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36c3 preroll music
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Herald-Engel: ...three persons here to
announce, there is Andreas and if I'm
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right, Sebastian, and if I'm right,
because I have the code names, of course,
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Tamara. In their presentation, they have
their real names. Something like that.
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Okay, their presentation is actually about
a tool and we all know that we use
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electronic gadgets everywhere and but we
are not aware about what actually the
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human cost is of all these things. And
they are developing a tool that shows us
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this information. And it could probably
and hopefully help us a lot in defining
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what things we're going to use in our
daily life. I want you to give them a
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welcome applause. Please, go ahead.
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Applause
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Sebastian: Good morning. Thanks for
getting up early and coming here. I'm
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really grateful for that. I'm Sebastian,
this is Tamara, this is Andreas. And we
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are building a tool, a software tool for
easy supply chain risk analysis. And I
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will start by talking about the background
of all this, what kind of risks we analyze
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and why. Andreas will talk more about how
we do the analysis and then Tamara will
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talk about our Project Fairtronics. So the
first thing I want to do is unpack this
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slogan a little bit. Supply chain is
basically all the steps that happen to a
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product before it is a product, right. It
starts with resource extraction and then
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somehow components are being made or
assembled. And at the end you have maybe a
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mobile phone or an arduino or something
like that. And when you're doing supply
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chain, when you work with supply chains,
basically, you have to acknowledge that
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electronics production happens all around
the globe. So that's a major thing that
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makes it complicated. Risk in the sense of
social risk. So what we want to do is
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minimize harm that is caused to people
involved in the production of electronics
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devices. Analysis in the sense that we
compute it. So we have a computational
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model of what kind of harms, risks are in
the supply chain of a product. And the
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whole thing is supposed to be easy and
easy is meant in the sense that you do not
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need to collect extra data. If you are
designing an electronic product the tool
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should work only with the data you already
have. As I said, supply chains are global,
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making electronics products is a global
affair. Basically, anything, any any
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product you can think of would probably
involve 45 continents such as this
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smartphone here, which is a pretty typical
case. It basically starts with resource
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extraction at the blue green dots and
resources or like, yeah, raw materials are
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located all around the globe. So they come
from South America, North America, Africa,
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Asia and so on. And then processing and
manufacturing happens in a lot of other
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places. So basically the material for any
product is shipped around the globe like,
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like crazy. And the background of our work
is essentially sustainability. You may
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have heard of this model of sustainability
that just made up of three pillars, the
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social pillar, the environmental pillar
and the economic pillar. And, you know,
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many people associate sustainability
mainly with the environmental aspect,
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making things ecological, not emitting too
much CO2 and so on. And that sometimes
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leads to the social aspect of
sustainability being a little bit
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underrepresented. Social sustainability
means avoiding harm, you know, improving
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people's well-being and so on. And that is
exactly the aspect that is most important
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to our work. So what about the social
sustainability of electronic supply
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chains? Basically, you know, across all
the stages of a supply chain, you can find
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a whole huge catalog of human rights
violations and other problems that are
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associated with the making of electronics
products from having to work in dangerous
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conditions, for instance, being poisoned
by toxic chemicals or being harmed in, you
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know, when the safety precautions are not
not sufficient. Being forced to work, for
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instance, because people are in so much
debt that they need to repay. Children
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having to work, people not being able to
form unions. Having to work too many hours
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or not making a living wage, even though
people work, you know, 10 or 12 hours or
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more a day. Being displaced from one's
home. For instance, when mines are being
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established or extended and it frequently
happens that people that have been living
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there are forced to move. From being
discriminated against or not enjoying
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Social Security, such as, you know, being
able to take time off when you are sick.
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For instance, in gold mining, many of
these cases are well documented, child
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labor happens in very, very many places.
