[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.42,0:00:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ladies and gentlemen,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.58,0:00:09.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now we are going\Na little bit under the surface,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.64,0:00:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are coming to archeology\Nand to a project
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.27,0:00:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is one of the most important\Nprojects of the last years.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.74,0:00:22.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those are not only my words,\N- I am the director of this project -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.38,0:00:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it is internationally told like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.71,0:00:31.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a project in southeastern Turkey,\Nthe site called Göbekli Tepe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.49,0:00:35.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Göbekli Tepe means 'mound with belly.'
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.97,0:00:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just its name,\Nan old name from the map.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.12,0:00:46.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't invent this name, but it shows\Na little bit, or it's recognizable -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.63,0:00:49.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've some natural limestone plateau here
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.42,0:00:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and all this mound which is not\Na natural mound but an artificial mound,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.73,0:00:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is the belly on the mound\Nexplaining the name.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.66,0:01:01.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The project is done\Nby the German Archeological Institute
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.28,0:01:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I come from too,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.93,0:01:06.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in close cooperation\Nwith the local authorities,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.40,0:01:10.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,especially the General Directorate\Nfor Antiquities in Ankara,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.96,0:01:14.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the University of Sanliurfa,\Nthe Harran University,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.79,0:01:17.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and some other institutions,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.50,0:01:21.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly responsible for the conservation\Nand the restoration of the site.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.83,0:01:27.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For the scientific work, we have financing\Nmainly from the German Research Foundation
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.61,0:01:31.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is financing the project,\Nwhich is a long-term project.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.46,0:01:34.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are now in the 20th year of work,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.53,0:01:39.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we hope to continue\Nfor many, many years in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.55,0:01:42.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Okay, that's the framing.\NI have to say all this:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.27,0:01:45.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who are the institutions
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.44,0:01:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and who is giving money\Nfor our work at the site.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.02,0:01:51.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what is the importance of this site?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.80,0:01:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At first, I already\Nshowed you this location.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.59,0:01:56.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a huge limestone ridge,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.48,0:01:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this artificial mound is on top of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.100,0:02:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Such artificial mounds are\Nvery common in the Near East
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.35,0:02:06.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are called 'tell' in Arabic language
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.08,0:02:09.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or 'tepe' or 'höyük' in Turkish language.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.29,0:02:11.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think some will know 'Çatalhöyük, '
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.67,0:02:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an old Neolithic site in central Anatolia,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.44,0:02:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and Göbekli is a site like this,\Nbut it has some specifics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.55,0:02:24.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a unique site because it's much older\Nthan all the other ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.77,0:02:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It belongs to the 10th\Nand 9th millennium BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.04,0:02:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, it means, roughly spoken,\Nsome monuments there are 12,000 years old,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.12,0:02:39.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,12,000 before today, or 10,000,\Nthe 10th millennium BC.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.45,0:02:41.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just after the Ice Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.60,0:02:46.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who knows a bit about geology, knows\Nthat the Ice Age was a global phenomenon.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.84,0:02:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, with the ice corings in Greenland,\Nwe can date it very, very exactly.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.50,0:02:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was not a long process,\Nthe end of the Ice Age.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.87,0:02:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was what we call\Na rapid climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.21,0:03:01.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A very rapid development, around 9,600.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.70,0:03:06.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's the time when\Nthe building activity at Göbekli started.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.53,0:03:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I told you, an artificial mound made\Nby humans by erecting buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.44,0:03:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,walls, and other things above each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.44,0:03:18.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the mound was created.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.17,0:03:23.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is not so special in the Near East,\Nbut, as I told you, the time frame,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.00,0:03:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,10th-9th millennium, that's very strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.14,0:03:28.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't expect it in this time,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.14,0:03:31.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when all over the world, people\Nwere still hunter-gatherers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.96,0:03:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they had been able\Nto produce such buildings,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.80,0:03:40.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to do such huge work and much more.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.42,0:03:43.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will see some examples\Nof the world of Göbekli Tepe,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.73,0:03:50.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is such an unexpected\Nand unknown world before.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.96,0:03:53.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Many say Göbekli Tepe\Nis changing the history.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.62,0:03:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not true,\Nit's not changing it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.95,0:04:01.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it's adding a very important chapter\Nto the history of humanity,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.10,0:04:04.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a chapter we didn't know\Nthat it existed before.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.74,0:04:08.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this chapter is about the transition\Nfrom hunter-gatherers societies
Dialogue: 0,0:04:08.86,0:04:11.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to farming, to food-producing societies.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.84,0:04:15.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a form of subsistence
