0:00:01.278,0:00:03.497 Good morning. 0:00:03.497,0:00:05.361 When I was a little boy, 0:00:05.361,0:00:08.345 I had an experience that changed my life, 0:00:08.345,0:00:11.193 and is in fact why I'm here today. 0:00:11.193,0:00:13.098 That one moment, one moment, 0:00:13.098,0:00:15.426 profoundly affected how I think about 0:00:15.426,0:00:18.785 art, design, and engineering. 0:00:18.785,0:00:21.865 As background, I was fortunate enough to grow up 0:00:21.865,0:00:25.194 in a family of lovely and talented artists 0:00:25.194,0:00:27.834 in one of the world's great cities. 0:00:27.834,0:00:31.481 My dad, John Ferren, who died when I was 15, 0:00:31.481,0:00:35.018 was an artist by both passion and profession, 0:00:35.018,0:00:37.578 as is my mom, Rae. 0:00:37.578,0:00:39.522 He was one of the New York school 0:00:39.522,0:00:41.330 abstract expressionists who, 0:00:41.330,0:00:43.272 together with his contemporaries, 0:00:43.272,0:00:46.325 invented American modern art, 0:00:46.325,0:00:49.462 and contributed to moving the American zeitgeist 0:00:49.462,0:00:54.096 towards modernism in the 20th century. 0:00:54.096,0:00:56.849 Isn't it remarkable that, after thousands of years 0:00:56.849,0:01:00.614 of people doing mostly representational art, 0:01:00.614,0:01:02.662 that modern art, comparatively speaking, 0:01:02.662,0:01:04.863 is about 15 minutes old, 0:01:04.863,0:01:06.823 yet now pervasive. 0:01:06.823,0:01:08.982 As with many other important innovations, 0:01:08.982,0:01:12.387 those radical ideas required no new technology, 0:01:12.387,0:01:15.373 just fresh thinking and a willingness to experiment, 0:01:15.373,0:01:19.648 plus resiliency in the face of near-universal criticism 0:01:19.648,0:01:21.271 and rejection. 0:01:21.271,0:01:23.727 In our home, art was everywhere. 0:01:23.727,0:01:25.175 It was like oxygen, 0:01:25.175,0:01:28.352 around us and necessary for life. 0:01:28.352,0:01:30.303 As I watched him paint, 0:01:30.303,0:01:32.487 dad taught me that art 0:01:32.487,0:01:34.650 was not about being decorative, 0:01:34.650,0:01:37.703 but it was a different way of communicating ideas, 0:01:37.703,0:01:39.847 and in fact one that could bridge the worlds 0:01:39.847,0:01:42.744 of knowledge and insight. 0:01:42.744,0:01:44.808 Given this rich artistic environment, 0:01:44.808,0:01:46.607 you'd assume that I would have been compelled 0:01:46.607,0:01:48.593 to go into the family business, 0:01:48.593,0:01:51.081 but no. 0:01:51.081,0:01:53.119 I followed the path of most kids 0:01:53.119,0:01:54.639 who are genetically programmed 0:01:54.639,0:01:56.560 to make their parents crazy. 0:01:56.560,0:01:59.199 I had no interest in becoming an artist, 0:01:59.199,0:02:00.744 certainly not a painter. 0:02:00.744,0:02:04.181 What I did love was electronics and machines, 0:02:04.181,0:02:05.924 taking them apart, building new ones, 0:02:05.924,0:02:07.673 and making them work. 0:02:07.673,0:02:11.513 Fortunately, my family also had engineers in it, 0:02:11.513,0:02:12.937 and with my parents, 0:02:12.937,0:02:15.318 these were my first role models. 0:02:15.318,0:02:17.063 What they all had in common 0:02:17.063,0:02:19.414 was they worked very, very hard. 0:02:19.414,0:02:21.846 My grandpa owned and operated a sheet metal 0:02:21.846,0:02:24.469 kitchen cabinet factory in Brooklyn. 0:02:24.469,0:02:27.646 On weekends, we would go[br]together to Cortland Street 0:02:27.646,0:02:30.398 which was New York City's radio row. 0:02:30.398,0:02:33.094 There we would explore massive piles 0:02:33.094,0:02:34.669 of surplus electronics, 0:02:34.669,0:02:36.909 and for a few bucks bring home treasures 0:02:36.909,0:02:38.310 like Norton bombsights 0:02:38.310,0:02:42.853 and parts from the first IBM tube-based computers. 0:02:42.853,0:02:45.903 I found these objects both useful and fascinating. 0:02:45.903,0:02:48.518 I learned about engineering and how things worked 0:02:48.518,0:02:50.118 not at school 0:02:50.118,0:02:51.813 but by taking apart and studying 0:02:51.813,0:02:54.398 these fabulously complex devices. 0:02:54.398,0:02:56.597 I did this for hours every day, 0:02:56.597,0:03:00.158 apparently avoiding electrocution. 0:03:00.158,0:03:01.806 Life was good. 0:03:01.806,0:03:03.943 However, every summer, sadly, 0:03:03.943,0:03:06.013 the machines got left behind 0:03:06.013,0:03:08.134 while my parents and I traveled overseas 0:03:08.134,0:03:11.789 to experience history, art, and design. 0:03:11.789,0:03:14.213 We visited the great museums and historic buildings 0:03:14.213,0:03:15.981 of both Europe and the Middle East, 0:03:15.981,0:03:18.518 but to encourage my growing interest 0:03:18.518,0:03:20.287 in science and technology, 0:03:20.287,0:03:22.525 they would simply drop me off in places 0:03:22.525,0:03:24.750 like the London Science Museum, 0:03:24.750,0:03:28.422 where I would wander endlessly for hours by myself 0:03:28.422,0:03:32.782 studying the history of science and technology. 0:03:32.782,0:03:36.077 Then, when I was about nine years old, 0:03:36.077,0:03:37.821 we went to Rome. 0:03:37.821,0:03:40.229 On one particularly hot summer day, 0:03:40.229,0:03:43.077 we visited a drum-shaped[br]building that from the outside 0:03:43.077,0:03:45.213 was not particularly interesting. 0:03:45.213,0:03:47.646 My dad said it was called the Pantheon, 0:03:47.646,0:03:50.237 a temple for all of the gods. 0:03:50.237,0:03:52.342 It didn't look all that special from the outside, 0:03:52.342,0:03:54.813 as I said, but when we walked inside, 0:03:54.813,0:03:58.109 I was immediately struck by three things. 0:03:58.109,0:04:00.894 First of all, it was pleasantly cool 0:04:00.894,0:04:03.325 despite the oppressive heat outside. 0:04:03.325,0:04:05.869 It was very dark, the only source of light 0:04:05.869,0:04:08.528 being an big open hole in the roof. 0:04:08.528,0:04:10.822 Dad explained that this wasn't a big open hole, 0:04:10.822,0:04:12.605 but it was called the Oculus, 0:04:12.605,0:04:14.829 an eye to the heavens. 