And also you may be aware that mercury is
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frequently used to extract gold, when gold
is being mined. And of course, mercury is
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toxic and sometimes, you know, safety
precautions are not taken and people get
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poisoned and the environment gets
poisoned. So these are just two simple
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examples to make it a bit more plastic.
And the big picture is that the
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digitalisation, which we enjoy and
celebrate here at Congress happens on the
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backs of the people who make these
electronics. So how can we fix that? I
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want to go through three example steps,
you know, three puzzle pieces of the
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solution. The first one is that there do
exist some certifications that rule out
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certain human rights violations. For
instance, you know, the fair trade lable
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from bananas or coffee or whatever. And
there exists a fair trade certification
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for gold. There also exists another
certification, fair mind also for gold.
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And, yeah, these do rule out a good part
of these human rights violations. There is
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another standard, Irma, which is in the
process of being established, which
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applies to more metals or more materials
that come from mining. But the problem
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with all these certifications is that they
are not broadly available. So in each case
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there only exist a few mines that have a
certification and most of the mines don't.
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So another way to put this is that there
does not seem to be a huge demand for
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certified metals at the moment. And I
think that is like one of the things that
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need to change. A second example is that
when you are the designer of an electronic
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product, of course you get to decide what
goes into that product and you make a lot
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of design decisions. And of course, these
decisions determine what kind of raw
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materials are needed to build your
product. So this is a fun little example.
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This is a DIY mobile phone. So this phone
was built in a fab lab. And at the back of
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the phone, you see these two little knobs
sticking out. And these little knobs are
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capacitors. They are aluminium capacitors
because the person who built this phone
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did not want to use tantalum capacitors
because tantalum is well known to be
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associated with the whole catalog of human
rights problems. So, yeah, here you can
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very clearly see this design tradeoff
between making the phone a little bit
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thinner or avoiding the use of certain
resources. Many metals can be recycled,
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not all metals do get recycled because
it's not always cost effective. But of
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course, when it's being done and when it's
possible, recycling is a good way to
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reduce the overall amount of resources
that are being extracted. Why is it not
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always cost effective? I think this is,
again, partly a matter of supply and
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demand. You know, when there is a larger
demand for recycled metals, I hope you
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come cost effective to recycle a larger
amount of them. So the general message is
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there do exist alternatives, but then the
question is why, you know, why do I keep
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telling you there's no demand? Why is
there no demand? Why do not all people,
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you know, try to source their materials
responsibly? And part of the answer is
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that electronic supply chains are very
complex and very deep.
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This is a supply chain taken from the
Naga I.T. project, a very nice product,
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which is also a pioneering project in
fair electronics. And they tried to build
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the most sustainable computer mouse
possible. So they took the mouse because
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it's a very simple product. And they tried
to map out their entire supply chain
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as far as possible. And you can see that
even for the simple product, basically,
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the supply chain chart is overwhelming.
And you as a designer or as a maker of
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an electronic product, you are basically
at the top of the supply chain and you
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kind of have to look backwards and see
what your suppliers are and what are
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their suppliers and so on. And with with
this huge amount of steps, it's very
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difficult to know where to start. And
this is where our tool comes in.
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And Andi will now tell you a bit more
about how that works.
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Andreas: Okay, thank you. So, we have
learned now that, there exist severe
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issues in the production of electronics
devices, severe social issues. We want to
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do something about this. But we have also
seen right now that it is not an easy
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task, that it is complex, that supply
chains for electronics products are
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complex and deep. And so the question is
where can we start? And one thing that we
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or that someone as a designer of
electronics products does know is the
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components that go into an electronics
products, for example, here, the computer
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mouse. You can see it's made from the
casing. There's the cable. There's the
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circuit board. There are resistors that go
into it and so this is one thing that we
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know. And so the idea for our tool is that
you can feed this component list, maybe
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half a bill of materials available, maybe
you can just disassemble a device, feed it
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into our fairtronics tool and get a
hotspot analysis that tells you where is
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the highest risk, where are the hotspots
for social issues in your device?
