[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.74,0:00:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the space that used\Nto house one transistor,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.43,0:00:07.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can now fit one billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.82,0:00:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That made it so that a computer\Nthe size of an entire room
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.66,0:00:14.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now fits in your pocket.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.27,0:00:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might say the future is small.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.73,0:00:18.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.96,0:00:22.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm inspired by this miniaturization\Nrevolution in computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.03,0:00:24.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a physician,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.36,0:00:30.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wonder whether we could use it\Nto reduce the number of lives lost
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.10,0:00:34.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to one of the fastest-growing\Ndiseases on Earth:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.17,0:00:35.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.65,0:00:36.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when I say that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.92,0:00:40.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what most people hear me say\Nis that we're working on curing cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.68,0:00:42.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.03,0:00:44.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it turns out that there's\Nan incredible opportunity
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.72,0:00:49.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to save lives through the early\Ndetection and prevention of cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.83,0:00:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worldwide, over two-thirds of deaths\Ndue to cancer are fully preventable
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.34,0:00:58.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using methods that we already\Nhave in hand today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.48,0:01:03.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things like vaccination, timely screening\Nand of course, stopping smoking.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.42,0:01:08.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even with the best tools\Nand technologies that we have today,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.04,0:01:10.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some tumors can't be detected
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.12,0:01:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until 10 years after\Nthey've started growing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.81,0:01:17.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they are 50 million\Ncancer cells strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.18,0:01:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we had better technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.96,0:01:23.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect some of these more\Ndeadly cancers sooner?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.09,0:01:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When they could be removed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.62,0:01:26.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were just getting started.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.67,0:01:29.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me tell you about how\Nminiaturization might get us there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.20,0:01:33.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a microscope in a typical lab
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.74,0:01:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a pathologist would use\Nfor looking at a tissue specimen,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.16,0:01:39.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a biopsy or a pap smear.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.05,0:01:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This $7,000 microscope
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.25,0:01:45.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be used by somebody\Nwith years of specialized training
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.53,0:01:47.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spot cancer cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.28,0:01:51.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an image from a colleague\Nof mine at Rice University,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.35,0:01:52.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rebecca Richards-Kortum.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.95,0:01:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What she and her team have done
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.43,0:01:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is miniaturize that whole\Nmicroscope into this $10 part
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.78,0:02:01.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it fits on the end\Nof an optical fiber.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.12,0:02:05.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what that means is instead\Nof taking a sample from a patient
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.78,0:02:07.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sending it to the microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.45,0:02:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can bring the microscope\Nto the patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.32,0:02:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then instead of requiring\Na specialist to look at the images,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.80,0:02:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can train the computer to score\Nnormal versus cancerous cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.21,0:02:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is important
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.56,0:02:24.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what they found\Nworking in rural communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.62,0:02:27.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that even when they have\Na mobile screening van
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.75,0:02:30.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can go out into the community\Nand perform exams
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.68,0:02:32.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and collect samples,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.08,0:02:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and send them to the central\Nhospital for analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.26,0:02:36.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that days later,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.63,0:02:39.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women get a call\Nwith an abnormal test result
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.32,0:02:41.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're asked to come in.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.03,0:02:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fully half of them don't turn up\Nbecause they can't afford the trip.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.86,0:02:49.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now with the integrated microscope\Nand computer analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.30,0:02:52.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rebecca and her colleagues\Nhave been able to create a van
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.16,0:02:55.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has both a diagnostic setup\Nand a treatment setup.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.03,0:02:58.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what that means\Nis that they can do a diagnosis
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.77,0:03:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perform therapy on the spot,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.38,0:03:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so no one is lost to follow up.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.95,0:03:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just one example of how\Nminiaturization can save lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.24,0:03:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now as engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.43,0:03:11.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think of this as\Nstraight-up miniaturization.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.21,0:03:14.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You took a big thing\Nand you made it little.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.64,0:03:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I told you before about computers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.96,0:03:19.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that they transformed our lives