0:04:14.829,0:04:16.926 And there was something about this place, 0:04:16.926,0:04:20.206 I didn't know why, that just felt special. 0:04:20.206,0:04:22.142 As we walked to the center of the room, 0:04:22.142,0:04:24.917 I looked up at the heavens through the Oculus. 0:04:24.917,0:04:27.214 This was the first church that I'd been to 0:04:27.214,0:04:29.480 that provided an unrestricted view 0:04:29.480,0:04:32.560 between God and man. 0:04:32.560,0:04:36.036 But I wondered, what about when it rained? 0:04:36.036,0:04:37.924 Dad may have called this an Oculus, 0:04:37.924,0:04:40.628 but it was in fact a big hole in the roof. 0:04:40.628,0:04:42.748 I looked down and saw floor drains 0:04:42.748,0:04:45.532 had been cut into the stone floor. 0:04:45.532,0:04:47.637 As I became more accustomed to the dark, 0:04:47.637,0:04:49.932 I was able to make out details of the floor 0:04:49.932,0:04:51.724 and the surrounding walls. 0:04:51.724,0:04:54.378 No big deal, just the same statuary stuff 0:04:54.378,0:04:56.124 that we'd seen all over Rome. 0:04:56.124,0:04:58.012 In fact, it looked like the Appian Way 0:04:58.012,0:05:00.116 of marble salesman showed up 0:05:00.116,0:05:02.748 with his sample book, showed it to Hadrian, 0:05:02.748,0:05:05.028 and Hadrian said, "We'll take all of it." 0:05:05.028,0:05:06.940 (Laughter) 0:05:06.940,0:05:10.220 But the ceiling was amazing. 0:05:10.220,0:05:13.211 It looked like a Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome. 0:05:13.211,0:05:14.812 I'd seen these before, 0:05:14.812,0:05:16.732 and Bucky was friends with my dad. 0:05:16.732,0:05:19.884 It was modern, high-tech, impressive, 0:05:19.884,0:05:22.460 a huge 142-foot clear span 0:05:22.460,0:05:25.564 which not coincidentally was its exact height. 0:05:25.564,0:05:27.226 I loved this place. 0:05:27.226,0:05:30.599 It was really beautiful and unlike[br]anything I'd ever seen before, 0:05:30.599,0:05:33.815 so I asked my dad, "When was this built?" 0:05:33.815,0:05:37.271 He said, "About 2,000 years ago." 0:05:37.271,0:05:39.591 And I said, "No, I mean, the roof." 0:05:39.591,0:05:41.503 You see, I assumed that this was a modern roof 0:05:41.503,0:05:43.575 that had been put on because the original 0:05:43.575,0:05:46.874 was destroyed in some long-past war. 0:05:46.874,0:05:50.583 He said, "It's the original roof." 0:05:50.583,0:05:53.023 That moment changed my life, 0:05:53.023,0:05:55.679 and I can remember it as if it were yesterday. 0:05:55.679,0:05:58.335 For the first time, I realized people were smart 0:05:58.335,0:06:00.383 2,000 years ago. (Laughter) 0:06:00.383,0:06:02.559 This has never crossed my mind. 0:06:02.559,0:06:06.063 I mean, to me, you know, the pyramids at Giza, 0:06:06.063,0:06:08.311 we visited those the year before, 0:06:08.311,0:06:11.279 and sure they're impressive, nice enough design, 0:06:11.279,0:06:13.686 but look, give me an unlimited budget, 0:06:13.686,0:06:17.699 20 to 40,000 laborers, and about 10 to 20 years 0:06:17.699,0:06:20.915 to cut and drag stone blocks across the countryside, 0:06:20.915,0:06:24.011 and I'll build you pyramids too. 0:06:24.011,0:06:26.666 But no amount of brute force 0:06:26.666,0:06:29.955 gets you the dome of the Pantheon, 0:06:29.955,0:06:32.851 not 2,000 years ago, nor today. 0:06:32.851,0:06:35.837 And incidentally, it is still the largest 0:06:35.837,0:06:39.059 unreinforced concrete dome that's ever been built. 0:06:39.059,0:06:42.523 To build the Pantheon took some miracles. 0:06:42.523,0:06:44.755 By miracles, I mean things that are 0:06:44.755,0:06:47.373 technically barely possible, 0:06:47.373,0:06:50.275 very high risk, and might not be 0:06:50.275,0:06:53.259 actually accomplishable at this moment in time, 0:06:53.259,0:06:57.419 certainly not by you. 0:06:57.419,0:07:00.667 For example, here are some[br]of the Pantheon's miracles. 0:07:00.667,0:07:03.822 To make it even structurally possible, 0:07:03.822,0:07:05.758 they had to invent super-strong concrete, 0:07:05.758,0:07:07.799 and to control weight, 0:07:07.799,0:07:09.790 varied the density of the aggregate 0:07:09.790,0:07:12.835 as they worked their way up the dome. 0:07:12.835,0:07:14.998 For strength and lightness, the dome structure 0:07:14.998,0:07:16.881 used five rings of coffers, 0:07:16.881,0:07:18.673 each of diminishing size, 0:07:18.673,0:07:21.272 which imparts a dramatic forced perspective 0:07:21.272,0:07:23.040 to the design. 0:07:23.040,0:07:25.248 It was wonderfully cool inside 0:07:25.248,0:07:27.385 because of its huge thermal mass, 0:07:27.385,0:07:29.624 natural convection of air rising up 0:07:29.624,0:07:31.241 through the Oculus, 0:07:31.241,0:07:33.393 and a Venturi effect when wind blows across 0:07:33.393,0:07:35.695 the top of the building. 0:07:35.695,0:07:39.793 I discovered for the first time that light itself 0:07:39.793,0:07:41.545 has substance. 0:07:41.545,0:07:44.145 The shaft of light beaming through the Oculus 0:07:44.145,0:07:46.820 was both beautiful and palpable, 0:07:46.820,0:07:48.969 and I realized for the first time 0:07:48.969,0:07:50.916 that light could be designed, 0:07:50.916,0:07:55.667 further, that of all of the forms of design, 0:07:55.667,0:07:57.305 visual design, 0:07:57.305,0:07:59.120 they were all kind of irrelevant without it, 0:07:59.120,0:08:02.704 because without light, you can't see any of them. 0:08:02.704,0:08:05.264 I also realized that I wasn't the first person 0:08:05.264,0:08:08.040 to think that this place was really special. 0:08:08.040,0:08:12.840 It survived gravity, barbarians, looters, developers, 0:08:12.840,0:08:14.785 and the ravages of time to become 0:08:14.785,0:08:16.241 what I believe is the longest 0:08:16.241,0:08:19.321 continuously occupied building in history. 