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So how could this be done? And I will walk
with you through some steps to make
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this more tangible. Like I said, one
component in our computer mouse is the
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resistor. And if we take the resistor, we
can start collecting generic data, what
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the resistor is made of. There is some
copper part of the resistor, there is some
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iron part of the resistor. And one example
for a data source that you can see here is
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from an environmental assessment of
generic or average electronics components.
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And what you can see here listed is the
materials that an average resistor
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consists of in weight. For example, copper
it is made of 61.71 % of copper or 12.49 %
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of iron in weight, an average resistor
that we see here. OK. So now we know
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something about the composition of one
component and when we follow that trail
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and say, okay a large part of our of our
component is copper, we can ask where does
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the copper come from? And here's another
example of a data source that tells us
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something about this. It's from the US
Geological Survey and they publish yearly
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estimates about the global production of
different minerals. And you can see that
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in 2018, Chile produced a 5.8 million tons
of copper, or Congo produced 1.2 million
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tons of copper in 2018. These are
estimates based on publications from
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different firms or governments about their
copper production. Okay. So we can assume
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a certain amount of the copper that flows
into our component, into the resistor,
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comes from Congo. And now we can ask, how
are the working conditions in Congo? Are
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people getting fair salary there? How long
do they have to work? Is there child labor
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possibly involved? Is there forced labor
possibly involved in Congo? And there you
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can all find quite some data on this
country level that tells you something
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about working conditions in different
countries. And also our observation is
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that the situation is improving here. But
the data quality that you get since
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especially since the U.N. sustainability
goals were established, you can find more
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and more better quality data about social
conditions, working conditions in
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different countries. And here's one
example from the International Labor
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Organization. They also publish a report
on estimates about, in this case, the work
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and poverty rate. So the share of people
that do work, that still live below the
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poverty line. And in this case we are
interested in Congo and see, okay, this
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rate is 70%, 70% of the people in
employment still don't have enough to
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live. And a huge part of our work is to
collect this data, to collect data about
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raw material composition of electronics
components, to collect data about
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production rates of these raw materials in
different countries, and to collect data
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about the indicators that tell us
something about the working conditions in
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these countries, bring them in a common
format and collect them in our database.
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And as soon as we have this data, we can
start asking some questions and do some
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basic computations. For example, we might
be interested in the significance of
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copper produced in Congo. Well, when we
say, okay, Congo's share in world
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production of copper is 5.81% and the
share of copper in our resistor weight is
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61.71%, we arrive at 3.58% and we could
interpret this as something like medium
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activity. So anything we can say, okay,
around 3.58% of copper in our resistor we
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can assume stems from Congo and well, it's
between 1 and 10%, so quite significant,
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it is medium activity, quite important for
our resistor. Anything that is more than
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10% would be high activity. Anything below
1% would be low activity just to
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qualify this a bit. And then how severe
are the impacts in Congo if we take our
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example of fair salary? We have that
example of working poverty rate of 70%,
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which is among the top 25% of rates for
all the countries that we have for this
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indicator. And this is just one
qualification that you can make at this
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point and say, okay, anything that is, any
rate that is among these top 25% of rates
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is high impact. And if we do this for our
whole product, for the computer mouse, we
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can actually see that copper is not only
the most prevalent metal in the resistor,
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but for the whole computer mouse, mainly
due to the cable. So well, copper is quite
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prevalent in our computer mouse and we
also identified a social hotspot from the
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data that we just had, that is the copper
extraction in Congo and the impact
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category that we looked at is fair salary.
