[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.88,0:00:04.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So imagine that you had\Nyour smartphone minituarized
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.55,0:00:07.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hooked up directly to your brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.81,0:00:09.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you had this sort of brain chip,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.84,0:00:13.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'd be able to upload and download\Nto the Internet at the speed of thought.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:14.10,0:00:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Accessing social media or Wikipedia\Nwould be a lot like --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.36,0:00:18.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, from the inside at least --
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.94,0:00:21.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like consulting your own memory.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.45,0:00:24.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It would be as easy\Nand as intimate as thinking.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.74,0:00:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But would it make it easier\Nfor you to know what's true?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.89,0:00:32.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just because a way\Nof accessing information is faster
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.02,0:00:34.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't mean it's\Nmore reliable of course,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:34.03,0:00:37.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it doesn't mean that we would all\Ninterpret it the same way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.62,0:00:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It doesn't mean that you would be\Nany better at evaluating it,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.88,0:00:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in fact you might even we worse
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.38,0:00:45.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because, you know, more data,\Nless time for evaluation.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.51,0:00:49.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Something like this is already\Nhappening to us right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:49.96,0:00:53.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We already carry a world of information\Naround in our pockets,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.87,0:00:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it seems as if the more information\Nthat we share and access online,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.19,0:00:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the more difficult it can be
Dialogue: 0,0:00:59.54,0:01:03.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to tell the difference between\Nwhat's real and what's fake.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:03.65,0:01:07.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's as if we know more\Nbut understand less.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.26,0:01:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, it's a feature of modern life,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.55,0:01:11.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suppose,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.55,0:01:15.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that large swaths of the public \Nlive in isolated information bubbles.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.08,0:01:20.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're polarized not just over values\Nbut over the facts,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.76,0:01:21.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and one reason for that\N
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.87,0:01:24.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that the data analytics\Nthat drive the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.30,0:01:28.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get us not just more information\Nbut more of the information that we want.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.98,0:01:31.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Our online life is personalized;
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.40,0:01:33.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,everything from the ads we read
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.10,0:01:35.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the news that comes down\Nour Facebook feed
Dialogue: 0,0:01:35.83,0:01:38.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is tailored to satisfy our preferences.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:39.28,0:01:41.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so while we get more information,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.11,0:01:44.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of that information ends up\Nreflecting ourselves
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.53,0:01:46.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as much as it does reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:47.27,0:01:48.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It ends up,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.37,0:01:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suppose,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.86,0:01:52.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inflating our bubbles rather\Nthan bursting them.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:53.38,0:01:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so maybe it's no surprise
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.60,0:01:57.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we're in a situation --
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.25,0:02:00.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a paradoxical situation of thinking\Nthat we know so much more
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.66,0:02:04.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet not agreeing\Non what it is we know.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.32,0:02:08.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how are we going to solve\Nthis problem of knowledge polarization?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:08.100,0:02:13.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One obvious tactic is to try\Nto fix our technology --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.19,0:02:15.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to redesign our digital platform
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.12,0:02:18.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so as to make them less\Nsusceptible to polarization.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.100,0:02:22.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'm happy to report that many\Nsmart people at Google and Facebook
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.40,0:02:25.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are working on just that.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.06,0:02:26.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These projects are vital.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.04,0:02:31.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that fixing technology\Nis obviously really important,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.19,0:02:33.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I don't think\Nthat technology alone --
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.20,0:02:36.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,fixing it is going to solve the problem\Nof knowledge polarization.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.18,0:02:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think that because I don't think,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.19,0:02:40.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the end of the day,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.25,0:02:41.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is a technological problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.90,0:02:43.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's a human problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.92,0:02:47.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,having to do with how we think\Na what we value.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.39,0:02:49.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In order to solve it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.46,0:02:51.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we're going to need help.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.06,0:02:54.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're going to need help from psychology\Nand political science,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.08,0:02:57.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but we're also going to need help,\NI think, from philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.74,0:03:03.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because to solve the problem\Nof knowledge polarization,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.70,0:03:06.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're going to need to reconnect
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.70,0:03:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with one fundamental,\Nphilosophical idea ...
