0:00:00.782,0:00:04.057
I'm in the business[br]of safeguarding secrets,

0:00:04.081,0:00:06.253
and this includes your secrets.

0:00:07.206,0:00:09.340
Cryptographers are[br]the first line of defense

0:00:09.364,0:00:12.946
in an ongoing war that's been[br]raging for centuries,

0:00:12.970,0:00:15.233
a war between code makers

0:00:15.257,0:00:16.509
and code breakers.

0:00:17.030,0:00:19.124
And this is a war on information.

0:00:20.227,0:00:23.711
The modern battlefield[br]for information is digital.

0:00:23.735,0:00:25.897
And it wages across your phones,

0:00:25.921,0:00:27.097
your computers

0:00:27.121,0:00:28.290
and the internet.

0:00:29.299,0:00:34.278
Our job is to create systems that scramble[br]your emails and credit card numbers,

0:00:34.302,0:00:36.561
your phone calls and text messages --

0:00:36.585,0:00:38.777
and that includes those saucy selfies --

0:00:38.801,0:00:40.023
(Laughter)

0:00:40.047,0:00:42.800
so that all of this information[br]can only be descrambled

0:00:42.824,0:00:44.945
by the recipient that it's intended for.

0:00:46.017,0:00:48.330
Now, until very recently,

0:00:48.354,0:00:50.909
we thought we'd won this war for good.

0:00:51.694,0:00:54.639
Right now, each of your smartphones[br]is using encryption

0:00:54.663,0:00:58.363
that we thought was unbreakable[br]and that was going to remain that way.

0:00:59.654,0:01:01.594
We were wrong,

0:01:01.618,0:01:04.004
because quantum computers are coming,

0:01:04.028,0:01:06.818
and they're going to change[br]the game completely.

0:01:08.445,0:01:10.901
Throughout history,[br]cryptography and code-breaking

0:01:10.925,0:01:12.995
has always been this game[br]of cat and mouse.

0:01:13.598,0:01:15.275
Back in the 1500s,

0:01:15.299,0:01:18.478
Queen Mary of the Scots thought[br]she was sending encrypted letters

0:01:18.502,0:01:20.479
that only her soldiers could decipher.

0:01:21.074,0:01:23.120
But Queen Elizabeth of England,

0:01:23.144,0:01:25.544
she had code breakers[br]that were all over it.

0:01:26.116,0:01:28.121
They decrypted Mary's letters,

0:01:28.145,0:01:31.318
saw that she was attempting[br]to assassinate Elizabeth,

0:01:31.342,0:01:33.773
and subsequently,[br]they chopped Mary's head off.

0:01:35.729,0:01:38.081
A few centuries later, in World War II,

0:01:38.987,0:01:41.871
the Nazis communicated[br]using the Engima code,

0:01:41.895,0:01:45.536
a much more complicated encryption scheme[br]that they thought was unbreakable.

0:01:46.274,0:01:48.204
But then good old Alan Turing,

0:01:48.228,0:01:51.263
the same guy who invented[br]what we now call the modern computer,

0:01:51.287,0:01:53.902
he built a machine and used it[br]to break Enigma.

0:01:54.545,0:01:56.150
He deciphered the German messages

0:01:56.174,0:01:58.889
and helped to bring Hitler[br]and his Third Reich to a halt.

0:01:59.772,0:02:02.331
And so the story has gone[br]throughout the centuries.

0:02:02.821,0:02:05.323
Cryptographers improve their encryption,

0:02:05.347,0:02:08.485
and then code breakers fight back[br]and they find a way to break it.

0:02:08.969,0:02:12.356
This war's gone back and forth,[br]and it's been pretty neck and neck.

0:02:13.533,0:02:16.248
That was until the 1970s,

0:02:16.272,0:02:18.932
when some cryptographers[br]made a huge breakthrough.

0:02:19.781,0:02:23.342
They discovered an extremely[br]powerful way to do encryption,

0:02:23.366,0:02:25.118
called "public-key cryptography."

0:02:25.839,0:02:30.114
Unlike all of the prior methods used[br]throughout history, it doesn't require

0:02:30.138,0:02:33.745
that the two parties that want to send[br]each other confidential information

0:02:33.769,0:02:35.828
have exchanged the secret key beforehand.