And one interpretation from this analysis
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would be, okay, if we find a source of
fair copper, of certified copper for the
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cable or find some producer of cables that
is willing to work with us in improving
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the situation, that would be a big step
forward for the fairness of the computer
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mouse. Now, there are some limitations
from this approach that I would like to
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point you to. For one, it's an assessment
on a very generic level. So you should
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take this with a grain of salt. It's just
to highlight hotspots, to highlight those
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areas where it's worth looking deeper and
try to identify the real issues that lie
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behind this. In the whole approach, we
follow a methodology called Social
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Lifecycle Assessment, which is similar to
environmental assessments of products. So
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you look at the whole supply chain or the
whole lifecycle of a product and in an
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environmental assessment, you are
interested in the CO2 emissions or in the
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water use that happens during the whole
lifecycle. And in our case, we have just
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different impact categories. So the impact
category is not water use or CO2
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emissions, but direct social impacts and
that these are the ones that we are
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focusing on. So anything related to
workers, freedom of association, working
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hours, forced labor, health and safety,
Social Security, equal opportunities,
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child labor and fair salary. And also, as
you can see from the example, we are
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focusing right now just on the raw
material extraction phase and the future.
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This should be extended also to cover
other lifecycle phases to get to a full
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assessment, social assessment. Okay, now I
will pass on to Tamara, who will tell you
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more about our project and the tool that
we are developing.
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Tamara: So thank you. Now that Sebastian
already told you why we are working on
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this project and Andi you told you how we
are doing this, I like to show you a bit
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of what we've done already. So we're
building a web based analysis tool to
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identify social hotspots. You can see a
screenshot of the current work in progress
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of it. It should be, an MVP should be done
by the end of February. And to revisit
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that example for the computer mouse, here
you can see that the component that you
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should look at first is the data cable,
and then that if you find a sustainably
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sourced or fair copper for your product,
that would be a significant improvement.
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And now you maybe all wonder if that is
really great and how can I contribute to
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it? So first of all, to all the makers of
electronic products. It would be great if
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you let us know what kind of tools you
currently use, in what formats you export.
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You could just send us your bill of
material list or PCB layout so we can
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offer templates because we want it to be
really easy to use. And the other thing is
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just use our tool by the end of February.
Give us feedback. Tell us what
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functionalities are working for you,
whether or not. And another thing is we're
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an open source project, we'd love to
collaborate. So if you have time on your
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hands and you're motivated and or
passionate for the subject, just join us.
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And you can find us on gitlab, here's the
link. A very crucial matter is the
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procurement of data. Without data we
cannot conduct an analysis and our current
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database is rather tiny and a lot of
manual labor went into it. And even though
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there have been significant improvements
concerning open source data for social
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indicators it's still not in a
standardised format to feed them into a
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coherent system quickly. And another thing
is the raw materials that constitute
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components, there it's even harder to find
something. So if you're in possession of
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data, if you're probably a manufacturer
and you have lists or if you just love to
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extract data in an automated way, yeah,
let us know. And the last thing is talk
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about it. So even if you're not a maker
yourself. Yeah, like spread the word, talk
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with people about it. And the more people
know and think about it, hopefully, the
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more can be done and if it's at a bare
minimum more conscience towards this
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topic. And to wrap up this talk, I'd like
to reiterate what Sebastian said in the
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beginning. Currently in the production of
electronic products, human rights are
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violated at almost every step of the
supply chain and this must not be the
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case. And this does not have to be the
case, as he said earlier. There are
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alternatives. You can use certified raw
materials, you can use, materials from
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certified mines. You can actively take
working conditions into consideration in
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the design process and you can use
recycled material if possible. But most
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importantly, you can increase the demand
for sustainably sourced raw materials and
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a fair production of electronic products.
And here's also our contact information.
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So feel free to write us an email or
you're here, we're here, you can come and
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talk to us. And I'd also like to thank the
prototype fund at this point because they
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have been funding us so far. And that was
a great help. Yes. Thank you. And thank
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you for your attention, your interest and
your time.
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Applause
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Herald-Engel: Super! Thank you! Wow! You
can be really proud about your product,
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really. I wonder if there are questions
here among our audience who is really
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clearly woken up and fresh. And to the
point, ah here at number two. Yes, please!