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.80,0:04:20.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our basis agrarian societies\Nare still based on,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.25,0:04:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this was invented\Nin this region at this time.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.96,0:04:25.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This region is the Near East.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.75,0:04:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will see some maps later.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:28.11,0:04:33.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And here, about the mound, an aerial view.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.15,0:04:37.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we started the project in '95,\Nwhat we could see
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.31,0:04:41.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was nearly nothing,\Njust trees and fields.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.58,0:04:44.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was used for agriculture\Nby the local people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.40,0:04:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but the surface [findings]\Nhad been showing us
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.51,0:04:50.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very clearly the importance of the site,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.48,0:04:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the dating by diagnostic\Nflint tools and other tools.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.85,0:04:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Pottery is not existent, not yet invented.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.46,0:05:03.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, we call this stage in archeology\Nthe pre-pottery Neolithic culture,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:03.32,0:05:08.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before the invention of pottery,\Nbut it's the beginning of the Neolithic.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.91,0:05:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Neolithic period means\Nfood producing period in our terms.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.38,0:05:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To understand the importance\Nof Göbekli Tepe
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.24,0:05:22.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to enlarge\Nour frame to a global view
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.33,0:05:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On this map in red you see all the regions\Nin the world where this transition
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.83,0:05:30.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from hunter-gatherer cultures\Nto food-producing cultures
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.98,0:05:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happened independently from each other.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.96,0:05:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have some regions in Meso-America,\NSouth America, in the South-East,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.03,0:05:42.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, of course you are right, this are\Nthe numbers BC written about some.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.85,0:05:48.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Africa very late in comparison\Nto this core area in the Near East
Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.17,0:05:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the transition\Nhappened around 9,000,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.38,0:05:53.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or late 10th, early 9th millennium.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.69,0:05:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The region, in the long time, we call\Nthe Fertile Crescent of the Near East
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.13,0:06:05.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in the South\Nwe have the Arabian desert,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.00,0:06:11.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the North the Mountains of the Taurus\Nand the Zagros Mountains.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.21,0:06:15.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the area with\Nthe most favorable climatic conditions,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.31,0:06:20.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most favorable geographic conditions:\Nthe Fertile Crescent.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.42,0:06:26.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for a long time, we thought\Nthat the western wing was important
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.13,0:06:31.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regarding the development\Nof earlier agrarian civilizations,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.06,0:06:36.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but now we understand, through research\Nnot only by our team, but by many teams,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.70,0:06:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in the national groups of American,\NFrench, British, Turkish, Italian,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.68,0:06:45.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Japanese, German, and other archaeologists\Nworking in this region,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.98,0:06:48.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we understand that there is
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.03,0:06:51.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something like a Golden Triangle\Nwithin this Fertile Crescent
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.98,0:06:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the most important\Nthings are going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.14,0:07:00.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Göbekli Tepe is located\Nin the Golden Triangle,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.98,0:07:03.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it has a very important role.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.06,0:07:07.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will see some of the monuments\Nthat we are excavating there.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.21,0:07:12.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The other sites marked here in red belong\Nto this time, to the 10th-9th millennium,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.29,0:07:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but these are settlements of this period.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.01,0:07:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Settlements of settled hunters-gatherers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.83,0:07:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a new discovery of 20-25 years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.77,0:07:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we already have\Nsettled hunters-gatherers.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.31,0:07:28.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We thought that hunters-gatherers\Nare always nomadic, but in this region
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.81,0:07:34.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they changed their life already\Nbefore the invention of food-producing.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.44,0:07:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Göbekli Tepe is not a settlement.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.47,0:07:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It belongs to it, but is only a sanctuary,\Nor many sanctuaries together.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.31,0:07:45.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We'll see examples.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.48,0:07:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Neolithic, just to have an idea\Nof what it means: from wild to domestic.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.72,0:07:54.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mainly here from wild to domestic cereals,\Nthey are getting much bigger.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.00,0:08:00.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With animals it's a little more difficult,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.74,0:08:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is the reason why only four animals\Nhad been domesticated.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.43,0:08:09.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a beginning:\Ngoat, sheep, cattle, and pig.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.63,0:08:14.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We exclude the dog; it was domesticated\Nearlier, by the hunters-gatherers already.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.72,0:08:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's a different story,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.38,0:08:18.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was domesticated not\Nfor meat production,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.48,0:08:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to be the fellow of the hunters.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:20.66,0:08:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this means Neolithic societies,\Nfood-producing societies,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.10,0:08:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the base of domesticated species,\Nplants, and animals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.08,0:08:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our prediction that this site\Nof Göbekli Tepe is so important
