1
00:00:00,080 --> 00:00:04,920
Kosher and halal dietary guidelines—particularly
in regards to the treatment and slaughter

2
00:00:04,920 --> 00:00:11,160
of animals—have long sparked controversy and debate, even within their respective religious communities.

3
00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:16,960
The most contentious aspect of ritual slaughter—taking
the international stage more than once—is

4
00:00:16,960 --> 00:00:23,560
whether shechita and zabiha are the most humane and merciful or the most brutal and barbaric.

5
00:00:28,360 --> 00:00:32,200
Hi it's Emily from Bite Size Vegan and welcome
to another vegan nugget.

6
00:00:32,200 --> 00:00:36,410
I’ll be honest that this has been one of
the most daunting and profoundly challenging

7
00:00:36,410 --> 00:00:37,960
videos I’ve ever made.

8
00:00:37,960 --> 00:00:43,460
As a vegan educator, I know all to well that
dietary practice alone is a hot button issue.

9
00:00:43,460 --> 00:00:48,680
Add in religion, culture, heritage, politics,
and money, and you’ve got a proper powder

10
00:00:48,680 --> 00:00:50,180
keg of a topic.

11
00:00:50,180 --> 00:00:54,460
So before we get started, there are some very
important caveats I need to clarify.

12
00:00:54,960 --> 00:01:00,020
As Jewish and Islamic scholars continue to
study, debate, and deepen their own understanding

13
00:01:00,030 --> 00:01:03,270
of kashrut and halal meat and slaughter even after thousands

14
00:01:03,270 --> 00:01:05,720
thousands of years, it’s not only unrealistic but

15
00:01:05,729 --> 00:01:11,420
also irresponsible to assume that I can adequately
comprehend and convey the entirety of their

16
00:01:11,420 --> 00:01:13,180
teachings within a single video.

17
00:01:13,520 --> 00:01:18,460
Presenting incredibly complex concepts in
a simplified format always runs the risk of

18
00:01:18,469 --> 00:01:20,409
being overly reductionist.

19
00:01:20,409 --> 00:01:25,479
This is why—as with all of my content—this
video has an accompanying blog post with citations,

20
00:01:25,479 --> 00:01:30,039
an extensive bibliography, and in this case,
portions of my original essay that were cut

21
00:01:30,039 --> 00:01:31,420
for the sake of time.

22
00:01:31,420 --> 00:01:36,479
That it remains a comparatively lengthy video
is a testament to the complexity of this topic.

23
00:01:36,479 --> 00:01:41,409
Additionally, this video is not an attack
on Judaism, Islam, or even religion as whole.

24
00:01:41,409 --> 00:01:46,310
The aim here is to take a hard look at kosher
and halal slaughter and evaluate whether they

25
00:01:46,310 --> 00:01:49,219
are genuinely humane, merciful practices.

26
00:01:49,219 --> 00:01:54,149
Such an assessment is perhaps even more vital
for their adherents, as violation of these

27
00:01:54,149 --> 00:01:57,349
principles compromises the very foundation
of their faith.

28
00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:03,280
In fact, the values espoused by animal advocates
opposed to ritual slaughter are, according

29
00:02:03,290 --> 00:02:08,179
to Jewish and Islamic leaders, the very basis
of halal and kosher practices.

30
00:02:08,179 --> 00:02:12,450
But this potential common ground is rarely
explored as almost every public debate over

31
00:02:12,450 --> 00:02:17,000
ritual slaughter arises from undercover footage
exposing the horrifically brutal treatment

32
00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:19,540
of animals in halal and kosher slaughterhouses.

33
00:02:19,540 --> 00:02:25,360
As this abuse grossly violates halal and kosher
laws, rightly drawing outrage from all sides,

34
00:02:25,660 --> 00:02:31,160
the ultimate conclusion is almost always a
call for better regulations and stricter enforcement

35
00:02:31,170 --> 00:02:36,730
of halal and kosher standards, leaving unanswered
the very the question of whether these methods—when

36
00:02:36,730 --> 00:02:41,990
carried out as intended—are humane, and
failing to address what truly lies at the

37
00:02:41,990 --> 00:02:47,710
heart of the humane slaughter debate as a
whole: is it even possible to end the life

38
00:02:47,710 --> 00:02:50,430
of another being in a way that is kind?

39
00:02:51,230 --> 00:02:55,900
In the effort to actually address this core
question through the overwhelmingly complex

40
00:02:55,900 --> 00:03:01,680
lens of the ritual slaughter debate, I’m approaching this topic in a deliberately different manner.

