[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.88,0:00:02.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, this is a story
Dialogue: 0,0:00:02.90,0:00:04.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how we know what we know.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:05.69,0:00:07.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a story about this woman,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:08.61,0:00:10.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natalia Rybczynski.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.91,0:00:12.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,She's a paleobiologist,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.98,0:00:16.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which means she specializes\Nin digging up really old dead stuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.84,0:00:20.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) Natalia Rybczynski: Yeah,\NI had someone call me "Dr. Dead Things."
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.36,0:00:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Latif Nasser: And I think\Nshe's particularly interesting
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.02,0:00:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of where she digs that stuff up,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:24.95,0:00:29.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,way above the Arctic Circle\Nin the remote Canadian tundra.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.90,0:00:32.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, one summer day in 2006,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.98,0:00:36.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was at a dig site called\Nthe Fyles Leaf Bed,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.20,0:00:40.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is less than 10 degrees latitude\Naway from the magnetic north pole.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.80,0:00:43.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: Really, it's not\Ngoing to sound very exciting,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.55,0:00:47.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it was a day of walking\Nwith your backpack and your GPS
Dialogue: 0,0:00:47.60,0:00:51.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and notebook and just picking up\Nanything that might be a fossil.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.70,0:00:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: And at some point,\Nshe noticed something.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.40,0:00:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: Rusty, kind of rust-colored,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.59,0:00:58.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the size of the palm of my hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.55,0:01:00.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just lying on the surface.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.87,0:01:04.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: And at first she thought\Nit was just a splinter of wood,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.35,0:01:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because that's the sort of thing\Npeople had found
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.66,0:01:10.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Fyles Leaf Bed before --\Nprehistoric plant parts.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:10.11,0:01:12.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But that night, back at camp ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:12.94,0:01:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: ... I get out the hand lens,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:14.89,0:01:17.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm looking a little bit\Nmore closely and realizing
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.31,0:01:19.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it doesn't quite look\Nlike this has tree rings.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:19.74,0:01:21.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe it's a preservation thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.33,0:01:23.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it looks really like ...
Dialogue: 0,0:01:23.63,0:01:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bone.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.85,0:01:27.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: Huh. So over the next four years,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:27.77,0:01:30.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she went to that spot over and over,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.72,0:01:36.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually collected 30 fragments\Nof that exact same bone,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:36.28,0:01:37.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,most of them really tiny.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.52,0:01:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: It's not a whole lot.\NIt fits in a small Ziploc bag.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.98,0:01:46.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: And she tried to piece them\Ntogether like a jigsaw puzzle.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.94,0:01:48.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it was challenging.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.41,0:01:51.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: It's broken up\Ninto so many little tiny pieces,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.25,0:01:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm trying to use sand and putty,\Nand it's not looking good.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.54,0:02:00.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So finally, we used a 3D surface scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.73,0:02:02.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: Ooh!\NNR: Yeah, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:02.34,0:02:03.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.80,0:02:06.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: It turns out it was way easier\Nto do it virtually.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.57,0:02:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: It's kind of magical\Nwhen it all fits together.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.36,0:02:11.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: How certain were you\Nthat you had it right,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:11.59,0:02:13.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you had put it together\Nin the right way?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.76,0:02:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Was there a potential that you'd\Nput it together a different way
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.80,0:02:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have, like, a parakeet or something?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.76,0:02:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.15,0:02:23.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: (Laughs) Um, no.\NNo, we got this.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.24,0:02:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: What she had, she discovered,\Nwas a tibia, a leg bone,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:28.11,0:02:32.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and specifically, one that belonged\Nto a cloven-hoofed mammal,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.13,0:02:34.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so something like a cow or a sheep.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:35.00,0:02:37.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it couldn't have been either of those.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.49,0:02:39.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was just too big.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.82,0:02:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: The size of this thing,\Nit was huge. It's a really big animal.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.91,0:02:46.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: So what animal could it be?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.29,0:02:49.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Having hit a wall, she showed\None of the fragments
Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.90,0:02:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to some colleagues of hers in Colorado,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.49,0:02:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they had an idea.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.24,0:02:59.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: We took a saw,\Nand we nicked just the edge of it,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.32,0:03:05.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there was this really interesting\Nsmell that comes from it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.52,0:03:09.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: It smelled kind of like singed flesh.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.31,0:03:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was a smell that Natalia recognized
Dialogue: 0,0:03:11.96,0:03:15.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from cutting up skulls\Nin her gross anatomy lab:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.93,0:03:17.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,collagen.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.12,0:03:19.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Collagen is what gives\Nstructure to our bones.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.80,0:03:21.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And usually, after so many years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.98,0:03:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it breaks down.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:23.16,0:03:27.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in this case, the Arctic had acted\Nlike a natural freezer and preserved it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.19,0:03:31.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then a year or two later,\NNatalia was at a conference in Bristol,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.84,0:03:35.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she saw that a colleague\Nof hers named Mike Buckley
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.06,0:03:40.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was demoing this new process\Nthat he called "collagen fingerprinting."