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.18,0:08:37.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was completely fulfilled\Nduring the excavations.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.21,0:08:46.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here the excavation work in an aerial view\Nfrom 2011 with several areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.58,0:08:51.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are many findings,\Nlike these flint tools; very common.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.61,0:08:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or findings like sculptures.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.57,0:08:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The flints are known from everywhere,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.30,0:09:00.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but not such large-scale sculptures
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.89,0:09:04.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like these ones or composite monuments
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.60,0:09:10.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like this totem pole sculpture\Nwith several elements on top:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.92,0:09:16.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe a lion, here an eye, an ear,\Nand below a human and another human.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:16.74,0:09:21.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A very exciting composition and an art,\Nwhich we didn't know before,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.12,0:09:24.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is challenging\Nour ability to interpret.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.99,0:09:28.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the most important\Nmonumental architecture
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.11,0:09:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- sorry, I'm mixing here -\Nmonumental architecture:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.50,0:09:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mainly ovals or circles with pillars,\Ndelineated by pillars.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.88,0:09:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Two of the pillars are very big ones,\Nalways in the center,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.84,0:09:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the pillars always T-shaped.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.74,0:09:48.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This strange T-shape we can understand
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.05,0:09:53.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,- here another view of these enclosures:\Nthe surrounding oval with some T-shapes
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.48,0:09:56.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are smaller, and the central pillars\Nhere, the T-shapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.52,0:10:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fortunately, we can understand\Nthe meaning of these T-shapes,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.15,0:10:02.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which at first seem a little bit strange.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.78,0:10:05.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Highly stylized humans are depicted
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.61,0:10:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because in some cases\Nwe have arms depicted,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:08.59,0:10:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have the hands, the fingers,\Nand some parts of garment are depicted.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.69,0:10:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, the T-shapes are stylized humans,\Nand very often in Göbekli Tepe
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.91,0:10:24.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have animals depicted\Nlike attributes on the T-shapes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.88,0:10:28.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The T-shapes are unique in history.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.04,0:10:31.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We don't have T-shapes\Nin the Palaeolithic period before,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.42,0:10:33.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we don't have them after\Nthe time of Göbekli Tepe,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.90,0:10:36.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which ends with the 9th millennium.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.79,0:10:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are just some very rough comparisons\Nlike the 'taulas' in Menorca,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.83,0:10:44.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this is a very different function,\Na very different meaning.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.71,0:10:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really a table: 'taula' means table.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.96,0:10:51.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are tables, no connection\Nwith the T-shapes of Göbekli Tepe.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.59,0:10:54.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These T-shapes are so important
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.20,0:10:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because looking back\Nto the upper Palaeolithic art
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.21,0:11:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like Lascaux, Altamira, or the recently\Ndiscovered caves of Chauvet or Cosquer:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.94,0:11:09.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here the animals are always dominant,\Nthe animals are at the center.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.36,0:11:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Göbekli now we have the human form,\Nbeing the superior form, and it's clear:
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.57,0:11:17.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is a connection with\Nthe phenomenon of domestication
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.88,0:11:21.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because now the human is the boss,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.15,0:11:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the animals are reduced\Nto attributes of the humans.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.29,0:11:28.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Some impressions of the excavations
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.100,0:11:33.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of these circles, of these enclosures,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.58,0:11:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here for example with in situ,\Nin original position, the central pillars
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.04,0:11:41.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a height of 5.50 meters\Non top of the original floor.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.66,0:11:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We didn't erect anything.\NIt's all found in its original position.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.58,0:11:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We are really very lucky\Nto have the chance
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.14,0:11:58.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to excavate such an exciting,\Nsuch an important site like Göbekli Tepe.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.99,0:12:02.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is unique, there is no parallel,\Nthere is no comparison.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.67,0:12:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have contemporaneous sites\Nas I told you, but they don't have
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.12,0:12:12.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this kind of monumental art\Nand monumental pillars.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.18,0:12:15.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Very often we have combinations\Nof motives depicted.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.61,0:12:18.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They are very rich, showing\Na narrative character,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.30,0:12:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing that we have\Nillustrations of stories
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.35,0:12:23.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of mythological stories in front of us.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.88,0:12:27.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even more, when we look to this part,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.07,0:12:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have objects of unknown function,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.04,0:12:33.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we have animals: a bird,\Na quadruped, a reptile, a frog.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:33.92,0:12:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And such an association together\Nwith the objects is very similar
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.59,0:12:41.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to things we know, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.74,0:12:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from old Egypt, 4th millennium\NEgypt, on slate palettes.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.33,0:12:48.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So started the Egyptian\Nhieroglyphic writing in the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.31,0:12:56.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The sign of city and animals added to it,\Nbut in Göbekli Tepe it came to its end.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.88,0:12:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There was no continuation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:58.91,0:13:02.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unfortunately, Göbekli\Nhad been completely abandoned
