[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.63,0:00:26.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Do you ever think about how important\Nthe oceans are in our daily lives?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.83,0:00:31.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The oceans cover two-thirds of our planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.19,0:00:34.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They provide half the oxygen we breathe.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.04,0:00:36.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They moderate our climate.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.06,0:00:40.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they provide jobs\Nand medicine and food
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.18,0:00:46.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including 20 percent of protein\Nto feed the entire world population.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.33,0:00:49.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,People used to think\Nthat the oceans were so vast
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.87,0:00:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they wouldn't be affected\Nby human activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.60,0:00:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well today I'm going to tell you\Nabout a serious reality
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.92,0:01:01.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is changing our oceans\Ncalled ocean acidification,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.76,0:01:04.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or the evil twin of climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.20,0:01:11.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Did you know that the oceans have absorbed\N25 percent of all of the carbon dioxide
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.65,0:01:13.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have emitted to the atmosphere?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.27,0:01:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is just another great service\Nprovided by the oceans
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.93,0:01:20.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since carbon dioxide\Nis one of the greenhouse gases
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.83,0:01:22.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's causing climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.61,0:01:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as we keep pumping\Nmore and more and more
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.67,0:01:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.33,0:01:32.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more is dissolving into the oceans.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.10,0:01:36.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is what's changing\Nour ocean chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.65,0:01:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When carbon dioxide dissolves in seawater,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.06,0:01:42.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it undergoes a number\Nof chemical reactions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.72,0:01:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now lucky for you,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:43.91,0:01:47.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't have time to get into\Nthe details of the chemistry for today.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.69,0:01:51.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I'll tell you as more\Ncarbon dioxide enters the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.04,0:01:53.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the seawater pH goes down.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.03,0:01:57.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this basically means that there\Nis an increase in ocean acidity.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.65,0:02:02.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this whole process\Nis called ocean acidification.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.20,0:02:05.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's happening\Nalongside climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.86,0:02:11.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Scientists have been monitoring\Nocean acidification for over two decades.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.50,0:02:15.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This figure is an important\Ntime series in Hawaii,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.20,0:02:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the top line shows steadily increasing\Nconcentrations of carbon dioxide,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.12,0:02:22.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or CO2 gas, in the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.74,0:02:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is directly as a result\Nof human activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.84,0:02:30.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The line underneath shows the increasing\Nconcentrations of carbon dioxide
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.90,0:02:33.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is dissolved\Nin the surface of the ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.08,0:02:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which you can see is increasing\Nat the same rate
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.06,0:02:40.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere\Nsince measurements began.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.23,0:02:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The line on the bottom shows\Nthen shows the change in chemistry.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.26,0:02:48.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As more carbon dioxide\Nhas entered the ocean,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.11,0:02:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the seawater pH has gone down,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.05,0:02:55.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which basically means there has been\Nan increase in ocean acidity.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.68,0:03:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in Ireland, scientists are also\Nmonitoring ocean acidification --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.78,0:03:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientists at the Marine\NInstitute and NUI Galway.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.72,0:03:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we, too, are seeing\Nacidification at the same rate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:07.90,0:03:10.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as these main ocean time-series\Nsites around the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.37,0:03:14.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's happening right at our doorstep.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.87,0:03:19.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'd like to give you an example\Nof just how we collect our data
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.05,0:03:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to monitor a changing ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:22.29,0:03:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Firstly we collect a lot of our samples\Nin the middle of winter.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.37,0:03:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as you can imagine,\Nin the North Atlantic
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.53,0:03:30.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we get hit with some seriously\Nstormy conditions --
Dialogue: 0,0:03:30.16,0:03:32.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so not for any of you\Nwho get a little motion sickness,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:33.41,0:03:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we are collecting\Nsome very valuable data.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.79,0:03:39.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we lower this instrument\Nover the side of the ship,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.70,0:03:42.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are sensors\Nthat are mounted on the bottom
Dialogue: 0,0:03:42.16,0:03:44.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can tell us information about\Nthe surrounding water,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.86,0:03:47.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as temperature\Nor dissolved oxygen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.75,0:03:51.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we can collect our seawater\Nsamples in these large bottles.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.73,0:03:54.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we start at the bottom,\Nwhich can be over four kilometers deep
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.01,0:03:56.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just off our continental shelf,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.11,0:04:00.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we take samples at regular intervals\Nright up to the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.68,0:04:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We take the seawater back on the deck,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.07,0:04:06.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we can either\Nanalyze them on the ship
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.48,0:04:09.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or back in the laboratory\Nfor the different chemicals parameters.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.27,0:04:12.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But why should we care?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.55,0:04:17.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is ocean acidification\Ngoing to affect all of us?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.65,0:04:22.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, here are the worrying facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.68,0:04:29.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There has already been an increase\Nin ocean acidity of 26 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.50,0:04:33.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since pre-industrial times,\Nwhich is directly due to human activities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.25,0:04:39.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless we can start slowing down\Nour carbon dioxide emissions,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.63,0:04:45.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're expecting an increase\Nin ocean acidity of 170 percent
