[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.56,0:00:04.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the space that used\Nto house one transistor,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.26,0:00:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can now fit one billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.64,0:00:11.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That made it so that a computer\Nthe size of an entire room
Dialogue: 0,0:00:11.56,0:00:14.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now fits in your pocket.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.17,0:00:17.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might say the future is small.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.61,0:00:18.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As an engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.84,0:00:22.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm inspired by this miniaturization\Nrevolution in computers.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:22.85,0:00:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As a physician,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.22,0:00:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I wonder whether we could use it\Nto reduce the number of lives lost
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.97,0:00:34.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,due to one of the fastest-growing\Ndiseases on Earth:
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.10,0:00:35.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.54,0:00:36.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when I say that,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.82,0:00:40.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what most people hear me say\Nis that we're working on curing cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.62,0:00:41.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we are.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.91,0:00:43.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it turns out
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.09,0:00:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there's an incredible\Nopportunity to save lives
Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.91,0:00:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through the early detection\Nand prevention of cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.78,0:00:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Worldwide, over two-thirds of deaths\Ndue to cancer are fully preventable
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.19,0:00:57.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,using methods that we already\Nhave in hand today.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.41,0:01:01.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Things like vaccination, timely screening
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.33,0:01:03.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course, stopping smoking.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.32,0:01:07.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But even with the best tools\Nand technologies that we have today,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.93,0:01:09.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some tumors can't be detected
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.02,0:01:13.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until 10 years after\Nthey've started growing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.71,0:01:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they are 50 million\Ncancer cells strong.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.18,0:01:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if we had better technologies
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.88,0:01:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to detect some of these more\Ndeadly cancers sooner,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.01,0:01:24.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they could be removed,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.34,0:01:26.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they were just getting started?
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.56,0:01:29.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let me tell you about how\Nminiaturization might get us there.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.14,0:01:33.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a microscope in a typical lab
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.45,0:01:37.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a pathologist would use\Nfor looking at a tissue specimen,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.03,0:01:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a biopsy or a pap smear.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.93,0:01:41.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This $7,000 microscope
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.02,0:01:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be used by somebody\Nwith years of specialized training
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.30,0:01:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to spot cancer cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.13,0:01:51.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an image from a colleague\Nof mine at Rice University,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.20,0:01:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rebecca Richards-Kortum.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:52.80,0:01:56.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What she and her team have done\Nis miniaturize that whole microscope
Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.65,0:01:58.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into this $10 part,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:58.65,0:02:01.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it fits on the end\Nof an optical fiber.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.92,0:02:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now what that means is instead\Nof taking a sample from a patient
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.58,0:02:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sending it to the microscope,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.25,0:02:09.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can bring the microscope\Nto the patient.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.26,0:02:14.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, instead of requiring\Na specialist to look at the images,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.64,0:02:19.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can train the computer to score\Nnormal versus cancerous cells.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.08,0:02:21.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now this is important,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:21.28,0:02:24.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because what they found\Nworking in rural communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.34,0:02:27.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that even when they have\Na mobile screening van
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.60,0:02:30.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that can go out into the community\Nand perform exams
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.46,0:02:31.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and collect samples
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.89,0:02:35.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and send them to the central\Nhospital for analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.13,0:02:36.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that days later,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.50,0:02:39.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women get a call\Nwith an abnormal test result
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.19,0:02:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they're asked to come in.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.83,0:02:45.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fully half of them don't turn up\Nbecause they can't afford the trip.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.72,0:02:49.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With the integrated microscope\Nand computer analysis,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.17,0:02:51.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rebecca and her colleagues\Nhave been able to create a van
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.02,0:02:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that has both a diagnostic setup\Nand a treatment setup.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.83,0:02:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what that means\Nis that they can do a diagnosis
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.57,0:03:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and perform therapy on the spot,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.28,0:03:03.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so no one is lost to follow up.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.83,0:03:07.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just one example of how\Nminiaturization can save lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.15,0:03:09.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now as engineers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.32,0:03:12.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think of this\Nas straight-up miniaturization.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.09,0:03:14.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You took a big thing\Nand you made it little.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.56,0:03:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what I told you before about computers
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.83,0:03:19.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was that they transformed our lives