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.29,0:03:23.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they became small enough\Nfor us to take them everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.87,0:03:28.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is the transformational\Nequivalent like that in medicine?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.68,0:03:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what if you had a detector
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.81,0:03:36.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was so small that it could\Ncirculate in your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.10,0:03:38.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find the tumor all by itself
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.38,0:03:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and send a signal to the outside world?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.18,0:03:43.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds a little bit\Nlike science fiction,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.24,0:03:47.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but actually, nanotechnology\Nallows us to do just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.49,0:03:52.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nanotechnology allows us to shrink\Nthe parts that make up the detector
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.39,0:03:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the width of a human hair,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.48,0:03:55.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is 100 microns,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.98,0:03:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a thousand times smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.60,0:04:00.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is 100 nanometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.53,0:04:03.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that has profound implications.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.76,0:04:04.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.76,0:04:09.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that materials actually change\Ntheir properties at the nanoscale.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.45,0:04:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take a common material like gold,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.97,0:04:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you grind it into dust,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.68,0:04:15.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into gold nanoparticles,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.27,0:04:18.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it changes from looking\Ngold to looking red.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.30,0:04:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take a more exotic material\Nlike cadmium selenide --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.13,0:04:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forms a big, black crystal --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.28,0:04:27.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you make nanocrystals\Nout of this material
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.100,0:04:29.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you put it in a liquid,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.59,0:04:31.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you shine light on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.31,0:04:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they glow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.64,0:04:38.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they glow blue, green,\Nyellow, orange, red,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.29,0:04:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending only on their size.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.99,0:04:41.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's wild.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.99,0:04:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Can you imagine an object\Nlike that in the macro world?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.10,0:04:51.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be like all the denim jeans\Nin your closet are all made of cotton,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.69,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are different colors\Ndepending only on their size.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.54,0:04:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.07,0:05:00.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as a physician,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.69,0:05:02.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's just as interesting to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.93,0:05:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it's not just\Nthe color of materials
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.30,0:05:07.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that changes at the nanoscale;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.14,0:05:10.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way they travel\Nin your body also changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.30,0:05:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the kind of observation\Nthat we're going to use
Dialogue: 0,0:05:14.11,0:05:16.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make a better cancer detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.25,0:05:18.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me show you what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.90,0:05:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a blood vessel in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.20,0:05:23.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surrounding the blood vessel is a tumor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.84,0:05:26.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to inject nanoparticles\Ninto the blood vessel
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.95,0:05:31.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and watch how they travel\Nfrom the bloodstream into the tumor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.56,0:05:35.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it turns out that the blood vessels\Nof many tumors are leaky,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.93,0:05:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so nanoparticles can leak out\Nfrom the bloodstream into the tumor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.73,0:05:43.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether they leak out\Ndepends on their size.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.19,0:05:45.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this image,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.30,0:05:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the smaller, hundred-nanometer,\Nblue nanoparticles are leaking out,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.87,0:05:53.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the larger, 500-nanometer,\Nred nanoparticles
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.29,0:05:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are stuck in the bloodstream.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.13,0:05:57.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that means as an engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.24,0:06:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on how big\Nor small I make a material,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.26,0:06:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can change where it goes in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.45,0:06:10.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my lab, we recently made\Na cancer nanodetector
Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.14,0:06:15.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is so small that it could travel\Ninto the body and look for tumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.69,0:06:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We designed it to listen\Nfor tumor invasion:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.74,0:06:24.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the orchestra of chemical signals\Nthat tumors need to make to spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.01,0:06:28.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For a tumor to break out\Nof the tissue that it's born in,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:28.02,0:06:30.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has to make chemicals called enzymes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.69,0:06:33.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to chew through\Nthe scaffolding of tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.00,0:06:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We designed these nanoparticles\Nto be activated by these enzymes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.23,0:06:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One enzyme can activate a thousand\Nof these chemical reactions in an hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.58,0:06:46.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in engineering,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.68,0:06:50.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we call that one-to-one thousand\Nratio a form of amplification,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.73,0:06:53.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it makes something ultrasensitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.10,0:06:57.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've made an ultrasensitive\Ncancer detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.40,0:07:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, but how do I get this activated\Nsignal to the outside world