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.99,0:04:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the end of this century.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.31,0:04:51.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean this is within\Nour children's lifetime.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.10,0:04:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This rate of acidification\Nis 10 times faster
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.75,0:05:05.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,than any acidification in our oceans\Nfor over 55 million years.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.36,0:05:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So our marine life have never,\Never experienced
Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.76,0:05:13.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such a fast rate of change before.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.85,0:05:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we literally could not know\Nhow they're going to cope.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.44,0:05:24.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now there was a natural acidification\Nevent millions of years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.05,0:05:27.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which was much slower\Nthan what we're seeing today.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.08,0:05:33.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this coincided with a mass extinction\Nof many marine species.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.49,0:05:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So is that what we're headed for?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:36.87,0:05:38.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, maybe.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.63,0:05:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Studies are showing\Nsome species are actually doing quite well
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.15,0:05:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but many are showing a negative response.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.59,0:05:51.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One of the big concerns is\Nas ocean acidity increases,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.93,0:05:56.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the concentration of carbonate\Nions in seawater decrease.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.99,0:05:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these ions are basically\Nthe building blocks
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.93,0:06:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for many marine species\Nto make their shells,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.56,0:06:08.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example crabs or mussels, oysters.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.07,0:06:11.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another example are corals.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.23,0:06:14.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They also need these carbonate\Nions in seawater
Dialogue: 0,0:06:14.44,0:06:18.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make their coral structure\Nin order to build coral reefs.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.67,0:06:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As ocean acidity increases
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.08,0:06:25.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the concentration\Nof carbonate ions decrease,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.76,0:06:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these species first find it more difficult\Nto make their shells.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.53,0:06:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at even even lower levels,\Nthey can actually begin to dissolve.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.22,0:06:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This here is a pteropod,\Nit's called a sea butterfly.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.52,0:06:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's an important food source\Nin the ocean for many species,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.95,0:06:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from krill to salmon right up to whales.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.79,0:06:51.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The shell of the pteropod\Nwas placed into seawater
Dialogue: 0,0:06:51.33,0:06:54.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at a pH that we're expecting\Nby the end of this century.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.50,0:07:01.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After only 45 days\Nat this very realistic pH,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.34,0:07:06.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can see the shell\Nhas almost completely dissolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.36,0:07:12.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So ocean acidification could affect\Nright up through the food chain --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.62,0:07:14.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and right onto our dinner plates.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.27,0:07:18.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean who here\Nlikes shellfish? Or salmon?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.48,0:07:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or many other fish species
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.14,0:07:23.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whose food source\Nin the ocean could be affected?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.93,0:07:28.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are cold-water corals.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.91,0:07:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And did you know we actually have\Ncold-water corals in Irish waters,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.47,0:07:34.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just off our continental shelf?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.82,0:07:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they support rich biodiversity,\Nincluding some very important fisheries.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.36,0:07:43.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's projected that\Nby the end of this century,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.53,0:07:49.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,70 percent of all known cold-water corals\Nin the entire ocean
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.08,0:07:54.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,will be surrounded by seawater\Nthat is dissolving their coral structure.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.35,0:08:02.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The last example I have\Nare these healthy tropical corals.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.57,0:08:07.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were placed in seawater at a pH\Nwe're expecting by the year 2100.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.98,0:08:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After six months, the coral\Nhas almost completely dissolved.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:15.67,0:08:18.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now coral reefs support
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.11,0:08:24.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,25 percent of all marine life\Nin the entire ocean.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.37,0:08:26.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All marine life.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:27.57,0:08:31.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you can see: ocean\Nacidification is a global threat.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.14,0:08:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have an eight-month-old baby boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.08,0:08:39.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Unless we start now to slow this down,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.10,0:08:44.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I dread to think what our oceans\Nwill look like when he's a grown man.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:45.80,0:08:47.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We will see acidification.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.93,0:08:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have already put too much\Ncarbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.13,0:08:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we can slow this down.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.20,0:09:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can prevent the worst-case scenario.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.85,0:09:03.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only way of doing that
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.11,0:09:06.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is by reducing our\Ncarbon dioxide emissions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.11,0:09:11.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is important for both you and I,\Nfor industry, for governments.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.70,0:09:15.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to work together,\Nslow down ocean acidification
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.98,0:09:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then we can slow down global warming
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.91,0:09:21.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,slow down ocean acidification,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.58,0:09:26.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and help to maintain a healthy ocean\Nand a healthy planet
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.34,0:09:29.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for our generation\Nand for generations to come.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.62,0:09:36.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)