0:02:36.602,0:02:40.714
The magic of public-key cryptography[br]is that it allows us to connect securely

0:02:40.738,0:02:42.282
with anyone in the world,

0:02:43.481,0:02:46.350
whether we've exchanged[br]data before or not,

0:02:46.374,0:02:50.036
and to do it so fast that you and I[br]don't even realize it's happening.

0:02:51.001,0:02:54.239
Whether you're texting your mate[br]to catch up for a beer,

0:02:54.263,0:02:58.510
or you're a bank that's transferring[br]billions of dollars to another bank,

0:02:58.534,0:03:01.585
modern encryption enables us[br]to send data that can be secured

0:03:01.609,0:03:03.630
in a matter of milliseconds.

0:03:05.502,0:03:08.384
The brilliant idea that makes[br]this magic possible,

0:03:08.408,0:03:10.935
it relies on hard mathematical problems.

0:03:11.623,0:03:15.457
Cryptographers are deeply interested[br]in things that calculators can't do.

0:03:17.250,0:03:20.651
For example, calculators can multiply[br]any two numbers you like,

0:03:20.675,0:03:22.361
no matter how big the size.

0:03:23.175,0:03:25.116
But going back the other way --

0:03:25.140,0:03:27.358
starting with the product and then asking,

0:03:27.382,0:03:29.747
"Which two numbers multiply[br]to give this one?" --

0:03:29.771,0:03:32.152
that's actually a really hard problem.

0:03:33.358,0:03:37.949
If I asked you to find which two-digit[br]numbers multiply to give 851,

0:03:39.051,0:03:40.243
even with a calculator,

0:03:40.267,0:03:43.374
most people in this room would have[br]a hard time finding the answer

0:03:43.398,0:03:45.314
by the time I'm finished with this talk.

0:03:45.338,0:03:47.999
And if I make the numbers a little larger,

0:03:48.023,0:03:51.680
then there's no calculator on Earth[br]that can do this.

0:03:51.704,0:03:54.587
In fact, even the world's[br]fastest supercomputer

0:03:54.611,0:03:57.101
would take longer[br]than the life age of the universe

0:03:57.125,0:03:59.997
to find the two numbers[br]that multiply to give this one.

0:04:01.029,0:04:04.370
And this problem,[br]called "integer factorization,"

0:04:04.394,0:04:08.020
is exactly what each of your smartphones[br]and laptops is using right now

0:04:08.044,0:04:09.578
to keep your data secure.

0:04:10.254,0:04:12.671
This is the basis of modern encryption.

0:04:14.266,0:04:18.476
And the fact that all the computing power[br]on the planet combined can't solve it,

0:04:18.500,0:04:21.373
that's the reason we cryptographers[br]thought we'd found a way

0:04:21.397,0:04:23.655
to stay ahead of the code[br]breakers for good.

0:04:25.131,0:04:26.783
Perhaps we got a little cocky,

0:04:27.902,0:04:30.248
because just when we thought[br]the war was won,

0:04:30.272,0:04:33.210
a bunch of 20th-century physicists[br]came to the party,

0:04:33.234,0:04:35.913
and they revealed[br]that the laws of the universe,

0:04:35.937,0:04:38.532
the same laws that modern[br]cryptography was built upon,

0:04:39.422,0:04:41.237
they aren't as we thought they were.

0:04:42.205,0:04:45.716
We thought that one object couldn't be[br]in two places at the same time.

0:04:46.262,0:04:47.803
It's not the case.

0:04:47.827,0:04:51.539
We thought nothing can possibly spin[br]clockwise and anticlockwise

0:04:51.563,0:04:52.848
simultaneously.

0:04:53.265,0:04:54.652
But that's incorrect.

0:04:55.173,0:04:58.883
And we thought that two objects[br]on opposite sides of the universe,

0:04:58.907,0:05:01.208
light years away from each other,

0:05:01.232,0:05:04.798
they can't possible influence[br]one another instantaneously.

0:05:05.932,0:05:07.179
We were wrong again.

0:05:08.403,0:05:10.612
And isn't that always the way[br]life seems to go?

0:05:10.636,0:05:14.032
Just when you think you've got[br]everything covered, your ducks in a row,

0:05:14.056,0:05:15.611
a bunch of physicists come along

0:05:15.635,0:05:19.327
and reveal that the fundamental laws[br]of the universe are completely different

0:05:19.351,0:05:20.512
to what you thought?