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.10,0:03:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when they became small enough\Nfor us to take them everywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.78,0:03:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what is the transformational\Nequivalent like that in medicine?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.50,0:03:31.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, what if you had a detector
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.66,0:03:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was so small that it could\Ncirculate in your body,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.95,0:03:38.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find the tumor all by itself
Dialogue: 0,0:03:38.38,0:03:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and send a signal to the outside world?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.08,0:03:43.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sounds a little bit\Nlike science fiction.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.18,0:03:47.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually, nanotechnology\Nallows us to do just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.42,0:03:52.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nanotechnology allows us to shrink\Nthe parts that make up the detector
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.32,0:03:54.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the width of a human hair,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.18,0:03:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is 100 microns,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.86,0:03:58.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to a thousand times smaller,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.44,0:04:00.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is 100 nanometers.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.37,0:04:03.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that has profound implications.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.58,0:04:07.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that materials\Nactually change their properties
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.25,0:04:08.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the nanoscale.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.28,0:04:11.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You take a common material like gold,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.80,0:04:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you grind it into dust,\Ninto gold nanoparticles,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.15,0:04:18.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it changes from looking\Ngold to looking red.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.08,0:04:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you take a more exotic material\Nlike cadmium selenide --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.92,0:04:25.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forms a big, black crystal --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.12,0:04:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you make nanocrystals\Nout of this material
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.74,0:04:29.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you put it in a liquid,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.34,0:04:31.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and you shine light on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.19,0:04:32.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they glow.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.38,0:04:38.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And they glow blue, green,\Nyellow, orange, red,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.03,0:04:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending only on their size.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.89,0:04:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's wild! Can you imagine an object\Nlike that in the macro world?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.91,0:04:51.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be like all the denim jeans\Nin your closet are all made of cotton,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.51,0:04:55.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they are different colors\Ndepending only on their size.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.21,0:04:57.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.98,0:05:00.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So as a physician,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.53,0:05:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what's just as interesting to me
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.78,0:05:05.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it's not just\Nthe color of materials
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.10,0:05:07.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that changes at the nanoscale;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.06,0:05:10.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the way they travel\Nin your body also changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.14,0:05:13.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is the kind of observation\Nthat we're going to use
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.96,0:05:16.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to make a better cancer detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.16,0:05:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So let me show you what I mean.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.69,0:05:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a blood vessel in the body.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:20.91,0:05:23.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Surrounding the blood vessel is a tumor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.68,0:05:26.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to inject nanoparticles\Ninto the blood vessel
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.75,0:05:30.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and watch how they travel\Nfrom the bloodstream into the tumor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.46,0:05:35.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now it turns out that the blood vessels\Nof many tumors are leaky,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.84,0:05:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so nanoparticles can leak out\Nfrom the bloodstream into the tumor.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.63,0:05:43.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether they leak out\Ndepends on their size.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.13,0:05:45.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this image,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.30,0:05:49.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the smaller, hundred-nanometer,\Nblue nanoparticles are leaking out,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.70,0:05:53.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the larger, 500-nanometer,\Nred nanoparticles
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.12,0:05:54.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are stuck in the bloodstream.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.92,0:05:57.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that means as an engineer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:57.05,0:06:01.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,depending on how big\Nor small I make a material,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.06,0:06:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can change where it goes in your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:05.25,0:06:09.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In my lab, we recently made\Na cancer nanodetector
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.92,0:06:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is so small that it could travel\Ninto the body and look for tumors.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.48,0:06:19.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We designed it to listen\Nfor tumor invasion:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.59,0:06:24.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the orchestra of chemical signals\Nthat tumors need to make to spread.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.93,0:06:27.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For a tumor to break out\Nof the tissue that it's born in,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.86,0:06:30.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has to make chemicals called enzymes
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.60,0:06:33.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to chew through\Nthe scaffolding of tissues.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.76,0:06:38.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We designed these nanoparticles\Nto be activated by these enzymes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.03,0:06:44.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One enzyme can activate a thousand\Nof these chemical reactions in an hour.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.46,0:06:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now in engineering, we call\Nthat one-to-a-thousand ratio
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.04,0:06:50.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a form of amplification,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.63,0:06:52.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it makes something ultrasensitive.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.83,0:06:56.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've made an ultrasensitive\Ncancer detector.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.22,0:07:02.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, but how do I get this activated\Nsignal to the outside world,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.14,0:07:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where I can act on it?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.91,0:07:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For this, we're going to use\None more piece of nanoscale biology,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:07.48,0:07:09.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that has to do with the kidney.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.66,0:07:11.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The kidney is a filter.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:11.100,0:07:16.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Its job is to filter out the blood\Nand put waste into the urine.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.20,0:07:19.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that what the kidney filters