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Mic2: Is it on? Okay. Collecting data is a
difficult task, as you just said. So I
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wanted to ask if you share it with other
databases like Wikidata or another open
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data source, or if you like only keep it
to yourself because it's too hard to
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actually connect to other data sources?
Andreas: Well, technically, we're working
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on,... to have a REST interface for the
data that we collect and we happily
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share it. For some we are not sure if we
are allowed to share them. So if there is
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some expert here concerned property rights
of databases, that would be great to talk
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about them. But we happily share the data
that we can. And if you want to connect
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here, great!
Mic2: Okay. Thank you.
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Herald-Engel: Here, Number one.
Mic1: Thanks a lot for the presentation
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and I'll probably send you some bill of
materials, too. I've got one question. I
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know that Fairlötet offers the Stannol
soldering tin. But do you also plan to
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offer a solder paste? Because for all SMD
assembly obviously it's not possible to
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use that Fairlötet product.
Sebastian: Yeah, okay, so for context,
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basically that was our inaugural project
at Fairlötet. We are an association that
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works on fair electronics. And yeah,
basically the first project we did was we
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got together with Stannol, which is a
maker of soda products, and designed a
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soda wire. So what you would use when you
have your soda...iron and...So I would
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suggest that you get in contact with
Stannol directly. Actually, we are not so
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much involved in distributing this order
anymore.
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Herald-Engel: Number one, can you repeat
the question, please?
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Mic1: So there is no product on the market
at the moment what you can recommend for
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soldering paste?
Sebastian: Stannol do have their own
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product line they call Fairtin. So that is
tin with a traceable origin, following
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best practices in mining. So that might be
an option for you.
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Herald-Engel. Okay, we have a question at
number two.
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Mic2: Thank you, you hear me? Thank you
very much for your talk. I was wondering,
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have you gotten in contact with purchasing
organizations, because in supply chains
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nowadays you often have a service provider
that is in between the producer who buys
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these products and the vendors. And often
these purchasing service providers are
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asked to help control the supply chain.
Sebastian: We haven't actually and to be
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honest, I think we need to start at the
point where there's some kind of momentum
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and for us I think it's easier to reach
people like you. You know, maybe hardware
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developers or maybe small enterprises or
maybe just activists because, I mean, I
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cannot really make really broad
statements, but I think big parts of the
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whole industry are kind of conservative
when it comes to stuff like
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sustainability. And we kind of have to
work our way through there, I think.
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Herald-Engel: Okay, we have a question.
Number three there. One second. Yes,
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please. Number three.
Mic3: First of all, thank you for your
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talk, and my question is, you used a
relative approach regarding the evaluation
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of the impact category. And I was
wondering if there was a specific reason
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for that or if, I mean, you could have
instead just evaluated the absolute value
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by which you compare the different
countries of origin.
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Andreas: You mean to have some kind of
reference point and say, okay, it's better
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or worse and than this reference point.
The approach that I showed you right now
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is our starting point where we are
following some well, an approach that or
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modeling after approach that we found in
literature. And that seems doable for us
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right now within the six month timeframe
that we have to arrive at a full
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prototype. But it's not fixed. So
certainly the whole methodology can still
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be improved. So, yeah, that's pretty much
what I can say to that.
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Mic3: Thank you.
Herald-Engel: Fine. Thank you. Yes, sir,
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please.
Mic: Hello. My question also concerns the
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relative impact approach that analyzes,
for example with the mouse which
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countries and which materials from these
countries had an impact. And I was also
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wondering if except for the country of
origin and its world market share and also
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the share of weight in the product, as you
showed with copper, if you're also taking
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into consideration other factors, for
example, the rarity and different impacts
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of materials, for example, copper being
more common than tantalum, as you
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mentioned, and if you would consider
adding that as an additional factor into
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your analysis.