0:05:20.536,0:05:21.594
(Laughter)

0:05:21.618,0:05:22.974
And it screws everything up.

0:05:22.998,0:05:27.524
See, in the teeny tiny subatomic realm,

0:05:27.548,0:05:30.560
at the level of electrons and protons,

0:05:30.584,0:05:32.406
the classical laws of physics,

0:05:32.430,0:05:34.270
the ones that we all know and love,

0:05:34.294,0:05:35.532
they go out the window.

0:05:36.023,0:05:38.834
And it's here that the laws[br]of quantum mechanics kick in.

0:05:39.688,0:05:40.874
In quantum mechanics,

0:05:40.898,0:05:45.376
an electron can be spinning clockwise[br]and anticlockwise at the same time,

0:05:45.400,0:05:47.964
and a proton can be in two places at once.

0:05:49.940,0:05:52.063
It sounds like science fiction,

0:05:52.087,0:05:56.282
but that's only because[br]the crazy quantum nature of our universe,

0:05:56.306,0:05:57.977
it hides itself from us.

0:05:58.884,0:06:02.176
And it stayed hidden from us[br]until the 20th century.

0:06:03.494,0:06:07.263
But now that we've seen it,[br]the whole world is in an arms race

0:06:07.287,0:06:09.563
to try to build a quantum computer --

0:06:10.455,0:06:14.794
a computer that can harness the power[br]of this weird and wacky quantum behavior.

0:06:16.375,0:06:18.831
These things are so revolutionary

0:06:18.855,0:06:20.621
and so powerful

0:06:20.645,0:06:22.998
that they'll make today's[br]fastest supercomputer

0:06:23.022,0:06:25.102
look useless in comparison.

0:06:25.868,0:06:28.886
In fact, for certain problems[br]that are of great interest to us,

0:06:29.633,0:06:32.244
today's fastest supercomputer[br]is closer to an abacus

0:06:32.268,0:06:33.943
than to a quantum computer.

0:06:33.967,0:06:37.503
That's right, I'm talking about[br]those little wooden things with the beads.

0:06:38.477,0:06:42.745
Quantum computers can simulate[br]chemical and biological processes

0:06:42.769,0:06:45.675
that are far beyond the reach[br]of our classical computers.

0:06:46.812,0:06:52.403
And as such, they promise to help us solve[br]some of our planet's biggest problems.

0:06:53.492,0:06:55.764
They're going to help us[br]combat global hunger;

0:06:57.074,0:06:59.391
to tackle climate change;

0:06:59.415,0:07:03.375
to find cures for diseases and pandemics[br]for which we've so far been unsuccessful;

0:07:04.213,0:07:07.122
to create superhuman[br]artificial intelligence;

0:07:08.034,0:07:10.938
and perhaps even more important[br]than all of those things,

0:07:10.962,0:07:14.688
they're going to help us understand[br]the very nature of our universe.

0:07:16.376,0:07:18.590
But with this incredible potential

0:07:19.788,0:07:21.419
comes an incredible risk.

0:07:22.785,0:07:25.169
Remember those big numbers[br]I talked about earlier?

0:07:26.152,0:07:28.251
I'm not talking about 851.

0:07:28.275,0:07:30.456
In fact, if anyone in here[br]has been distracted

0:07:30.480,0:07:31.919
trying to find those factors,

0:07:31.943,0:07:35.497
I'm going to put you out of your misery[br]and tell you that it's 23 times 37.

0:07:35.521,0:07:36.715
(Laughter)

0:07:36.739,0:07:39.474
I'm talking about the much[br]bigger number that followed it.

0:07:40.300,0:07:43.800
While today's fastest supercomputer[br]couldn't find those factors

0:07:43.824,0:07:46.157
in the life age of the universe,

0:07:46.181,0:07:49.061
a quantum computer[br]could easily factorize numbers

0:07:49.085,0:07:50.652
way, way bigger than that one.

0:07:51.882,0:07:55.292
Quantum computers will break[br]all of the encryption currently used

0:07:55.316,0:07:57.294
to protect you and I from hackers.

0:07:57.318,0:07:58.745
And they'll do it easily.