41
00:03:02,190 --> 00:03:06,070
Let’s begin with a brief overview of the
similarities and differences between kosher

42
00:03:06,070 --> 00:03:07,600
and halal dietary laws.

43
00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:12,920
Meaning “right/proper” and “lawful/permitted”
respectively, both terms encompass far more

44
00:03:12,920 --> 00:03:16,070
than their most recognized application to
meat and slaughter.

45
00:03:16,070 --> 00:03:19,400
Their origins are rooted in scripture—the
Tanakh and Talmud (written and oral Torah)

46
00:03:19,400 --> 00:03:22,036
for kashrut and the Quran and various hadith
(report describing the words, actions, or

47
00:03:22,036 --> 00:03:23,170
habits of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) for
halal.

48
00:03:23,170 --> 00:03:27,800
Both dictate which species may or may not
be eaten, expressly prohibit the consumption

49
00:03:27,800 --> 00:03:33,350
of blood—thus requiring complete exsanguination
of the corpse—and specify animals must be

50
00:03:33,350 --> 00:03:37,730
alive, healthy, and uninjured at the time
of their slaughter, which is to be performed

51
00:03:37,730 --> 00:03:40,819
with a swift cut from a sharpened knife (chalaf
or chalef in kosher) in order to minimize

52
00:03:40,819 --> 00:03:43,010
pain and provide the quickest death.

53
00:03:43,010 --> 00:03:47,030
While there are numerous differences and nuances
between the two sets of laws, the most notable

54
00:03:47,030 --> 00:03:51,860
variation in regards to the humane debate
is their stance on pre-slaughter stunning.

55
00:03:51,860 --> 00:03:56,530
Kosher standards explicitly require animals
be fully conscious and aware when killed.

56
00:03:56,530 --> 00:04:01,790
Some Jewish individuals, like Rabbi Shmuly
Yanklowitz, advocate the adoption of post-slaughter

57
00:04:01,790 --> 00:04:06,440
stunning—meaning immediately after the throat
is cut—stating that “the drawn out moments

58
00:04:06,440 --> 00:04:10,660
between the slaughter and final death are
terribly painful and stressful for the dying

59
00:04:10,660 --> 00:04:15,960
animal [who is] completely conscious and continues
to shake in extreme pain for minutes after

60
00:04:15,960 --> 00:04:17,029
the neck is cut.”

61
00:04:17,029 --> 00:04:22,130
However post-slaughter stunning lacks any
majority acceptance within the Jewish community.

62
00:04:22,130 --> 00:04:26,080
While halal slaughter is traditionally—and
still typically—also carried out on fully

63
00:04:26,080 --> 00:04:31,270
conscious animals, some Muslim authorities
have approved very particular methods of pre-slaughter

64
00:04:31,270 --> 00:04:33,919
stunning, given they meet specific requirements
(must be nonlethal such that animal would

65
00:04:33,919 --> 00:04:34,919
regain consciousness in less than a minute
and be able to eat within five minutes) and

66
00:04:34,919 --> 00:04:39,909
almost all halal slaughter plants in Australia
and New Zealand perform pre-slaughter stunning.

67
00:04:39,909 --> 00:04:42,840
This brings us to another layer of complexity.

68
00:04:42,840 --> 00:04:47,319
Irrevocably intertwined with the question
of ritual slaughter’s “humaneness” is

69
00:04:47,319 --> 00:04:50,410
the role of governmental bodies in its regulation.

70
00:04:50,410 --> 00:04:55,310
Every country with humane slaughter regulations—which
in and of themselves are a study in human

71
00:04:55,310 --> 00:05:00,180
ingenuity and self-deception—requires stunning
animals prior to slaughter.

72
00:05:00,180 --> 00:05:05,419
However, the vast majority—including the
United States—contain exemptions for religious

73
00:05:05,419 --> 00:05:09,379
slaughter, with the whole of the European
Union specifically mandating member states

74
00:05:09,379 --> 00:05:11,800
permit non-stunning kosher slaughter.

75
00:05:11,800 --> 00:05:16,860
Just as the humane treatment of animals is
confoundingly offered as both the main objection

76
00:05:16,870 --> 00:05:23,120
to and justification for ritual slaughter,
the issue is further muddied when every government’s

77
00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:28,080
humane regulations require stunning, yet simultaneously defend ritual slaughter

78
00:05:28,080 --> 00:05:30,240
with arguments of its enhanced humaneness.

