce the chance\Nof infections inside the hive
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.95,0:05:39.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between individuals
Dialogue: 0,0:05:39.05,0:05:42.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also, somehow,\Nas a disinfectant cement,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.91,0:05:44.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to seal the various cells,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.59,0:05:47.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then make the hive even safer.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.33,0:05:49.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why do I quote bees?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.39,0:05:53.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because actually social insects,\Nlike ants or termites,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.83,0:05:56.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are a true example to us humans,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.67,0:05:59.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because many of the behaviors\Nthey put in place,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:00.11,0:06:03.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the point of view of coordination\Nas a superorganism,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.15,0:06:06.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are actually really effective behaviors
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.27,0:06:08.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that should make us think
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.03,0:06:11.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we, Homo Sapiens,\Nare a social species also;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.99,0:06:13.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we find ourselves in deep trouble
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.79,0:06:17.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in coordinating and allying\Nagainst a common enemy.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.39,0:06:21.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, at this point\Nit would be legit to wonder:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.51,0:06:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can we really learn\Nsomething from animals
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.83,0:06:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the subject of immunity, hygiene
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.75,0:06:30.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or infection control?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.27,0:06:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, a lot of scientific studies tell us\Nhow, in recent years,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.23,0:06:40.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a great increase has been observed\Nin so-called emerging diseases,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.03,0:06:43.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these new infections\Ncaused by a spillover,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.91,0:06:45.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a jump from a species to another.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.19,0:06:49.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And despite our species, Homo Sapiens,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.91,0:06:52.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had to face in a more remote past
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.15,0:06:54.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some very serious pandemics,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.63,0:06:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as the plague, such as Spanish flu,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.59,0:07:04.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or more recently devastating viruses\Nsuch as HIV and Ebola,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.79,0:07:10.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,despite this, Covid 19\Nadmittedly surprised us,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.23,0:07:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and somehow shattered the idea\Nof Homo Sapiens ruling the world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.67,0:07:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and instead made us rediscover\Nvulnerable, fragile as a species.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.27,0:07:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in light of all\Nthis dramatic scenario,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.15,0:07:30.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's some good news.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.79,0:07:34.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, we have a second chance today.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.91,0:07:38.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The time has come to change our vision,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.87,0:07:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take a biocentric perspective
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.19,0:07:46.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that allows us to recreate\Na harmonious relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.11,0:07:49.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with other animal species\Nand with all nature.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.43,0:07:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Until these decades,\Nour relationship with nature
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.31,0:07:54.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was toxic:
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.87,0:07:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have polluted, we have deforested,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.43,0:08:04.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have consumed the soil,\Ndestroyed habitats of animal species.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.15,0:08:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And today, at last,\Nwe really have a Second Chance.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.67,0:08:10.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, at this point we should ask ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.91,0:08:13.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how animals could come in handy?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.75,0:08:14.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If any,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.79,0:08:16.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as we have seen in these cases,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.91,0:08:18.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we humans haven't invented much:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.73,0:08:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the contrary, the animals\Nhave really anticipated us,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.83,0:08:24.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with great effectiveness.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.27,0:08:28.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so, right now, maybe, we could think
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.51,0:08:31.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that animals could teach us something.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.51,0:08:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Even, perhaps, to better manage\Na possible future pandemic.