0:08:00.539,0:08:01.872
Let me put it this way:

0:08:01.896,0:08:03.666
if quantum computing was a spear,

0:08:04.666,0:08:06.201
then modern encryption,

0:08:06.225,0:08:09.598
the same unbreakable system[br]that's protected us for decades,

0:08:09.622,0:08:12.280
it would be like a shield[br]made of tissue paper.

0:08:13.578,0:08:17.566
Anyone with access to a quantum computer[br]will have the master key

0:08:17.590,0:08:20.278
to unlock anything they like[br]in our digital world.

0:08:21.293,0:08:23.105
They could steal money from banks

0:08:23.129,0:08:24.560
and control economies.

0:08:25.303,0:08:28.200
They could power off hospitals[br]or launch nukes,

0:08:28.224,0:08:31.561
or they could just sit back[br]and watch all of us on our webcams

0:08:31.585,0:08:33.943
without any of us knowing[br]that this is happening.

0:08:37.314,0:08:41.273
Now, the fundamental unit of information[br]on all of the computers we're used to,

0:08:41.297,0:08:42.802
like this one,

0:08:42.826,0:08:44.168
it's called a "bit."

0:08:44.651,0:08:46.874
A single bit can be one of two states:

0:08:46.898,0:08:49.157
it can be a zero or it can be a one.

0:08:50.157,0:08:52.985
When I FaceTime my mum[br]from the other side of the world --

0:08:53.746,0:08:56.232
and she's going to kill[br]me for having this slide --

0:08:56.256,0:08:57.651
(Laughter)

0:08:57.675,0:09:01.409
we're actually just sending each other[br]long sequences of zeroes and ones

0:09:01.433,0:09:04.635
that bounce from computer to computer,[br]from satellite to satellite,

0:09:04.659,0:09:06.805
transmitting our data at a rapid pace.

0:09:06.829,0:09:08.832
Bits are certainly very useful.

0:09:08.856,0:09:11.552
In fact, anything[br]we currently do with technology

0:09:11.576,0:09:13.638
is indebted to the usefulness of bits.

0:09:14.840,0:09:16.229
But we're starting to realize

0:09:16.253,0:09:20.768
that bits are really poor at simulating[br]complex molecules and particles.

0:09:21.394,0:09:23.370
And this is because, in some sense,

0:09:23.394,0:09:26.479
subatomic processes can be doing[br]two or more opposing things

0:09:26.503,0:09:27.691
at the same time

0:09:27.715,0:09:30.701
as they follow these bizarre rules[br]of quantum mechanics.

0:09:31.232,0:09:32.776
So, late last century,

0:09:32.800,0:09:36.017
some really brainy physicists[br]had this ingenious idea:

0:09:36.041,0:09:38.042
to instead build computers[br]that are founded

0:09:38.066,0:09:40.156
on the principles of quantum mechanics.

0:09:42.557,0:09:45.776
Now, the fundamental unit of information[br]of a quantum computer,

0:09:45.800,0:09:47.048
it's called a "qubit."

0:09:47.582,0:09:49.382
It stands for "quantum bit."

0:09:50.986,0:09:54.243
Instead of having just two states,[br]like zero or one,

0:09:54.267,0:09:57.156
a qubit can be an infinite[br]number of states.

0:09:57.849,0:10:01.515
And this corresponds to it being[br]some combination of both zero and one

0:10:01.539,0:10:03.326
at the same time,

0:10:03.350,0:10:05.539
a phenomenon that we call "superposition."

0:10:06.569,0:10:09.274
And when we have two qubits[br]in superposition,

0:10:09.298,0:10:11.680
we're actually working across[br]all four combinations

0:10:11.704,0:10:14.214
of zero-zero, zero-one,[br]one-zero and one-one.

0:10:14.940,0:10:16.286
With three qubits,

0:10:16.310,0:10:19.551
we're working in superposition[br]across eight combinations,

0:10:19.575,0:10:20.727
and so on.

0:10:21.294,0:10:25.244
Each time we add a single qubit,[br]we double the number of combinations

0:10:25.268,0:10:28.870
that we can work with in superposition

0:10:28.894,0:10:30.073
at the same time.

0:10:31.005,0:10:33.634
And so when we scale up[br]to work with many qubits,

0:10:33.658,0:10:37.280
we can work with an exponential[br]number of combinations

0:10:37.304,0:10:38.623
at the same time.