79
00:05:31,160 --> 00:05:33,099
How can this possibly be?

80
00:05:33,099 --> 00:05:36,419
All methods of slaughter cannot simultaneously
be the most humane.

81
00:05:36,920 --> 00:05:38,980
Who is truly in the right?

82
00:05:38,980 --> 00:05:44,100
Perhaps the most influential and oft-referenced
study in regards to the humanness of ritual

83
00:05:44,100 --> 00:05:50,039
slaughter is the 1994 paper from Dr. Temple
Grandin, widely heralded as the foremost authority

84
00:05:50,039 --> 00:05:53,809
on humane livestock handling and slaughterhouse
restraint system design.

85
00:05:53,809 --> 00:05:58,259
Grandin emphasizes the “need to critically
consider the scientific information available

86
00:05:58,259 --> 00:06:03,259
about the effects of different slaughter practices
on animals before reaching any judgments about

87
00:06:03,259 --> 00:06:08,089
the appropriateness of a particular form of
slaughter” and to “understand the importance

88
00:06:08,089 --> 00:06:11,900
of these practices to the people who follow
these religious codes.”

89
00:06:11,900 --> 00:06:17,009
The study outlines three basic concerns: stressfulness
of restraint methods, pain perception during

90
00:06:17,009 --> 00:06:22,039
the incision and latency of onset of complete
insensibility, meaning how long it takes for

91
00:06:22,039 --> 00:06:26,779
the animal to lose consciousness—and thus
stop feeling pain—after their throat is cut.

92
00:06:27,240 --> 00:06:30,380
Because animals are conscious at the time
of ritual slaughter, they

93
00:06:30,380 --> 00:06:32,539
must be fully bodily restrained.

94
00:06:32,539 --> 00:06:36,759
A large contributor to the confusion within
the humane debate is the extreme variation

95
00:06:36,759 --> 00:06:41,979
of restraint systems and methodologies utilized
around the world and even from factory to factory.

96
00:06:42,120 --> 00:06:47,759
For a rather exhaustive 76-slide PowerPoint
presentation—from meat industry insiders—detailing

97
00:06:47,759 --> 00:06:53,499
these variations, complete with photographic
illustrations and their impact on profits,

98
00:06:53,499 --> 00:06:55,479
see the blog post.

99
00:06:55,479 --> 00:06:59,529
One of the most objectionable and decidedly
stressful forms of restraint is shackling

100
00:06:59,529 --> 00:07:04,110
and hoisting animals while fully conscious,
a method banned in Canada and other countries,

101
00:07:04,110 --> 00:07:07,990
but still used in North and South America,
Israel, and many others.

102
00:07:07,990 --> 00:07:11,909
The primary method of restraint utilized for
ritual slaughter without stunning in Europe,

103
00:07:11,909 --> 00:07:17,249
as well as Israel, and select US plants, is
a full inversion pen, wherein cows are flipped

104
00:07:17,249 --> 00:07:21,070
upside down with a head restraint exposing
their neck for slaughter.

105
00:07:21,070 --> 00:07:25,060
Largely preferred by Jewish and Muslim communities,
because they allow for a more natural and

106
00:07:25,060 --> 00:07:29,819
controlled cutting motion, Grandin’s research
along with subsequent studies, including one

107
00:07:29,819 --> 00:07:34,779
in 2004 from the European Food Safety Authority
(EFSA), found this method highly stressful

108
00:07:34,779 --> 00:07:37,879
for cows, recommending instead upright restraint.

109
00:07:37,879 --> 00:07:43,189
However, facing pushback from religious communities
and what it cryptically refers to as “different

110
00:07:43,189 --> 00:07:48,039
stakeholders,” the European Commission ordered
an extensive investigation and report comparing

111
00:07:48,039 --> 00:07:49,919
upright and inverted methods.

112
00:07:49,919 --> 00:07:56,719
The report, issued on February 8, 2016, exactly
3 years and 2 months after its due date and

113
00:07:56,719 --> 00:08:01,749
over 6 years after its commission, concluded
that there was no discernable different in

114
00:08:01,749 --> 00:08:03,849
animal welfare between the methods.

115
00:08:03,849 --> 00:08:08,289
It’s no wonder there’s such confusion
and conflict surrounding ritual slaughter.