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.88,0:07:22.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is also dependent on size.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.90,0:07:24.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So in this image, what you can see
Dialogue: 0,0:07:24.86,0:07:27.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that everything smaller\Nthan five nanometers
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.90,0:07:32.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is going from the blood,\Nthrough the kidney, into the urine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.03,0:07:34.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and everything else\Nthat's bigger is retained.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:35.18,0:07:40.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so if I make a 100-nanometer\Ncancer detector,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.15,0:07:42.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I inject it in the bloodstream,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.64,0:07:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can leak into the tumor\Nwhere it's activated by tumor enzymes
Dialogue: 0,0:07:48.10,0:07:50.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to release a small signal
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.48,0:07:53.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is small enough to be\Nfiltered out of the kidney
Dialogue: 0,0:07:53.72,0:07:55.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and put into the urine,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.92,0:07:59.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have a signal in the outside world\Nthat I can detect.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.59,0:08:02.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, but there's one more problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.66,0:08:04.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a tiny little signal,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.43,0:08:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so how do I detect it?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.73,0:08:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, the signal is just a molecule.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.99,0:08:11.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're molecules\Nthat we designed as engineers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.68,0:08:14.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They're completely synthetic,\Nand we can design them
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.88,0:08:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they are compatible\Nwith our tool of choice.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.14,0:08:21.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If we want to use a really\Nsensitive, fancy instrument
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.61,0:08:23.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called a mass spectrometer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:23.60,0:08:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then we make a molecule\Nwith a unique mass.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.67,0:08:30.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or maybe we want make something\Nthat's more inexpensive and portable.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.39,0:08:34.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then we make molecules\Nthat we can trap on paper,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.20,0:08:35.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a pregnancy test.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:35.93,0:08:38.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, there's a whole\Nworld of paper tests
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.58,0:08:43.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that are becoming available\Nin a field called paper diagnostics.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.71,0:08:46.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Alright, where are we going with this?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.72,0:08:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What I'm going to tell you next,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.32,0:08:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as a lifelong researcher,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.17,0:08:52.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,represents a dream of mine.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.40,0:08:54.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I can't say that's it's a promise;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.51,0:08:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a dream.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.03,0:08:59.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I think we all have to have dreams\Nto keep us pushing forward,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.64,0:09:03.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even -- and maybe especially --\Ncancer researchers.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.60,0:09:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to tell you what I hope\Nwill happen with my technology,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.12,0:09:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that my team and I will put\Nour hearts and souls
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.24,0:09:12.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into making a reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.29,0:09:14.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, here goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.01,0:09:18.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I dream that one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.39,0:09:21.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instead of going into\Nan expensive screening facility
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.67,0:09:23.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to get a colonoscopy,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:23.20,0:09:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a mammogram,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.54,0:09:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a pap smear,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:26.58,0:09:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you could get a shot,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.33,0:09:29.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wait an hour,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.01,0:09:32.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and do a urine test on a paper strip.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.65,0:09:36.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I imagine that this could even happen
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.48,0:09:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without the need for steady electricity,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.17,0:09:41.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a medical professional in the room.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.80,0:09:43.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe they could be far away
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.32,0:09:46.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and connected only by the image\Non a smartphone.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.85,0:09:48.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I know this sounds like a dream,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.61,0:09:51.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but in the lab we already\Nhave this working in mice,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.76,0:09:53.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where it works better\Nthan existing methods
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.86,0:09:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the detection of lung,\Ncolon and ovarian cancer.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.60,0:10:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I hope that what this means
Dialogue: 0,0:10:00.86,0:10:06.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that one day we can\Ndetect tumors in patients
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.06,0:10:09.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sooner than 10 years\Nafter they've started growing,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.38,0:10:11.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in all walks of life,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.39,0:10:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all around the globe,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.26,0:10:15.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that this would lead\Nto earlier treatments,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.02,0:10:19.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that we could save more lives\Nthan we can today,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.64,0:10:20.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with early detection.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.69,0:10:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.89,0:10:30.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)