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.40,0:03:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we live in a common reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.88,0:03:18.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The idea of a common reality is like,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.26,0:03:19.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I suppose,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.26,0:03:20.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of philosophical concepts:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.85,0:03:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,easy to state,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.85,0:03:24.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but mysteriously difficult\Nto put into practice.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.00,0:03:26.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To really accept it,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.33,0:03:28.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we need to do three things,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.78,0:03:31.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each of which is a challenge right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.86,0:03:35.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, we need to believe in truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.27,0:03:37.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You might have noticed
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.34,0:03:40.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that our culture is having\Nsomething of a troubled relationship
Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.41,0:03:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with that concept right now.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.16,0:03:46.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It seems as if we disagree so much that,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.39,0:03:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as one political commentator\Nput it not long ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.43,0:03:52.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's as if there are no facts anymore.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.15,0:03:57.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that thought is actually an expression
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.40,0:04:01.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of a sort of seductive line\Nof argument that's in the air.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.84,0:04:04.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It goes like this:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.34,0:04:07.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just can't step outside of our\Nown perspectives,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.30,0:04:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we can't step outside of our biases.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.76,0:04:11.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every time we try,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:11.26,0:04:14.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we just get more information\Nfrom our perpesctive.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.60,0:04:19.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this line of thought goes,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.20,0:04:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might as well admit\Nthat objective truth is an illusion,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.98,0:04:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it doesn't matter,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.06,0:04:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because either we'll never know what it is
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.28,0:04:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or it doesn't exist in the first place.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.35,0:04:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not a new philosophical thought --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.37,0:04:36.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,skepticism about truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.42,0:04:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,During the end of the last century,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.30,0:04:40.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as some of you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:40.32,0:04:42.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was very popular in certain\Nacademic circles.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.54,0:04:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it really goes back all the way\Nto the Greek philosopher Protagoras,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.57,0:04:50.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if not farther back.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.27,0:04:52.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Protagoras said that objective\Ntruth was an illusion
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.72,0:04:55.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because "man is the measure\Nof all things."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.84,0:04:57.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Man is the measure of all things.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.17,0:05:00.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That can seem like a bracing bit\Nof real politic to people,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:00.96,0:05:06.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or liberating because it allows each of us\Nto discover or make our own truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.66,0:05:09.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.66,0:05:15.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's a bit of self-serving\Nrationalization disguised as philosophy.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.75,0:05:21.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It confuses the difficulty of being\Ncertain with the impossibility of truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.59,0:05:25.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Look,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.13,0:05:29.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of course it's difficult\Nto be certain about anything;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.10,0:05:32.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we might all be living in "The Matrix,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.26,0:05:36.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you might have a brain chip in your head\Nfeeding you all the wrong information.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.74,0:05:41.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in practice, we do agree\Non all sorts of facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:42.00,0:05:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We agree that bullets can kill people.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.69,0:05:49.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We agree that you can't flap\Nyour arms and fly.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.20,0:05:51.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We agree --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.20,0:05:53.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or we should --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:53.34,0:05:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that there is an external reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.66,0:05:58.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and ignoring it can get you hurt.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.37,0:06:03.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nonetheless, skepticism\Nabout truth can be tempting
Dialogue: 0,0:06:03.54,0:06:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it allows us to rationalize\Naway our own biases.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.88,0:06:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When we do that,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:07.88,0:06:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we're sort of like the guy in the movie\Nwho knew he was living in "The Tatrix,"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.96,0:06:16.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but decided he liked it there anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.21,0:06:20.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, getting what you\Nwant feels good.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.41,0:06:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Being right all the time feels good.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.12,0:06:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So often it's easier for us
Dialogue: 0,0:06:25.80,0:06:30.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to wrap ourselves in our\Ncozy information bubbles,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.25,0:06:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,live in bad faith,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.81,0:06:35.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and take those bubbles\Nas the measure of reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.83,0:06:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,An example I think of how\Nthis bad faith gets into our action
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.59,0:06:47.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is our reaction to the\Nphenomenon of fake news.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.10,0:06:50.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fake news that spread on the Internet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.97,0:06:55.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,during the American\Npresidential election of 2016
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.73,0:06:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was designed to feed into our biases,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.44,0:07:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed to inflate our bubbles.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.58,0:07:02.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what was really striking about it
Dialogue: 0,0:07:02.66,0:07:05.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was not just that it\Nfooled so many people.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.79,0:07:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What was really striking to me\Nabout fake news,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.66,0:07:10.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the phenomenon,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.02,0:07:15.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is how quickly it itself became\Nthe subject of knowledge polarization.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.65,0:07:17.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So much so that the very term --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.64,0:07:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the very term, "fake news,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.47,0:07:23.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,now just means "news story I don't like."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.58,0:07:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's an example of the bad faith\Ntowards the truth that I'm talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.46,0:07:36.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the really, I think, dangerous thing
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.08,0:07:39.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about skepticism with regard to truth
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.71,0:07:42.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that it leads to despotism.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.51,0:07:45.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Man is the measure of all things"\N
Dialogue: 0,0:07:45.51,0:07:49.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,inevitably becomes "the man\Nis the measure of all things."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:49.95,0:07:52.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just as "every man for himself"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.62,0:07:56.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,always seems to turn out to be\N"only the strong survive."
Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.42,0:08:00.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,At the end of Orwell's "1984,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.45,0:08:03.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the thought policeman O'Brien\Nis torturing the protagonist,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:03.55,0:08:04.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Winston Smith,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.63,0:08:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into believing two plus two equals five.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:08.69,0:08:13.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What O'Brien says is the point
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.68,0:08:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that he wants to convince Smith\Nthat whatever the party says is the truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.12,0:08:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the truth is whatever the party says.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.62,0:08:26.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And what O'Brien knows is that\Nonce this thought is accepted,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.50,0:08:29.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,critical descent is impossible.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:29.98,0:08:32.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't speak truth to power
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.20,0:08:35.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if the power speaks truth by definition.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.02,0:08:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so I said that in order to accept\Nthat we really live in a common reality
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.29,0:08:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to do three things.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.58,0:08:44.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first thing is to believe in truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.48,0:08:46.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second thing can be summed up
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.27,0:08:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the Latin phrase that Kant took\Nas the motto for the enlightenment.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:51.45,0:08:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sapere aude,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.11,0:08:54.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "dare to know,"
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.86,0:08:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or as Kant [... it],
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.95,0:08:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Dare to know for yourself."
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.23,0:09:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think in the early days of the Internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.27,0:09:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of us thought
Dialogue: 0,0:09:01.27,0:09:05.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that information technology\Nwas always going to make it easier
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.30,0:09:07.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for us to know for ourselves,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:07.18,0:09:09.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and of course in many ways, it has.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.08,0:09:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But as the Internet has become\Nmore and more a part of our lives,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.78,0:09:15.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our reliance on it,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.10,0:09:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,our use of it has become\Noften more passive.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.44,0:09:21.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Much of what we know today\Nwe Google-know.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.57,0:09:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We download prepackaged sets of facts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.29,0:09:28.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and sort of shuffle them along\Nthe assembly line of social media.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:29.46,0:09:30.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Google-knowing is useful
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.74,0:09:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precisely because it involves\Na sort of intellectual outsourcing.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.21,0:09:39.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We offload our effort onto a network\Nof others and algorithms.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.95,0:09:42.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that allows us of course\Nto not clutter our minds
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.98,0:09:44.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with all sorts of facts.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:44.65,0:09:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We can just download them\Nwhen we need them,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:46.96,0:09:48.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's awesome.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:49.53,0:09:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But there's a difference between\Ndownloading a set of facts
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.92,0:10:00.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and really understanding how\Nor why those facts are as they are.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.29,0:10:05.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Understanding why\Na particular disease spreads,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.80,0:10:07.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or how a mathematical proof works,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.88,0:10:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or why your friend is depressed
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.07,0:10:12.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,involves more than just downloading.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.40,0:10:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's going to require,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.69,0:10:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most likely,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.69,0:10:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing some work for yourself.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.54,0:10:20.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having a little creative insight.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.55,0:10:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Using your imagination,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.84,0:10:23.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting out into the field,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.18,0:10:24.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doing the experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.25,0:10:25.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,working through the proof,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.55,0:10:27.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talking to someone.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.72,0:10:35.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm not saying of course that we\Nshould stop Google-knowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.63,0:10:39.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm just saying we shouldn't\Novervalue it either.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.52,0:10:44.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to find ways of encouraging\Nforms of knowing that are more active
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.74,0:10:50.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and don't always involve passing off\Nour effort into our bubble.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.29,0:10:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because the thing about Google-knowing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.12,0:10:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that too often it ends up\Nbeing bubble-knowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.76,0:10:58.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And bubble-knowing means\Nalways being right.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.28,0:11:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But daring to know,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:01.66,0:11:04.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,daring to understand,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:04.30,0:11:07.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means risking the possibility\Nthat you could be wrong.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.10,0:11:10.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means risking the possibility