0:10:39.440,0:10:43.075
And this just hints at where the power[br]of quantum computing is coming from.

0:10:44.964,0:10:46.291
Now, in modern encryption,

0:10:47.429,0:10:51.357
our secret keys, like the two factors[br]of that larger number,

0:10:51.381,0:10:53.658
they're just long sequences[br]of zeroes and ones.

0:10:54.539,0:10:55.783
To find them,

0:10:55.807,0:11:00.251
a classical computer must go through[br]every single combination,

0:11:00.275,0:11:01.426
one after the other,

0:11:01.450,0:11:04.529
until it finds the one that works[br]and breaks our encryption.

0:11:06.191,0:11:07.739
But on a quantum computer,

0:11:08.779,0:11:11.972
with enough qubits in superposition,

0:11:13.001,0:11:17.332
information can be extracted[br]from all combinations at the same time.

0:11:18.912,0:11:20.166
In very few steps,

0:11:20.190,0:11:24.164
a quantum computer can brush aside[br]all of the incorrect combinations,

0:11:24.188,0:11:25.601
home in on the correct one,

0:11:25.625,0:11:27.686
and then unlock our treasured secrets.

0:11:32.215,0:11:34.781
Now, at the crazy quantum level,

0:11:35.900,0:11:38.522
something truly incredible[br]is happening here.

0:11:40.625,0:11:44.299
The conventional wisdom[br]held by many leading physicists --

0:11:44.323,0:11:46.942
and you've got to stay[br]with me on this one --

0:11:46.966,0:11:51.389
is that each combination is actually[br]examined by its very own quantum computer

0:11:51.413,0:11:53.962
inside its very own parallel universe.

0:11:55.303,0:11:59.204
Each of these combinations,[br]they add up like waves in a pool of water.

0:12:00.085,0:12:02.071
The combinations that are wrong,

0:12:02.095,0:12:04.073
they cancel each other out,

0:12:04.097,0:12:05.857
and the combinations that are right,

0:12:05.881,0:12:07.740
they reinforce and amplify each other.

0:12:08.241,0:12:10.906
So at the end of the quantum[br]computing program,

0:12:10.930,0:12:13.747
all that's left is the correct answer,

0:12:13.771,0:12:16.324
that we can then observe[br]here in this universe.

0:12:17.575,0:12:20.711
Now, if that doesn't make[br]complete sense to you, don't stress.

0:12:20.735,0:12:21.783
(Laughter)

0:12:21.807,0:12:23.030
You're in good company.

0:12:24.205,0:12:27.371
Niels Bohr, one of[br]the pioneers of this field,

0:12:27.395,0:12:30.402
he once said that anyone[br]who could contemplate quantum mechanics

0:12:30.426,0:12:32.789
without being profoundly shocked,

0:12:32.813,0:12:34.269
they haven't understood it.

0:12:34.293,0:12:35.720
(Laughter)

0:12:35.744,0:12:37.899
But you get an idea[br]of what we're up against,

0:12:37.923,0:12:39.985
and why it's now up to us cryptographers

0:12:40.009,0:12:41.372
to really step it up.

0:12:42.674,0:12:44.763
And we have to do it fast,

0:12:44.787,0:12:46.819
because quantum computers,

0:12:46.843,0:12:49.866
they already exist in labs[br]all over the world.

0:12:51.248,0:12:53.145
Fortunately, at this minute,

0:12:53.169,0:12:55.839
they only exist[br]at a relatively small scale,

0:12:55.863,0:12:58.928
still too small to break[br]our much larger cryptographic keys.

0:13:00.127,0:13:01.811
But we might not be safe for long.

0:13:02.968,0:13:05.464
Some folks believe that secret[br]government agencies

0:13:05.488,0:13:07.401
have already built a big enough one,

0:13:07.425,0:13:09.398
and they just haven't told anyone yet.

0:13:09.961,0:13:12.390
Some punters say[br]they're more like 10 years off.

0:13:12.414,0:13:14.274
Some people say it's more like 30.

0:13:15.163,0:13:18.020
You might think that[br]if quantum computers are 10 years away,

0:13:18.044,0:13:21.108
surely, that's enough time[br]for us cryptographers to figure it out

0:13:21.132,0:13:22.826
and to secure the internet in time.

0:13:22.850,0:13:24.737
But unfortunately, it's not that easy.