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.28,0:03:44.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that different species\Nhave slightly different structures
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.95,0:03:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of collagen,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:46.13,0:03:48.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so if you get a collagen profile\Nof an unknown bone,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.97,0:03:51.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you can compare it\Nto those of known species,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.18,0:03:53.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, who knows, maybe you get a match.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:54.55,0:03:57.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So she shipped him one of the fragments,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.85,0:03:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,FedEx.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.17,0:04:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: Yeah, you want to track it.\NIt's kind of important.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.00,0:04:04.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.28,0:04:05.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: And he processed it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.49,0:04:09.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and compared it to 37 known\Nand modern-day mammal species.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.67,0:04:11.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he found a match.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.82,0:04:17.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It turns out that\Nthe 3.5 million-year-old bone
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.46,0:04:21.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Natalia had dug\Nout of the High Arctic
Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.73,0:04:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,belonged to ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.03,0:04:25.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a camel.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:25.37,0:04:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.13,0:04:31.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: And I'm thinking, what?\NThat's amazing -- if it's true.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.45,0:04:33.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: So they tested\Na bunch of the fragments,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.52,0:04:35.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they got the same result for each one.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:36.20,0:04:41.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, based on the size\Nof the bone that they found,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.64,0:04:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it meant that this camel was 30 percent\Nlarger than modern-day camels.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:48.03,0:04:51.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this camel would have been\Nabout nine feet tall,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.24,0:04:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,weighed around a ton.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.46,0:04:53.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audience reacts)
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.54,0:04:54.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yeah.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.61,0:04:58.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natalia had found a Giant Arctic Camel.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.13,0:05:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.40,0:05:04.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, when you hear the word "camel,"
Dialogue: 0,0:05:04.74,0:05:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what may come to mind is one of these,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:09.51,0:05:12.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Bactrian camel\Nof East and Central Asia.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.90,0:05:16.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But chances are the postcard image\Nyou have in your brain
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.40,0:05:19.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is one of these, the dromedary,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.98,0:05:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quintessential desert creature --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.44,0:05:26.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hangs out in sandy, hot places\Nlike the Middle East and the Sahara,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.78,0:05:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a big old hump on its back
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.28,0:05:30.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for storing water\Nfor those long desert treks,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:30.82,0:05:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has big, broad feet to help it\Ntromp over sand dunes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.92,0:05:40.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how on earth would one of these guys\Nend up in the High Arctic?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.72,0:05:44.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, scientists have known\Nfor a long time, turns out,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:44.53,0:05:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even before Natalia's discovery,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.12,0:05:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that camels are actually\Noriginally American.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.76,0:05:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music: The Star-Spangled Banner)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.48,0:05:59.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.96,0:06:01.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They started here.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:01.52,0:06:06.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For nearly 40 of the 45 million years\Nthat camels have been around,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.38,0:06:09.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could only find them in North America,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:09.56,0:06:12.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,around 20 different species, maybe more.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:12.84,0:06:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) LN: If I put them all in a lineup,\Nwould they look different?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.11,0:06:18.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,NR: Yeah, you're going to have\Ndifferent body sizes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:18.57,0:06:20.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'll have some with really long necks,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.50,0:06:22.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so they're actually\Nfunctionally like giraffes.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.34,0:06:26.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: Some had snouts, like crocodiles.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.44,0:06:30.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: The really primitive,\Nearly ones would have been really small,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:30.05,0:06:32.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost like rabbits.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.58,0:06:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: What? Rabbit-sized camels?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.45,0:06:36.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: The earliest ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.91,0:06:39.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So those ones you probably\Nwould not recognize.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.17,0:06:41.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: Oh my God, I want a pet rabbit-camel.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.38,0:06:43.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: I know,\Nwouldn't that be great?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.45,0:06:44.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.64,0:06:47.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: And then about three\Nto seven million years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:47.33,0:06:50.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one branch of camels\Nwent down to South America,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.16,0:06:53.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where they became llamas and alpacas,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:53.14,0:06:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another branch crossed over\Nthe Bering Land Bridge
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.08,0:06:57.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,into Asia and Africa.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:57.54,0:06:59.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then around the end\Nof the last ice age,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.99,0:07:03.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,North American camels went extinct.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.89,0:07:06.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, scientists knew all of that already,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.34,0:07:12.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but it still doesn't fully explain\Nhow Natalia found one so far north.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:12.44,0:07:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, this is, temperature-wise,\Nthe polar opposite of the Sahara.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:17.14,0:07:19.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now to be fair,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.66,0:07:21.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,three and a half million years ago,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:21.37,0:07:25.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was on average 22 degrees Celsius\Nwarmer than it is now.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.49,0:07:28.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it would have been boreal forest,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.45,0:07:32.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so more like the Yukon or Siberia today.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.85,0:07:36.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But still, like, they would have\Nsix-month-long winters