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.32,0:11:15.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that what you want and what's true\Nare different things.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.27,0:11:20.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Which brings me to the third thing\Nthat I think we need to do
Dialogue: 0,0:11:20.00,0:11:22.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we want to accept that we live\Nin a common reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.10,0:11:26.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That third thing is\Nhave a little humility.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.69,0:11:28.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By humility here, I mean\Nepistemic humility,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.84,0:11:31.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means, in a sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.95,0:11:34.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knowing that you don't know it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.37,0:11:36.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it also means something\Nmore than that.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.40,0:11:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means seeing your worldview\Nas open to improvement
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.88,0:11:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the evidence and experience of others.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:43.03,0:11:45.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Seeing your worldview\Nas open to improvement
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.10,0:11:47.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the evidence and experience of others.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.16,0:11:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's more than just being\Nopen to change.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.23,0:11:52.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's more than just being open\Nto self-improvement.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.65,0:11:57.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means seeing your knowledge\Nas capable of enhancing
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.10,0:11:59.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or being enriched by\Nwhat others contribute.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:00.30,0:12:03.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's part of what is involved
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.04,0:12:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in recognizing that there's\Na common reality
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.35,0:12:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you too are responsible [for.]
Dialogue: 0,0:12:09.83,0:12:11.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I don't think it's much of a stretch
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.22,0:12:14.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to say that our society is not\Nparticularly great
Dialogue: 0,0:12:14.28,0:12:18.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at enhancing or encouraging\Nthat sort of humility.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.33,0:12:21.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's partly because,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.07,0:12:24.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, we tend to confuse\Narrogance and confidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.40,0:12:25.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's partly because,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.59,0:12:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, you know, arrogance is just easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:29.03,0:12:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just easier to think\Nof yourself as knowing it all.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.67,0:12:35.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's just easier to think of yourself\Nas having it all figured out.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.58,0:12:38.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that's another example
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.00,0:12:41.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the bad faith towards the truth\Nthat I've been talking about.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.45,0:12:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the concept of a common reality,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.89,0:12:48.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a lot of philosophical concepts,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.60,0:12:50.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can seem so obvious
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.99,0:12:54.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can look right past it
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.07,0:12:56.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and forget why it's important.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:57.64,0:13:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Democracies can't function\Nif their citizens don't strive,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:02.39,0:13:04.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at least some of the time,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.01,0:13:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to inhabit a common space.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.71,0:13:10.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A space where they can pass\Nideas back and forth when --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:10.99,0:13:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and especially when --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.24,0:13:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they disagree.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.83,0:13:17.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can't strive to inhabit that space
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.78,0:13:21.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if you don't already accept\Nthat you live in the same reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.14,0:13:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To accept that we've\Ngot to believe in truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.27,0:13:28.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we've got to encourage\Nmore active ways of knowing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:29.43,0:13:32.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we've got to have the humility
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.51,0:13:35.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to realize that we're not\Nthe measure of all things.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:37.24,0:13:40.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We may yet one day realize the vision
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.94,0:13:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of having the Internet in our brains,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.73,0:13:48.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if we want that to be liberating\Nand not terrifying,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:48.67,0:13:51.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we want it to expand our understanding
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.54,0:13:54.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not just our passive knowing,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.85,0:13:58.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to remember\Nthat our perspectives,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.55,0:14:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as wondrous, as beautiful as they are,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.32,0:14:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are just that --
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.73,0:14:06.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,perspectives on one reality.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:07.14,0:14:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.43,0:14:10.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)