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.24,0:13:04.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for unknown reasons so far.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.44,0:13:06.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In Egypt, from these beginnings
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.58,0:13:09.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the invention of the hieroglyphic\Nwriting started.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.90,0:13:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Göbekli Tepe is part of this story,\Nbut with a big interruption.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.74,0:13:20.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here we have the image being an image,\Nwe have the transformation into what
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.29,0:13:25.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in German we call the Bildzeichen,\Nand from these Bildzeichen other signs
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.44,0:13:30.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are developing, and here\Nwe are coming to our letter alpha or A.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.19,0:13:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can easily understand it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.42,0:13:35.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is a discontinuation\Nof many thousands years
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.29,0:13:37.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between Göbekli Tepe around 9,000
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.58,0:13:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the invention\Nof true writing around 3,000.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.79,0:13:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are at least 6,000 years\Nof a gap we tried to fill,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.19,0:13:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but for the moment,\Nwe don't know how to fill it.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.76,0:13:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we want to continue our work.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.30,0:13:54.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hopefully young colleagues\Nwill continue the research
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.33,0:13:56.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on this very exciting period of mankind.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:56.92,0:13:59.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One colleague said - it's not from me -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.12,0:14:00.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Göbekli Tepe seems to be
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.96,0:14:04.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most smoking gun\Nin archeology at the moment".
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.66,0:14:08.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's really true because we have\Nso many unexpected new results,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.39,0:14:12.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which are changing\Nour ability to interpret.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.08,0:14:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we can see, reconstruct that there\Nwas something like a cultist community.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.29,0:14:20.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Göbekli Tepe with its sanctuaries\N[was] no settlement,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.27,0:14:23.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but [there were] settlements\Naround Göbekli Tepe.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.90,0:14:26.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And our zoologists can recognize
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.12,0:14:29.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the archaeofauna,\Nfrom the animal bones,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.23,0:14:32.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,discovered in Göbekli and the other sites,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.34,0:14:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the early domestication of cattle
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.46,0:14:39.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was done on the Syrian Euphrates,\Nsheep on the Turkish Euphrates,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.08,0:14:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,goat in the Taurus Mountains,\Nand pig in the Tigris basin.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.36,0:14:47.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Independently from each other,\Nbut very quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.00,0:14:51.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All these discoveries, these inventions\Nhad been brought together
Dialogue: 0,0:14:51.04,0:14:55.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to what we call the Neolithic package.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.75,0:15:00.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This Neolithic package enables people\Nto be superior to their neighbours,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.38,0:15:03.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to those neighbors\Nthat are still being hunters-gatherers.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.33,0:15:05.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the farming way of life was invented,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.00,0:15:08.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and was spreading all over Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.82,0:15:11.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We saw this map at the beginning
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.22,0:15:15.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the distribution\Nof this new way of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.54,0:15:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How did people come to Göbekli Tepe?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.64,0:15:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How do you bring a lot of people there
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.91,0:15:26.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to erect\Nthis monumental architecture?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.35,0:15:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course not just by saying:\N"Hello, come and we work", no.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.50,0:15:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Feasting. Big feasting.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.58,0:15:37.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can expect big feasting\Nto have happened at the mound,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.00,0:15:42.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so people came there and so they had\Nthe power for working events on the side.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.50,0:15:46.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have a lot of experimental archeology
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.51,0:15:49.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how to move monoliths,\Non how to move big stones.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.76,0:15:53.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we fortunately also have\Nsome authentic photos from Indonesia
Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.55,0:15:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,done by European travelers,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.34,0:15:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,showing how megaliths\Nare being actually moved
Dialogue: 0,0:15:59.68,0:16:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the construction\Nof the tomb of a king.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.02,0:16:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can be very sure\Nin Göbekli Tepe it was looking similar.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:08.39,0:16:10.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This in short a story
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.06,0:16:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is just a rough framing\Nof a story of results.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.38,0:16:18.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not only my results: this is teamwork.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.88,0:16:21.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Archeology usually is teamwork,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.32,0:16:26.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including local workers\Nfrom the nearby villages,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.14,0:16:29.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including students from Europe and Turkey,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.80,0:16:32.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including scientists, specialists
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.100,0:16:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in archaeofauna, botany, and other things.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.03,0:16:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will try to continue for many years
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.88,0:16:46.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to answer many\Nof the still open questions
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.25,0:16:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about this unexpected\Nand exciting world of hunters-gatherers,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.00,0:16:58.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who changed to become farmers,\Nand who changed the world history.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.20,0:16:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:59.61,0:17:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)