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.58,0:07:38.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where the ponds would freeze over.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:38.83,0:07:40.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd have blizzards.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:40.32,0:07:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You'd have 24 hours a day\Nof straight darkness.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:43.96,0:07:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, how ... How?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.96,0:07:51.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How is it that one of these\NSaharan superstars
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.14,0:07:54.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could ever have survived\Nthose arctic conditions?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:54.40,0:07:57.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:07:57.40,0:08:01.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Natalia and her colleagues\Nthink they have an answer.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.63,0:08:03.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's kind of brilliant.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.70,0:08:11.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if the very features that we imagine\Nmake the camel so well-suited
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.26,0:08:13.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to places like the Sahara,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.25,0:08:16.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually evolved to help it\Nget through the winter?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.45,0:08:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if those broad feet were meant\Nto tromp not over sand,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.17,0:08:25.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but over snow, like a pair of snowshoes?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.79,0:08:28.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What if that hump --\Nwhich, huge news to me,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:28.62,0:08:30.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,does not contain water, it contains fat --
Dialogue: 0,0:08:31.02,0:08:32.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.62,0:08:36.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was there to help the camel\Nget through that six-month-long winter,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.24,0:08:37.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when food was scarce?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.94,0:08:41.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then, only later, long after\Nit crossed over the land bridge
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.68,0:08:46.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,did it retrofit those winter features\Nfor a hot desert environment?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.12,0:08:50.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, for instance, the hump\Nmay be helpful to camels in hotter climes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.22,0:08:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because having all your fat in one place,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.72,0:08:55.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like a, you know, fat backpack,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.48,0:08:58.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,means that you don't have\Nto have that insulation
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.03,0:08:59.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all over the rest of your body.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:59.82,0:09:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it helps heat dissipate easier.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.56,0:09:05.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's this crazy idea,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.42,0:09:10.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that what seems like proof of the camel's\Nquintessential desert nature
Dialogue: 0,0:09:10.99,0:09:14.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could actually be proof\Nof its High Arctic past.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.83,0:09:19.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I'm not the first person\Nto tell this story.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:19.57,0:09:24.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Others have told it as a way\Nto marvel at evolutionary biology
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.54,0:09:27.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or as a keyhole into the future\Nof climate change.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.86,0:09:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I love it for a totally\Ndifferent reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.75,0:09:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For me, it's a story about us,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.54,0:09:36.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about how we see the world
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.53,0:09:38.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and about how that changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.66,0:09:43.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I was trained as a historian.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.05,0:09:47.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've learned that, actually,\Na lot of scientists are historians, too.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.33,0:09:48.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They make sense of the past.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.90,0:09:54.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They tell the history of our universe,\Nof our planet, of life on this planet.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.74,0:09:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a historian,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:56.24,0:10:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you start with an idea in your mind\Nof how the story goes.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.20,0:10:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Audio) NR: We make up stories\Nand we stick with it,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.70,0:10:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like the camel in the desert, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.45,0:10:07.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's a great story!\NIt's totally adapted for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.92,0:10:10.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Clearly, it always lived there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.17,0:10:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,LN: But at any moment, you could\Nuncover some tiny bit of evidence.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:14.50,0:10:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You could learn some tiny thing
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.72,0:10:20.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that forces you to reframe\Neverything you thought you knew.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:20.71,0:10:24.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Like, in this case, this one scientist\Nfinds this one shard
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.51,0:10:26.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what she thought was wood,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.28,0:10:31.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because of that, science has a totally\Nnew and totally counterintuitive theory
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.34,0:10:34.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about why this absurd\NDr. Seuss-looking creature
Dialogue: 0,0:10:34.98,0:10:36.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looks the way it does.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.54,0:10:41.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for me, it completely upended\Nthe way I think of the camel.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.96,0:10:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It went from being\Nthis ridiculously niche creature
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.37,0:10:48.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,suited only to this\None specific environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.74,0:10:54.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to being this world traveler\Nthat just happens to be in the Sahara,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.06,0:10:57.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and could end up virtually anywhere.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.88,0:11:03.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.40,0:11:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Azuri.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:16.59,0:11:19.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Azuri, hi, how are you doing?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.49,0:11:22.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, here, I've got\None of these for you here.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.06,0:11:24.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:24.14,0:11:28.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Azuri is on a break\Nfrom her regular gig
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.34,0:11:30.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the Radio City Music Hall.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.59,0:11:32.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.76,0:11:34.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's not even a joke.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.72,0:11:36.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Anyway --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.48,0:11:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But really, Azuri is here\Nas a living reminder
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.86,0:11:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the story of our world\Nis a dynamic one.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.13,0:11:49.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It requires our willingness\Nto readjust, to reimagine.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:49.86,0:11:54.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.16,0:11:55.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Right, Azuri?
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.64,0:12:02.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, really, that we're all\Njust one shard of bone away
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.08,0:12:04.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from seeing the world anew.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:04.93,0:12:06.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you very much.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.11,0:12:12.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)