Andreas: Right now, we do not consider it.
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But one could certainly think about it.
Maybe we can talk about later about this
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idea, would be great.
Herald-Engel: It's fine. Do we have
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questions online? No one. We're all
asleep. I see someone here at number two.
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Please Sir.
Mic2: Hi there. I'm also a prototype fund
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recipient. It's really, really cool to see
them doing all this nice and this awesome
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stuff. I am a happy fair phone owner. And
I also have another non fair phone and the
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fairphone was twice the price of the other
one. And whenever I ask people or they ask
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me, which one should I get? I say like,
well do you wanna spend twice, that's
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where you have to get yourself into. In
the fact that, in the face that we have
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this failure market wise, do you see any
role for regulation to actually make it
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easier for people who build things like
this to do the right thing? Because when
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you speak to small businesses, the thing
that I always have pushed back at me is
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that we cannot make them viable at these
prices. So we're forced to use over the
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non fair parts in our electronics.
Sebastian: So concerning regulations,
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yesterday I gave a lightning talk on the
Lieferkettengesetz, right now there's a
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broad NGO campaign going on that is trying
to establish mandatory human rights due
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diligence in Germany. But also there are
initiatives in other countries such as
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Switzerland. France already has a supply
chain law and so on. And there are also
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some processes on the EU and U.N. levels.
So, I think that is,... I mean, but that
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is basically the bare minimum, right? I
mean, not violating human rights should
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actually not be something great. It should
be, you know, it should be something
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everyone does. Yeah.
Herald-Engel: That's absolutely the point
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actually, in our lifestyle, western world
hooked up to electronics and yeah, we
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can't live without it. But I had a
question as well, if you...Ah there is
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another one. I have a question. But number
three, please, you can.
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Mic: I have a question about the lack of
data. You said you need more data and you
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asked for data sheets of parts. But I
think you also need more data about metals
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or working conditions. Do you have the top
three data what you would appreciate based
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on the metals or on the working conditions
in countries, for example? Probably we can
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provide you with that.
Andreas: Oh, it would be hard to tell
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something about the top three. It's just,
well, right now we are at a state where we
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think, okay, on a very generic level, we
can cover most of the minerals that are
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relevant. We can cover most of the
countries. But most of the indicators, for
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the indicators, there is still a lot of
gaps. Well, maybe you can find an
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indicator for child labor but it covers
only 20 countries and not all of the
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countries. So on this level, on a very
generic level, we are quite complete. But
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then a good next step, for example, would
be to get data that is more specific to
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industries and not only on a country
level. So that would be great. In general,
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it's just well, we need more of
everything.
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Tamara: And also components and what raw
materials they constitute.
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Andreas: So yeah, as Tamara just said, the
component composition is the more severe
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lack that we have right now.
Tamara: So the more generic it is, the
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less accurate it is.
Herald-Engel: May I? I have a question as
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well. We still have a few minutes left.
Did you mention how you're financed or
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backed or... did you do that?
Tamara: I think I did. I'm not sure of
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it but there's also the logo.
Herald-Engel: And this brings you til
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which stage, meaning til the product is
there or is there something in the future
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waiting?
Tamara: Til the end of February this
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round, round it is called, is finished. So
we want to have a minimal viable product
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type at that point. But I think all of us
would be happy to see more of that in the
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future.
Sebastian: Right, so basically the period
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where we're being funded by prototype fund
is almost over, it's until February. But
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Fairlötet will try to keep the project
going as best as possible. So we're also
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trying to build a small developer
community around it. And let's see what
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happens then.
Herald-Engel: Yeah. And so spread the
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words, I would say, so that you have more
data as well in your database before the
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end of February. So I would ask everyone
to give a warm applause and remember, give
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them the data and they can bring it
further. Thank you. Thank you guys for the
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talk. Fantastic. Fairtronics.org, check it
out!
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Applause
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