0:08:19.321,0:08:21.521 Largely because of that visit, 0:08:21.521,0:08:22.889 I came to understand that, 0:08:22.889,0:08:25.544 contrary to what I was being told in school, 0:08:25.544,0:08:27.680 the worlds of art and design 0:08:27.680,0:08:29.527 were not in fact incompatible 0:08:29.527,0:08:31.311 with science and engineering. 0:08:31.311,0:08:33.527 I realized, when combined, 0:08:33.527,0:08:35.967 you could create things that were amazing 0:08:35.967,0:08:38.951 that couldn't be done in either domain alone. 0:08:38.951,0:08:41.415 But in school, with few exceptions, 0:08:41.415,0:08:43.319 they were treated as separate worlds, 0:08:43.319,0:08:45.447 and they still are. 0:08:45.447,0:08:47.743 My teachers told me that I had to get serious 0:08:47.743,0:08:50.439 and focus on one or the other. 0:08:50.439,0:08:53.319 However, urging me to specialize 0:08:53.319,0:08:56.767 only caused me to really appreciate those polymaths 0:08:56.767,0:09:00.351 like Michaelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, 0:09:00.351,0:09:02.296 Benjamin Franklin, 0:09:02.296,0:09:04.975 people who did exactly the opposite. 0:09:04.975,0:09:07.287 And this led me to embrace 0:09:07.287,0:09:10.015 and want to be in both worlds. 0:09:10.015,0:09:15.978 So then how do these projects of unprecedented creative vision and technical complexity 0:09:15.978,0:09:18.288 like the Pantheon actually happen? 0:09:18.288,0:09:22.307 Someone themselves, perhaps Hadrian, 0:09:22.307,0:09:25.591 needed a brilliant creative vision. 0:09:25.591,0:09:28.415 They also needed the storytelling[br]and leadership skills 0:09:28.415,0:09:31.239 necessary to fund and execute it, 0:09:31.239,0:09:34.081 and a mastery of science and technology 0:09:34.081,0:09:36.023 with the ability and knowhow 0:09:36.023,0:09:40.023 to push existing innovations even farther. 0:09:40.023,0:09:44.095 It is my belief that to create[br]these rare game changers 0:09:44.095,0:09:47.911 requires you to pull off at least five miracles. 0:09:47.911,0:09:50.727 The problem is, no matter how talented, 0:09:50.727,0:09:52.751 rich, or smart you are, 0:09:52.751,0:09:55.623 you only get one to one and a half miracles. 0:09:55.623,0:09:57.266 That's it. That's the quota. 0:09:57.266,0:09:59.879 Then you run out of time, money, enthusiasm, 0:09:59.879,0:10:01.520 whatever. 0:10:01.520,9:59:59.000 Remember, most people can't even imagine 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 one of these technical miracles, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and you need at least five to make a Pantheon. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In my experience, these rare visionaries 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 who can think across the worlds of art, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 design, and engineering, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 have the ability to notice 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when others have provided enough of the miracles 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to bring the goal within reach. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Driven by the clarity of their vision, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they summon the courage and determination 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to deliver the remaining miracles 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and they often take what other people think to be 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 insurmountable obstacles 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and turn them into features. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Take the Oculus of the Pantheon. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 By insisting that it be in the design, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it meant you couldn't use much[br]of the structural technology 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that had been developed for Roman arches. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 However, by instead embracing it 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and rethinking weight and stress distribution, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 they came up with a design that only works 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 if there's a big hole in the room. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 That done, you now get the aesthetic 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and design benefits of light cooling 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and that critical direct connection with the heavens. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Not bad. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 These people not only believed 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that the impossible can be done, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but that it must be done. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Enough ancient history. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What are some recent examples of innovations 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that combine creative design 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and technological advances in a way so profound 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that they will be remembered 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 a thousand years from now? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Well, putting a man on the moon was a good one, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and returning him safely to earth wasn't bad either. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Talk about one giant leap: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 it's hard to imagine a more profound moment 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in human history 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 than when we first left our world 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to set foot on another. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So what came after the moon? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One is tempted to say that today's pantheon 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is the internet, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but I actually think that's quite wrong, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 or at least it's only part of the story. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The internet isn't a Pantheon. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It's more like the invention on concrete: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 important, absolutely necessary 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to build the Pantheon, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and enduring, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but entirely insufficient by itself. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 However, just as the technology of concrete 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 was critical in realization of the Pantheon, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 new designers will use the[br]technologies of the internet 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to create novel concepts that will endure. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Smart phone is a perfect example. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Soon the majority of people on the planet 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 will have one, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the idea of connecting everyone 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to both knowledge and each other will endure. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So what's next? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 What imminent advance will be[br]the equivalent of the Pantheon? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Thinking about this, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I rejected many very plausible 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and dramatic breakthroughs to come, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 such as curing cancer. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Why? Because Pantheons are anchored 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in designed physical objects, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 ones that inspire by simply seeing 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and experiencing them, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and will continue to do so indefinitely. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It is a different kind of language, like others. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 These other vital contributions that extend life 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and relieve suffering are, of course, critical, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and fantastic, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but they're part of the continuum of 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 our overall knowledge and technology, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 like the internet. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So what is next? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Perhaps counterintuitively, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 I'm guessing it's a visionary idea 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from the late 1930s 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that's been revived every decade since: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 autonomous vehicles. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Now you're thinking, give me a break? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 How can a fancy version of cruise control 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 be profound? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Look, much of our world 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 has been designed around roads and transportation. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 These were as essential to the success 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of the Roman Empire 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as the interstate highway system 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to the prosperity and development 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of the United States. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Today, these roads that interconnect our world 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 are dominated by cars and trucks 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that have remained largely unchanged 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for a hundred years. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Although perhaps not obvious today, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 autonomous vehicles will be the key technology 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that enables us to redesign our cities 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and, by extension, civilization. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Here's why: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 once they become ubiquitous, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 each year, these vehicles will save 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 tens of thousands of lives in the United States alone 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and a million globally. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Automotive energy consumption and air pollution 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 will be cut dramatically. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Much of the road congestion 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in and out of our cities will disappear. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They will enable compelling new concepts 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in how we design cities, work, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and the way we live. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We will get where we're going faster 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and society will recapture vast amounts 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of lost productivity 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 now spent sitting in traffic basically polluting. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But why now? Why do we think this is ready? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Because over the last 30 years, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 people from outside the automotive industry 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 have spent countless billions 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 creating the needed miracles, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but for entirely different purposes. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 It took folks like DARPA, universities, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and companies completely[br]outside of the automotive industry 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to notice that if you were clever about it, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 autonomy could be done now. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 So what are the five miracles[br]needed for autonomous vehicles? 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 One, you need to know 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 where you are and exactly what time it is. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This was solved neatly by the GPS system, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Global Positioning System, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that the U.S. Government put in place. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You need to know where all the roads are, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what the rules are, and where you're going. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The various needs of personal navigation systems, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in car navigation systems, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and web based maps address this. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You must have near-continuous communication 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with high-performance computing networks 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and with others nearby 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to understand their intent. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The wireless technologies[br]developed for mobile devices, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with some minor modifications, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 are completely suitable to solve this. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 You'll probably want some restricted roadways 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to get started 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that both society and its lawyers 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 agree are safe to use for this. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 This will start with the HOV lanes 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and move from there. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But finally, you need to recognize 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 people, signs, and objects. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Machine vision, special sensors,[br]and high performance computing 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 can do a lot of this, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 but it turns out a lot is not good enough 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when your family is on board. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Occasionally, humans will need to do sense-making. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 For this, you might actually have to wake up 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 your passenger and ask them what the hell 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that big lump is in the middle of the road. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Not so bad, and it will give us a sense of purpose 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in this new world. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Besides, once the first drivers explain 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to their confused car 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that the giant chicken at the fork in the road 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is actually a restaurant, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and it's okay to keep driving, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 every other car on the surface of the earth 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 will know that from that point on. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Five miracles, mostly delivered, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and now you just need a clear vision 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 of a better world filled with autonomous vehicles 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with seductively beautiful and new functional designs 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 plus a lot of money and hard work 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to bring it home. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 The beginning is now only a handful of years away, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and I predict that autonomous vehicles 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 will permanently change our world 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 over the next several decades. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 In conclusion, I've come to believe 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that the ingredients for the next Pantheons 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 are all around us, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 just waiting for visionary people 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with the broad knowledge, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 multidisciplinary skills, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and intense passion 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to harness them to make their dreams a reality. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But these people don't spontaneously 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 pop into existence. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They need to be nurtured and encouraged 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from when they're little kids. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We need to love them and help them 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 discover their passions. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We need to encourage them to work hard 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and help them understand that failure 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 is a necessary ingredient for success, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as is perseverance. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We need to help them to find their own role models, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and give them the confidence to believe in themselves 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and to believe that anything is possible, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and just as my grandpa did when[br]he took me shopping for surplus 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and just as my parents did 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 when they took me to science museums, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we need to encourage them to find their own path, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 even if it's very different from our own. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 But a cautionary note: 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 we also need to periodically pry them away 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 from their modern miracles, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the computers, phones, tablets, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 game machines, and TVs, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 take them out into the sunlight 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 so they can experience both the natural 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 and design wonders of our world, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 our planet and our civilization. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 If we don't, they won't understand 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 what these precious things are 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that someday they will be resopnsible 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 for protecting and improving. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 We also need to them to understand 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 something that doesn't seem adequately appreciated 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 in our increasingly tech-dependent world, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 that art and design 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 are not luxuries, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 nor somehow incompatible 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 with science and engineering. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 They are in fact essential to what makes us special. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Someday, if you get the chance, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 perhaps you can take your kids 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to the actual Pantheon, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 as we will our daughter Kyra, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to experience firsthand 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 the power of that astonishing design, 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 which on one otherwise unremarkable day in Rome 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 reached 2,000 years into the future 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 to set the course for my life. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 Thank you. 9:59:59.000,9:59:59.000 (Applause)