116
00:08:08,289 --> 00:08:13,189
With such variation in methodology, conflicting
scientific studies and governmental back and

117
00:08:13,189 --> 00:08:17,909
forth, influenced to varying degrees by religious
tensions, political pressure and meat industry

118
00:08:17,909 --> 00:08:22,190
interests, how can anyone be sure what kosher
and halal even mean anymore?

119
00:08:22,190 --> 00:08:27,559
Just as humane and free-range labels lack
any meaningful improvements for animals, and

120
00:08:27,559 --> 00:08:33,210
governmental mandates lack timely—or any—enforcement,
halal and kosher certifications have time

121
00:08:33,210 --> 00:08:38,490
and again been exposed as inadequately enforced,
with rampant violations of both religious

122
00:08:38,490 --> 00:08:42,539
and governmental laws being the norm rather
than the exception.

123
00:08:42,539 --> 00:08:48,310
A particularly horrific undercover investigation
conducted in Postville, Iowa, at AgriProcessors,

124
00:08:48,310 --> 00:08:53,990
the largest kosher slaughterhouse in the America,
revealed unbelievably barbaric footage, subsequently

125
00:08:53,990 --> 00:08:58,670
featured in the documentary Earthlings, and
sparked international outrage from all camps.

126
00:08:58,670 --> 00:09:03,430
While I believe it’s of vital importance
to witness the reality of what we do to animals,

127
00:09:03,430 --> 00:09:07,840
I’m not including this footage here as it
would no doubt result in this video being

128
00:09:07,840 --> 00:09:12,500
age restricted, thus severely limiting accessibility
to the remaining information.

129
00:09:12,500 --> 00:09:17,000
I have provided a link to the video, along
with a mini-documentary response from the

130
00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:21,680
Jewish community and additional videos of
halal investigations.

131
00:09:21,680 --> 00:09:30,450
The undercover investigator at AgriProcessors
described in his notes seeing cow after cow

132
00:09:30,450 --> 00:09:35,680
loaded into the full inversion rotating restraint
and having their trachea or esophagus ripped

133
00:09:35,680 --> 00:09:39,070
out of their open throats as they aspirated
on their own blood.

134
00:09:39,070 --> 00:09:42,880
They were then dumped onto the blood-soaked
floor and many struggled to stand with their

135
00:09:42,880 --> 00:09:44,770
heads nearly severed off.

136
00:09:44,770 --> 00:09:47,400
One managed to stand and walked into the corner.

137
00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:49,580
Some cried out despite their torn throats.

138
00:09:49,580 --> 00:09:50,580
He wrote:

139
00:09:50,580 --> 00:09:54,700
“The first time I saw a cow stagger to his
feet and walk around with his trachea dangling

140
00:09:54,700 --> 00:09:58,590
outside of his body, I thought to myself,
this can’t be happening—but after several

141
00:09:58,590 --> 00:09:59,910
days I knew better.

142
00:09:59,910 --> 00:10:04,080
There is no justification for the cruelty
I documented in that slaughterhouse.

143
00:10:04,080 --> 00:10:08,500
The presence of the USDA didn’t have any
effect, nor did the presence of the rabbis.

144
00:10:08,500 --> 00:10:12,820
These animals were failed by both religion
and regulations.”

145
00:10:12,820 --> 00:10:17,420
Jewish and Islamic communities were appalled
by this footage, and even Temple Grandin said

146
00:10:17,420 --> 00:10:20,000
it was “the most disgusting thing I’d
ever seen.

147
00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:21,290
I couldn’t believe it.”

148
00:10:21,290 --> 00:10:25,610
When Grandin, visited the plant, workers had
performed the slaughter to her standards,

149
00:10:25,610 --> 00:10:27,060
as they did for visiting rabbis.

150
00:10:27,060 --> 00:10:31,660
But the undercover footage taken over seven
weeks showed this barbaric treatment was in

151
00:10:31,660 --> 00:10:36,670
fact standard operating procedure, leaving
Grandin to conclude “the only way to ensure

152
00:10:36,670 --> 00:10:40,980
that correct procedures are followed in this
plant is to install video cameras that can

153
00:10:40,980 --> 00:10:42,830
be audited over the internet.”

154
00:10:42,830 --> 00:10:48,120
This of course begs the question: what is
going on inside of every other plant she’s

155
00:10:48,120 --> 00:10:53,610
approved—or any slaughterhouse for that
matter—when no one is watching?

156
00:10:53,610 --> 00:10:56,110
These atrocities are not anomalies.