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.32,0:07:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I can act on it?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.08,0:07:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For this we're going to use\None more piece of nanoscale biology
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.65,0:07:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that has to do with the kidney.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.82,0:07:11.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the kidney is a filter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.21,0:07:16.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's job is to filter out the blood\Nand put waste into the urine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.32,0:07:22.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that what the kidney filters\Nis also dependent on size.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.94,0:07:24.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this image,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.08,0:07:25.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.25,0:07:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that everything smaller than five\Nnanometers is going from the blood,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:29.84,0:07:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the kidney into the urine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.11,0:07:34.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything else\Nthat's bigger is retained.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.41,0:07:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer\Ncancer detector,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.38,0:07:42.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I inject it in the bloodstream,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.87,0:07:45.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can leak into the tumor,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.18,0:07:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it's activated by tumor enzymes\Nto release a small signal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.65,0:07:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is small enough to be\Nfiltered out of the kidney
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.03,0:07:56.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put into the urine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.12,0:08:00.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a signal in the outside\Nworld that I can detect.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.72,0:08:02.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, but there's one more problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.78,0:08:04.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a tiny, little signal,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.59,0:08:06.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so how do I detect it?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.90,0:08:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the signal is just a molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.08,0:08:11.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are molecules\Nthat we designed as engineers --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.90,0:08:13.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're completely synthetic --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.76,0:08:18.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can design them so that they\Nare compatible with our tool of choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.32,0:08:21.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we want to use a really\Nsensitive, fancy instrument
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.86,0:08:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a mass spectrometer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.79,0:08:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we make a molecule\Nwith a unique mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.81,0:08:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe we want make something\Nthat's more inexpensive and portable.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.66,0:08:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we make molecules\Nthat we can trap on paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.37,0:08:36.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a pregnancy test.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.16,0:08:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact there's a whole\Nworld of paper tests
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.81,0:08:43.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are becoming available\Nin a field called Paper Diagnostics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.91,0:08:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right, where are we going with this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.81,0:08:48.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I'm going to tell you next,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.55,0:08:50.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a life-long researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.25,0:08:52.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents a dream of mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.57,0:08:54.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't say that's it's a promise;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.66,0:08:55.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.18,0:08:59.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think we all have to have dreams\Nto keep us pushing forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.85,0:09:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.85,0:09:03.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe especially,\Ncancer researchers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.82,0:09:07.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to tell you what I hope\Nwill happen with my technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.22,0:09:10.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that my team and I will try --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.01,0:09:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we'll put our heart and souls\Ninto making a reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.42,0:09:15.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, here goes ...
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.19,0:09:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I dream that one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.57,0:09:23.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of going into an expensive\Nscreening facility to get a colonoscopy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.38,0:09:24.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a mammogram,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.72,0:09:26.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a pap smear,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.94,0:09:28.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could get a shot,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.54,0:09:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wait an hour,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.22,0:09:33.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do a urine test on a paper strip.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.88,0:09:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagine that this could even happen\Nwithout the need for steady electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.49,0:09:42.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a medical professional in the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.07,0:09:43.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe they could be far away
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.55,0:09:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and connected only by\Nthe image on a smartphone.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.96,0:09:48.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I know this sounds like a dream,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.67,0:09:51.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the lab we already\Nhave this working in mice,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.90,0:09:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it works better\Nthan existing methods
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.14,0:09:58.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the detection of lung, colon\Nand ovarian cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.83,0:10:01.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I hope that what this means
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.03,0:10:06.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that one day we can\Ndetect tumors in patients
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.19,0:10:09.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sooner than 10 years\Nafter they've started growing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.59,0:10:11.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all walks of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.60,0:10:13.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all around the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.47,0:10:16.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that this would lead\Nto earlier treatments,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.23,0:10:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that we could save more lives\Nthan we can today with early detection.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.69,0:10:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.24,0:10:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)