9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm in the business[br]of safeguarding secrets, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and this includes your secrets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Cryptographers are[br]the first line of defense 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in an ongoing war that's been[br]raging for centuries, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a war between codemakers and codebreakers. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And this is a war on information. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The modern battlefield[br]for information is digital, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and it wages across your phones, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 your computers and the internet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Our job is to create systems that scramble[br]your emails and credit card numbers, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 your phone calls and text messages, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and that includes those saucy selfies, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so that all of this information[br]can only be de-scrambled 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 by the recipient that it's intended for. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now until very recently, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we thought we'd won this war for good. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Right now, each of your smartphones[br]is using encryption 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that we thought was unbreakable[br]and that was going to remain that way. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We were wrong, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because quantum computers are coming 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they're going to change[br]the game completely. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Throughout history,[br]cryptography and codebreaking 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 has always been this game[br]of cat and mouse. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Back in the 1500s, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Queen Mary of the Scots thought she[br]was sending encrypted letters 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that only her soldiers could decipher, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but Queen Elizabeth of England, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 she had codebreakers[br]that were all over it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They decrypted Mary's letters, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 saw that she was attempting[br]to assassinate Elizabeth, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and subsequently[br]they chopped Mary's head off. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A few centuries later, in World War II, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the Nazis communicated[br]using the Engima code, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a much more complicated encryption scheme[br]that they thought was unbreakable, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but then good old Alan Turing, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the same guy who invented[br]what we now call the modern computer, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 he built a machine and used it[br]to break Enigma. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 He deciphered the German messages 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and helped to bring Hitler[br]and his Third Reich to a halt. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so the story has gone[br]throughout the centuries. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Cryptographers[br]improve their encryption, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and then codebreakers fight back[br]and they find a way to break it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This war's gone back and forth,[br]and it's been pretty neck-and-neck. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That was, until the 1970s, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when some cryptographers[br]made a huge breakthrough. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They discovered an extremely[br]powerful way to do encryption 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 called public key cryptography. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, unlike all of the prior methods[br]used throughout history, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it doesn't require that the two parties 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that want to send each other[br]confidential information 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 have exchanged the secret key beforehand. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The magic of public key cryptography[br]is that it allows us to connect securely 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with anyone in the world 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 whether we've exchanged[br]data before or not, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and to do it so fast that you and I[br]don't even realize that it's happening. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Whether you're texting your mate[br]to catch up for a beer, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or you're a bank 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that's transferring billions[br]of dollars to another bank, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 modern encryption enables us[br]to send data that can be secured 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in a matter of milliseconds. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The brilliant idea that makes[br]this magic possible, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it relies on hard mathematical problems. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in a matter of milliseconds. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Cryptographers are deeply interested[br]in things that calculators can't do. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 For example, calculators can multiply[br]any two numbers you like, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 no matter how big the size, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but going back the other way, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 starting with the product 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and then asking, which two numbers[br]multiply to give this one, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that's actually a really hard problem. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If I asked you to find[br]which two-digit numbers 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 multiply to give 851,[br]even with a calculator, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 most people in this room[br]would have a hard time 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 finding the answer by the time[br]I'm finished with this talk. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And if I make the numbers a little larger, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 then there's no calculator on Earth 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that can do this. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In fact, even the world's[br]fastest supercomputer 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 would take longer[br]than the life age of the universe 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to find the two numbers[br]that multiply to give this one. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And this problem,[br]called integer factorization, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is exactly what each of your smartphones[br]and laptops is using right now 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to keep your data secure. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This is the basis of modern encryption, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the fact that all of the computing[br]power on the planet can't solve it, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that's the reason we cryptographers 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 thought we'd found a way to stay ahead[br]of the codebreakers for good. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Perhaps we got a little cocky, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because just when we thought[br]the war was won, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a bunch of 20th century physicists[br]came to the party 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they revealed[br]that the laws of the universe, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the same laws that modern[br]cryptography was built upon, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they aren't as we thought they were. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We thought that one object couldn't be[br]in two places at the same time. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's not the case. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We thought nothing can possibly spin[br]clockwise and anti-clockwise 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 simultaneously, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but that's incorrect. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And we thought that two objects 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on opposite sides of the universe,[br]light years away from each other, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they can't possible influence[br]one another instantaneously. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We were wrong again. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And isn't that always the way[br]life seems to go? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Just when you think[br]you've got everything covered, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 you've got your ducks in a row, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a bunch of physicists come along 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and reveal that the fundamental[br]laws of the universe 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 are completely different[br]to what you thought? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 (Laughter) 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And it screws everything up. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 See, in the teeny tiny subatomic realm, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at the level of electrons and protons, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the classical laws of physics, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the ones that we all know and love, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they go out the window, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and it's here that the laws[br]of quantum mechanics kick in. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In quantum mechanics, an electron 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 can be spinning clockwise[br]and anti-clockwise at the same time 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and a proton can be in two places at once. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It sounds like science fiction, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but that's only because[br]the crazy quantum nature of our universe, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it hides itself from us. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And it stayed hidden from us[br]until the 20th century. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But now that we've seen it,[br]the whole world is in an arms race 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to try to build a quantum computer, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a computer that can harness the power[br]of this weird and wacky quantum behavior. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 These things are so revolutionary 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and so powerful 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that they'll make today's[br]fastest supercomputer 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 look useless in comparison. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In fact, for certain problems[br]that are of great interest to us, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 today's fastest supercomputer[br]is closer to an abacus 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 than to a quantum computer. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That's right, I'm talking about[br]those little wooden things with the beads. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Quantum computers can simulate[br]chemical and biological processes 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that are far beyond the reach[br]of our classical computers, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and as such, they promise to help us solve[br]some of our planet's biggest problems. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They're going to help us[br]combat global hunger, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to tackle climate change, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to find cures for diseases and pandemics[br]for which we've so far been unsuccessful, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to create superhuman[br]artificial intelligence, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and perhaps even more important[br]than all of those things, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they're going to help us understand[br]the very nature of our universe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But with this incredible potential 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 comes an incredible risk. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Remember those big numbers[br]I talked about earlier? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm not talking about 851. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In fact, if anyone in here[br]has been distracted 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 trying to find those factors, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm going to put you out of your misery[br]and tell you that it's 23 times 37. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 (Laughter) 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm talking about the much[br]bigger number that followed it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 While today's fastest supercomputer[br]couldn't find those factors 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in the life's age of the universe, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a quantum computer[br]could easily factorize numbers 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 way, way bigger than that one. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Quantum computers will break[br]all of the encryption 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 currently used to protect[br]you and I from hackers, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they'll do it easily. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Let me put it this way: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 if quantum computing was a spear, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 then modern encryption, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the same unbreakable system[br]that's protected us for decades, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it would be like a shield[br]made of tissue paper. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Anyone with access to a quantum computer 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 will have the master key to unlock[br]anything they like in our digital world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They could steal money from banks 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and control economies. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They could power off hospitals[br]or launch nukes, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or they could just sit back[br]and watch all of us on our webcams 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 without any of us knowing[br]that this is happening. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, the fundamental unit of information[br]on all of the computers we're used to, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 like this one, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it's called a bit. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 A single bit can be one of two states. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It can be a zero or it can be a one. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 When I FaceTime my mum[br]from the other side of the world, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and she's going to kill me[br]for having this slide (Laughter) 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we're actually just sending each other[br]long sequences of zeroes and ones 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that bounce from computer to computer,[br]from satellite to satellite, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 transmitting our data at a rapid pace. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Bits are certainly very useful. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In fact, anything[br]we currently do with technology 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is indebted to the usefulness of bits. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But we're starting to realize[br]that bits are really poor 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at simulating complex[br]molecules and particles, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and this is because in some sense 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 subatomic processes can be doing[br]two or more opposing things 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at the same time 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as they follow these bizarre[br]rules of quantum mechanics. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So late last century, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 some really brainy physicists[br]had this ingenious idea: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to instead build computers[br]that are founded 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 on the principles of quantum mechanics. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, the fundamental unit of information[br]of a quantum computer, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it's called a qubit. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It stands for "quantum bit." 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Instead of having just two states,[br]like zero or one, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a qubit can be an infinite[br]number of states, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and this corresponds to it being[br]some combination of both zero and one 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at the same time, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a phenomenon that we call superposition. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And when we have two qubits[br]in superposition, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we're actually working across[br]all four combinations 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of zero-zero, zero-one,[br]one-zero and one-one. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 With three qubits, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we're working in superposition[br]across eight combinations, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and so on. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Each time we add a single qubit, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we double the number of combinations 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that we can work with[br]in superposition at the same time. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And so when we scale up to work[br]with many qubits, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we can work with an exponential[br]number of combinations 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at the same time. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And this just hints at where the power[br]of quantum computing is coming from. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, in modern encryption, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 our secret keys, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 like the two factors[br]of that larger number, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they're just long sequences[br]of zeroes and ones. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 To find them, a classical computer 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 must go through every single combination 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 one after the other 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 until it finds the one that works[br]and breaks our encryption. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But on a quantum computer, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with enough qubits in superposition, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 information can be extracted[br]from all combinations at the same time. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In very few steps, a quantum computer 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 can brush aside all of[br]the incorrect combinations, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 home in on the correct one, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and then unlock our treasured secrets. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, at the crazy quantum level, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 something truly incredible[br]is happening here. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The conventional wisdom[br]held by many leading physicists -- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and you've got to stay[br]with me on this one -- 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is that each combination is actually[br]examined by its own quantum computer 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 inside its very own parallel universe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Each of these combinations,[br]they add up like waves in a pool of water. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The combinations that are wrong, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they cancel each other out, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the combinations that are right, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they reinforce and amplify each other. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So at the end of[br]the quantum computing program, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 all that's left is the correct answer 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that we can then observe[br]here in this universe. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now if that doesn't make[br]complete sense to you, don't stress. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 (Laughter) 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You're in good company. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Niels Bohr, one of[br]the pioneers of this field, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 he once said that anyone[br]who could contemplate quantum mechanics 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 without being profoundly shocked,[br]they haven't understood it. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 (Laughter) 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But you get an idea[br]of what we're up against 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and why it's now up to us cryptographers 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to really step it up. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And we have to do it fast, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 because quantum computers, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they already exist in labs[br]all over the world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Fortunately, at this minute, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they only exist[br]at a relatively small scale, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 still too small to break[br]our much larger cryptographic keys, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but we might not be safe for long. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Some folks believe that secret[br]government agencies 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 have already built a big enough one 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they just haven't told anyone yet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Some punters say[br]they're more like 10 years off. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Some people say it's more like 30. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And you might think that[br]if quantum computers are 10 years away, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 surely that's enough time[br]for us cryptographers 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to figure it out and[br]to secure the internet in time. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But unfortunately it's not that easy. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Even if we ignore the many years[br]that it takes to standardize and deploy 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and then roll out[br]new encryption technology, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in some ways we may already be too late. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Smart digital criminals[br]and government agencies 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 may already be storing[br]our most sensitive encrypted data 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in anticipation for[br]the quantum future ahead. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The messages of foreign leaders, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of war generals, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or of individuals who question power, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they're encrypted for now, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but as soon as the day comes 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that someone gets their hands[br]on a quantum computer, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they can retroactively break[br]anything from the past. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In certain government[br]and financial sectors 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or in military organizations, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 sensitive data has got[br]to remain classified for 25 years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So if a quantum computer[br]really will exist in 10 years, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 then these guys are already[br]15 years too late 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to quantum-proof their encryption. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So while many scientists around the world 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 are racing to try to build[br]a quantum computer, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 us cryptographers are urgently[br]looking to reinvent encryption 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to protect us long before that day comes. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We're looking for new,[br]hard mathematical problems. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We're looking for problems that,[br]just like factorization, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 can be used on our smartphones[br]and on our laptops today. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But unlike factorization,[br]we need these problems to be so hard 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that they're even unbreakable[br]with a quantum computer. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In recent years, we've been digging[br]around a much wider realm of mathematics 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to look for such problems. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We've been looking at numbers and objects 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that are far more exotic[br]and far more abstract 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 than the ones that you and I are used to, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 like the ones on our calculators. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 And we believe we've found[br]some geometric problems 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that just might do the trick. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now, unlike those two-[br]and three-dimensional geometric problems 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that we used to have to try to solve[br]with pen and graph paper in high school, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 most of these problems are defined[br]in well over 500 dimensions. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So not only are they a little hard[br]to depict and solve on graph paper, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but we believe they're even[br]out of the reach of a quantum computer. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So though it's early days, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it's here that we are putting our hope[br]as we try to secure our digital world 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 moving into its quantum future. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Just like all of the other scientists, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we cryptographers are tremendously excited 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 at the potential of living in a world[br]alongside quantum computers. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They could be such a force for good. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But no matter what[br]technological future we live in, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 our secrets 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 will always be a part of our humanity, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and that is worth protecting. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Thanks. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 (Applause)