I have spent the last two years

trying to resolve two enigmas:

Why is productivity so disappointing

in all the companies where I work for.

I have worked with more than 500 companies.

Despite all the technological advances --

computers, IT communications, telecommunications,

the Internet.

Enigma number two:

Why is there so little engagement at work?

Why do people feel so miserable,

even actively disengaged?

Disengaging their colleagues.

Acting against the interest of their company.

Despite all the affiliation events,

the celebration, the people incentives,

the leadership development programs to train

managers on how to better motivate their teams.

At the beginning, I thought there was

a chicken and egg issue:

Because people are less engaged 
they are less productive.

Or vice versa, because they are less productive,

we put more pressure and they are less engaged.

But as we were doing our analysis

we realized that there was a common route cause

to these two issues

That relates in fact to the basic 
pillars of management.

The way we organize is based on two pillars:

The hard, structure [process?] systems.

The soft,

feelings, sentiments, interpersonal
relationships, traits, personality.

And whenever a company

reorganizes, restructures, reengineers,

goes through a [unclear] transformation program,

it chooses these two pillars.

Now, we try to refine them,

we try to combine them.

The real issue is --

and this is the answer to the two enigmas --

these pillars are obsolete.

Everything you read in business books is based

either on or the other

or their combination.

They are obsolete.

When does each work, how do they work

when you try to use these approaches

in front of the new complexity of business.

The hard approach, basically 
is that you start from strategy,

requirements, structure, process, system, KPIs, [unclear],

committees, headquarters, [unclear]

You name it.

I forgot all the matrix, incentives, committees, 
middle officers and interfaces.

What happens basically on the left,

you have more complexity, the 
new complexity of business.

We need quality, cost, reliability, speed.

And every time there is a new requirement,

we use the same approach.

We create dedicated structure processed systems,

basically to deal with the 
new complexity of business.

The hard approach, creates just complicatedness

in the organization.

Let's take an example.

An automotive company, the engineering division

is a five dimensional matrix.

If you open any cell of the matrix,

you find another 20 dimensional matrix.

You have Mr. Noise, Mr. [Unclear] Consumption,

Mr. [unclear],

any new required element,

you have a dedicated function

in charge of aligning engineers against

the new required element.

What happens when the new 
required element emerges?

Some years ago, the new 
required element appeared

on the marketplace.

The length of the warranty period.

So therefore the new required 
element is repairability,

making cars easy to repair.

Otherwise when you bring the car 
to the garage to fix the light,

if you have to remove the engine

to access the lights,

the car will have to stay one week in the garage

instead of two hours and [unclear] will explode.

So, what was the solution using the hard approach?

If repairability is the new required element,

the solution is to create a new function:

Mr. Repairability.

And Mr. Repairability creates 
the repairability process.

With the repairability [unclear], 
with repairability matrix

and eventually repairability incentive.

That came on top of 25 other KPIs.

What percentage of this people is variable compensation?

20 percent at most, divided by 26 KPIs,

repairability makes a difference of 0.8 percent.

What difference did it make in their actions,

their choices to simplify? Zero.

But what occurs for zero impact 
Mr. Repairability possess

[unclear], evaluation, coordination 
with the 25 other coordinators

to have zero impact.

Now, in front of the new complexity of business,

the new solution is not drawing boxes

with reporting lines.

It is basically the interplay.

How the paths work together.

The connections, the interactions, the synapsis.

It is not the skeleton of boxes, 
it is the nervous system

of adaptiveness and intelligence.

You know, you could credit corporation basically

whenever people cooperate,

they use less resources.

In everything, you know the repairability issue

is a corporation problem.

When you design cars, please, take into account

the needs of those who will repair the cars

in the after sales garages.

When we don't cooperate we need more time,

more equipment, more systems, more teams.

We need, you know when [unclear] supply 
chain manufacture and don't cooperate

we need more stock, more inventories, 
more working capital.

Who will pay for that?

Shareholders? Customers?

No, they will refuse.

So who is left? 
The employee.

Who have to compensate through their super

individual efforts for the lack of cooperation.

Stress, burnt out, they are 
overwhelmed, accidents.

No wonder they are disengaged.

How do the hard and the soft
try to foster cooperation?

Well ...