157
00:10:56,110 --> 00:11:00,300
In an interview with activist Anita Krajnc
of Toronto Pig Save, a kill floor worker from

158
00:11:00,300 --> 00:11:05,300
Riding Regency Meat Packers, a Halal and Kosher
slaughterhouse in Toronto, Canada, observed

159
00:11:05,300 --> 00:11:09,370
rabbis reaching into the cows’ neck and
grabbing their esophagus.

160
00:11:09,370 --> 00:11:14,170
He described how cows are routinely still
conscious when chained and hung upside down,

161
00:11:14,170 --> 00:11:20,040
taking four to five minutes to die, such that
the first few cows of each day reach the “scalper”

162
00:11:20,040 --> 00:11:24,620
and are fully aware when the skin is peeled
from their face.

163
00:11:24,620 --> 00:11:26,210
Where is the regulation in all of this?

164
00:11:26,210 --> 00:11:29,790
For many in the Jewish community, that was
the most astounding aspect of the

165
00:11:29,790 --> 00:11:31,660
AgriProcessers scandal.

166
00:11:31,670 --> 00:11:36,630
In the face of this blatant brutality decried
by every side of the issue, The Orthodox Union,

167
00:11:36,630 --> 00:11:41,320
which certified the plant as kosher, stated
“We continue to vouch for the kashrut of

168
00:11:41,320 --> 00:11:46,060
all of the meat prepared by AgriProcessors,
Inc., which was never compromised."

169
00:11:46,060 --> 00:11:50,250
In a most poignant summation, religious scholar
Dr. Aaron Gross writes:

170
00:11:50,250 --> 00:11:55,390
“the fact that the products of factory farming
and even abusive facilities like AgriProcessors

171
00:11:55,390 --> 00:12:00,820
are given moral legitimacy by being deemed
‘kosher,’ transforms kashrut from an ethical

172
00:12:00,820 --> 00:12:04,920
system into one that helps mask organized
animal abuse.

173
00:12:04,920 --> 00:12:09,540
This awkward situation is so far from the
moral vision of kashrut that it is painful

174
00:12:09,540 --> 00:12:10,770
to even acknowledge.”

175
00:12:10,770 --> 00:12:15,070
As I said at the start of this video, while
it’s vital to acknowledge that violations

176
00:12:15,070 --> 00:12:20,690
are the norm rather than the exception within
kosher and halal factories, in order to truly

177
00:12:20,690 --> 00:12:26,030
evaluate the ethics of ritual slaughter, we
must strive to assess the principles in their

178
00:12:26,030 --> 00:12:32,990
ideal manifestation, even if such a manifestation
doesn’t actually exist in any current application.

179
00:12:32,990 --> 00:12:37,680
In the end, after all of this human-created
noise and confusion, the best way to answer

180
00:12:37,680 --> 00:12:41,020
whether ritual slaughter is humane is by simple
observation.

181
00:12:41,020 --> 00:12:45,440
I’m even going to far as to edit out the
actual cutting of the throat

182
00:12:45,440 --> 00:12:47,400
or any visuals of blood.

183
00:12:47,410 --> 00:12:51,341
So let’s observe this most profoundly idealized
example of ritual slaughter.

184
00:12:54,341 --> 00:12:58,690
“The position has to be very comfortable
for the animal first, so he can cooperate

185
00:12:58,690 --> 00:13:01,290
with me and I’m be comfortable to give him
a good slaughter.

186
00:14:29,640 --> 00:14:34,940
I want to assure you - only lucky animals
are slaughtered here—they are very proud

187
00:14:34,940 --> 00:14:40,580
to fulfill their mission—it’s a necessary
act for this meat to reach your table.”

188
00:14:42,860 --> 00:14:48,860
Even in this most idealized and artificially
sterilized scenario—which even the slaughterer

189
00:14:48,860 --> 00:14:53,450
states is the exception—its evident this
sheep was not a wiling participant.

190
00:14:53,450 --> 00:14:58,040
Ending the life any sentient being prematurely
and against their will cannot possibly be

191
00:14:58,040 --> 00:15:00,130
a humane or merciful act.

192
00:15:00,130 --> 00:15:03,600
Just like children, these beings cannot give
us their consent.

193
00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:09,100
His cessation of struggling after much manipulation
and assurance is more of a sad statement of

194
00:15:09,100 --> 00:15:14,460
his innocent yet misplaced trust in his caretaker
turned slaughterer than any form of willful

195
00:15:14,460 --> 00:15:18,050
submission through a full comprehension of
what’s to come.