0:13:25.521,0:13:27.709
Even if we ignore[br]the many years that it takes

0:13:27.733,0:13:31.399
to standardize and deploy and then[br]roll out new encryption technology,

0:13:31.423,0:13:33.751
in some ways, we may already be too late.

0:13:35.407,0:13:38.579
Smart digital criminals[br]and government agencies

0:13:38.603,0:13:42.882
may already be storing[br]our most sensitive encrypted data

0:13:42.906,0:13:45.499
in anticipation for[br]the quantum future ahead.

0:13:47.069,0:13:48.807
The messages of foreign leaders,

0:13:50.100,0:13:51.455
of war generals

0:13:52.653,0:13:54.815
or of individuals who question power,

0:13:55.936,0:13:57.486
they're encrypted for now.

0:13:58.487,0:14:00.088
But as soon as the day comes

0:14:00.112,0:14:02.888
that someone gets their hands[br]on a quantum computer,

0:14:02.912,0:14:06.038
they can retroactively break[br]anything from the past.

0:14:07.078,0:14:09.108
In certain government[br]and financial sectors

0:14:09.132,0:14:10.535
or in military organizations,

0:14:10.559,0:14:13.633
sensitive data has got to remain[br]classified for 25 years.

0:14:14.273,0:14:17.453
So if a quantum computer[br]really will exist in 10 years,

0:14:17.477,0:14:19.767
then these guys are already[br]15 years too late

0:14:19.791,0:14:21.501
to quantum-proof their encryption.

0:14:22.858,0:14:24.834
So while many scientists around the world

0:14:24.858,0:14:27.761
are racing to try to build[br]a quantum computer,

0:14:27.785,0:14:31.235
us cryptographers are urgently[br]looking to reinvent encryption

0:14:31.259,0:14:33.461
to protect us long before that day comes.

0:14:34.718,0:14:37.692
We're looking for new,[br]hard mathematical problems.

0:14:38.435,0:14:41.446
We're looking for problems that,[br]just like factorization,

0:14:41.470,0:14:44.479
can be used on our smartphones[br]and on our laptops today.

0:14:45.596,0:14:49.971
But unlike factorization,[br]we need these problems to be so hard

0:14:49.995,0:14:52.841
that they're even unbreakable[br]with a quantum computer.

0:14:54.366,0:14:57.972
In recent years, we've been digging around[br]a much wider realm of mathematics

0:14:57.996,0:14:59.522
to look for such problems.

0:15:00.205,0:15:02.176
We've been looking at numbers and objects

0:15:02.200,0:15:04.368
that are far more exotic[br]and far more abstract

0:15:04.392,0:15:06.348
than the ones that you and I are used to,

0:15:06.372,0:15:07.969
like the ones on our calculators.

0:15:07.993,0:15:10.373
And we believe we've found[br]some geometric problems

0:15:10.397,0:15:11.796
that just might do the trick.

0:15:12.383,0:15:15.446
Now, unlike those two-[br]and three-dimensional geometric problems

0:15:15.470,0:15:19.169
that we used to have to try to solve[br]with pen and graph paper in high school,

0:15:19.193,0:15:23.422
most of these problems are defined[br]in well over 500 dimensions.

0:15:24.453,0:15:28.209
So not only are they a little hard[br]to depict and solve on graph paper,

0:15:28.233,0:15:31.705
but we believe they're even[br]out of the reach of a quantum computer.

0:15:33.392,0:15:35.089
So though it's early days,

0:15:35.113,0:15:39.618
it's here that we are putting our hope[br]as we try to secure our digital world

0:15:39.642,0:15:41.612
moving into its quantum future.

0:15:43.171,0:15:45.024
Just like all of the other scientists,

0:15:45.048,0:15:47.211
we cryptographers are tremendously excited

0:15:47.235,0:15:51.092
at the potential of living in a world[br]alongside quantum computers.

0:15:52.839,0:15:54.992
They could be such a force for good.

0:15:57.508,0:16:01.756
But no matter what[br]technological future we live in,

0:16:04.867,0:16:09.723
our secrets will always be[br]a part of our humanity.

0:16:10.637,0:16:12.871
And that is worth protecting.

0:16:13.559,0:16:14.713
Thanks.

0:16:14.737,0:16:17.843
(Applause)