The hard: In banks when their is a problem

between the back office and the front office,

they don't cooperate. What is the solution?

They create the middle office.

What happens one year later?

Instead of one problem 
between the back and the front,

now I have two problems.

Between the back and the middle

and between the middle and the front.

Plus I have to pay for the middle office

The hard approach is unable to foster cooperation.

It can only add new boxes, 
new bones in the skeleton.

The soft approach:

To make people cooperate, we need 
to make them like each other.

Improve interpersonal feelings,

the more people like each other, 
the more they will cooperate.

It is totally wrong.

It is even counterproductive.

Look, at home I have two TVs. Why?

Precisely not to have to cooperate with my wife.

(Laughter)

Not to have to impose tradeoffs to my wife.

And why I try not to impose tradeoffs to my wife,

precisely because I love my wife.

If I didn't love my wife, one TV would be enough.

You will watch my favorite football game,

if you are not happy, how is the book or the door?

(Laughter)

The more we like each other,

the more we avoid the real cooperation

that would strain our relationships 
by imposing tough tradeoffs.

And we go for a second TV or we escalate

the decision above for arbitration.

Definitely, these approaches are obsolete.

To deal with complexity, to enhance a novel system,

we have created what we call 
the smart simplicity approach

based on simple rules.

Simple rule number one:

Understand what others do.

What is their real work?

We need to go beyond the boxes,

the job descriptions, beyond the surface

of the container, to understand the real content.

Me, designer, if I put a wire here,

I know that it will mean that we will have to

remove the engine to access the lights.

Second, you need to reenforce integrators.

Integrators are not middle 
offices, they are managers,

existing managers that you reinforce

so that they have power and interest

to make others cooperate.

How can you reinforce your 
managers as integrators?

By removing layers.

When there are too many layers

people are too far from the action,

therefore they need KPIs, matrix,

they need [unclear] for reality.

They don't understand reality

and they add the complicatedness of matrix KPIs.

By removing rules, the bigger we are,

the more we need integrators.

Therefore the less rules we must have

to give discretionary power to managers.

And we do the opposite --

the bigger we are the more rules we create.

And we end up with the [unclear]
of rooms.

You need to increase the quanitity of power

so that you can empower everybody

to use their judgement, their intelligence.

You must give more cards to people

so that they have the critical mass of cards

to take the risk to cooperate.

To move out of insulation.

Otherwise, they will withdraw. They will disengage.

These rules, they come from game theory

and organizational sociology.

You can increase the shadow of the future.

Create feedback loops that expose people

to the consequences of their actions.

This is what the automotive company did

when they saw that Mr. Repairability had no impact.

They said to the design engineers:

Now, in three years, when the new 
car is launched on the market,

you will move to the [unclear] 
work, and become in charge

of the ? jet.

And neither [unclear] explodes,

it would explode in your head. (Laughter)

Much more powerful than 0.8 
percent variable compensation.

You need also to increase reciprocity,

by removing the [unclear] that make us self-sufficient.

When you remove these [unclear],

you hold me by the nose, I hold you by the ear.

We will cooperate.

Remove the second TV.

There are many second TVs at work

that don't create value,

they just provide dysfunctional self-sufficiency.

You need to reward those who cooperate

and blame those who don't cooperate.

The [unclear] of the [unclear] group,

[unclear], has a great way to use it.

He says, blame is not for failure,

it is for failing to help or ask for help.

It changes everything.

So the lead becomes in my
interest to be transparent

on my real witnesses, my real forecast,

because I know I will not be blamed if I fail.

But if I fail to help, or ask for help.

When you do this, it has a lot of implications

on organizational design.

You stop drawing boxes, dotted line, full line,

you look at their interplay.

It has a lot of implications on financial policies

that we use.

On human resource management practices.

When you do that, you can manage complexity,

the new complexity of business,

without getting complicated.

You create more value with lower cost.

You simultaneously improve 
performance and satisfaction at work

because you have removed the common route cause

that hinders both complicatedness.

This is your battle, business leaders.

The real battle is not against competitors.

This is rubbish, very abstract.

When do we meet competitors to fight them?

The real battle is against ourselves,

against our bureaucracy, our complicatedness.

Only you can fight, can do it.

Thank you.

(Applause)