196
00:15:18,050 --> 00:15:22,691
The assertion that this act is necessary,
thus justifying the lesser of the evils, is

197
00:15:22,691 --> 00:15:28,060
one of the main rationalizations offered by
meat eaters, secular and religious alike.

198
00:15:28,060 --> 00:15:34,300
But no religion—Judaism and Islam included—mandates
the consumption of animals.

199
00:15:34,300 --> 00:15:38,860
In fact, as I cover in my video series History
of Veganism, primarily in the Middle Ages

200
00:15:38,860 --> 00:15:43,760
episode, the Quran and hadith contain numerous
verses in support of compassion and respect

201
00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:48,740
for animals, even emphasizing the consumption
of fruits and vegetables to sustain humans

202
00:15:48,740 --> 00:15:50,400
and animals alike.

203
00:15:50,400 --> 00:15:55,190
And following Genesis 1:29, Rabbinic tradition
has taught that human beings were originally

204
00:15:55,190 --> 00:15:59,750
vegetarian in the garden of Eden and it was
only after the fall and the flood that meat

205
00:15:59,750 --> 00:16:01,480
eating was reluctantly permitted.

206
00:16:01,480 --> 00:16:05,240
Thus the spiritual ideal is a diet free of
animal products.

207
00:16:05,240 --> 00:16:10,260
There are countless Jewish and Muslim vegans,
many of whom state their decision to go vegan

208
00:16:10,260 --> 00:16:14,360
was a natural extension of their religious
practice, and greatly deepened their connection

209
00:16:14,360 --> 00:16:15,360
to their faith.

210
00:16:15,360 --> 00:16:18,820
The myth of humane slaughter reaches beyond
any religion.

211
00:16:18,820 --> 00:16:24,029
Humanity as a whole consistently strives to
excuse and justify the enslavement, torture,

212
00:16:24,029 --> 00:16:25,430
and murder of sentient beings.

213
00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:30,130
There’s a level of absurdity with how much
time, energy, detail, government money, and

214
00:16:30,130 --> 00:16:35,910
paperwork goes into finding just the right
way to kill.

215
00:16:35,910 --> 00:16:41,310
We point fingers at inexcusable abuse in other
countries, cultures, religions, and specific

216
00:16:41,310 --> 00:16:46,490
companies, erupting in righteous outrage and
conveniently avoiding any assessment of our

217
00:16:46,490 --> 00:16:50,570
own complicity in the deaths of the animals
on our plates.

218
00:16:50,570 --> 00:16:55,010
I’ll conclude with the words of Jewish author,
noble laureate and Holocaust survivor

219
00:16:55,010 --> 00:16:56,420
Isaac Bashevis Singer,

220
00:16:56,430 --> 00:17:01,120
“People often say that humans have always
eaten animals, as if this is a justification

221
00:17:01,120 --> 00:17:03,060
for continuing the practice.

222
00:17:03,060 --> 00:17:07,130
According to this logic, we should not try
to prevent people from murdering other people,

223
00:17:07,130 --> 00:17:10,180
since this has also been done since the earliest
of times.”

224
00:17:10,180 --> 00:17:12,569
I’d love to hear your thoughts in the comments
below.

225
00:17:12,569 --> 00:17:16,680
If you’d like to help support Bite Size
Vegan so I can keep putting in the long hours

226
00:17:16,680 --> 00:17:20,630
to bring you this free educational resource,
please check out the support links in the

227
00:17:20,630 --> 00:17:24,390
video description below where you can give
a one-time donation or see the link in the

228
00:17:24,390 --> 00:17:26,830
sidebar to join the Nugget Army on Patreon.

229
00:17:26,830 --> 00:17:31,370
I’d like to give a special thanks my $50
and above patrons and my whole Patreon family

230
00:17:31,370 --> 00:17:35,300
for making this and all of my videos possible.

231
00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:40,440
Please share this video far and wide to inform
and spur focused, constructive debate.

232
00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:42,840
And subscribe for more vegan content every
week.

233
00:17:42,840 --> 00:17:47,480
Now go live vegan, no matter your faith or lack thereof, and I’ll see you soon.

234
00:17:47,940 --> 00:17:53,680
It's more, the Bible makes clear that, in the ideal world - the world God had in mind,

235
00:17:53,680 --> 00:17:56,740
has in mind for the future, everybody would be vegetarian.