[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.93,0:00:06.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you, it's a pleasure to be here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:06.78,0:00:09.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I am a surgeon who studies creativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.28,0:00:12.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I have never had a patient tell me,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.13,0:00:14.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I really want you\Nto be creative during surgery,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.00,0:00:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and so I guess\Nthere's a little bit of irony to it.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:17.44,0:00:20.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will say though that,\Nafter having done surgery a lot,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:20.77,0:00:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's similar to playing\Na musical instrument.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.00,0:00:25.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for me, this deep\Nand enduring fascination with sound
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.86,0:00:27.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is what led me to both be a surgeon
Dialogue: 0,0:00:27.62,0:00:30.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to study the science\Nof sound, particularly music.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:30.18,0:00:32.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to talk\Nover the next few minutes
Dialogue: 0,0:00:32.25,0:00:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about my career
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.57,0:00:35.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in terms of how I'm able to study music
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.88,0:00:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and try to grapple\Nwith all these questions
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.93,0:00:40.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of how the brain is able to be creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.30,0:00:43.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've done most of this work\Nat Johns Hopkins University,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.95,0:00:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and at the National Institute\Nof Health where I was previously.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.96,0:00:50.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll go over some science experiments\Nand cover three musical experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.49,0:00:52.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will start off by playing\Na video for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.57,0:00:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This video is of Keith Jarrett,\Nwho's a well-known jazz improviser
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.70,0:00:58.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and probably the most\Nwell-known, iconic example
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.77,0:01:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of someone who takes improvisation\Nto a higher level.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:01.79,0:01:04.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he'll improvise entire concerts\Noff the top of his head,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:04.95,0:01:07.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he'll never play it\Nexactly the same way again,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.38,0:01:09.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so as a form of intense creativity,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:09.79,0:01:11.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think this is a great example.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.43,0:01:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so why don't we go\Nand click the video.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.80,0:01:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:16.10,0:02:18.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:02:19.92,0:02:22.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's really a remarkable\Nthing that happens there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.68,0:02:26.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've always as a listener, as a fan,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.14,0:02:27.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I listen to that, and I'm astounded.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.88,0:02:29.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think -- how can this possibly be?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.64,0:02:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can the brain generate\Nthat much information,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.95,0:02:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that much music, spontaneously?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.56,0:02:36.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so I set out\Nwith this concept, scientifically,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.20,0:02:40.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that artistic creativity,\Nit's magical, but it's not magic,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.58,0:02:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,meaning that it's a product of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.61,0:02:45.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's not too many brain-dead\Npeople creating art.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:45.06,0:02:48.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this notion that artistic creativity\Nis in fact a neurologic product,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.72,0:02:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I took this thesis that we could study it
Dialogue: 0,0:02:51.20,0:02:54.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just like we study any other\Ncomplex neurologic process,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.34,0:02:56.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there are subquestions\Nthat I put there.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.42,0:02:59.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Is it possible to study\Ncreativity scientifically?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.73,0:03:01.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think that's a good question.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.79,0:03:04.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I'll tell you that most\Nscientific studies of music,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:05.30,0:03:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they're very dense,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.84,0:03:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you go through them,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.26,0:03:10.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's very hard to recognize\Nthe music in it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:10.35,0:03:12.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In fact, they seem to be\Nunmusical entirely
Dialogue: 0,0:03:12.60,0:03:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to miss the point of the music.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.21,0:03:16.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This brings the second question:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:16.79,0:03:18.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why should scientists study creativity?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:18.70,0:03:20.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Maybe we're not the right people to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:20.80,0:03:21.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.83,0:03:25.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well it may be, but I will say that,\Nfrom a scientific perspective,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:25.30,0:03:27.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we talked a lot about innovation today,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.34,0:03:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the science of innovation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:28.70,0:03:31.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how much we understand\Nabout how the brain is able to innovate
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.68,0:03:32.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in its infancy,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:32.94,0:03:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and truly, we know very little\Nabout how we are able to be creative.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:36.44,0:03:37.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that we're going to see,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.98,0:03:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,over the next 10, 20, 30 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.70,0:03:41.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a real science of creativity\Nthat's burgeoning
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.90,0:03:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and is going to flourish,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.12,0:03:45.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because we now have new methods\Nthat can enable us
Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.58,0:03:48.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to take this process\Nlike complex jazz improvisation,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:48.12,0:03:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and study it rigorously.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.52,0:03:50.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it gets down to the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:50.91,0:03:52.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of us have this remarkable brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.71,0:03:55.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is poorly understood,\Nto say the least.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:55.19,0:03:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that neuroscientists\Nhave more questions than answers,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.41,0:04:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm not going\Nto give you answers today,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.64,0:04:02.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just ask a lot of questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.02,0:04:04.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that's what I do in my lab.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:04.55,0:04:07.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I ask questions about what is the brain\Ndoing to enable us to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.89,0:04:10.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the main method that I use.\NThis is functional MRI.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:10.69,0:04:13.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you've been in an MRI scanner,\Nit's very much the same,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:13.44,0:04:17.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but this one is outfitted in a special way\Nto not just take pictures of your brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.38,0:04:20.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but to also take pictures\Nof active areas of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:20.33,0:04:22.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way that's done is by the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.26,0:04:24.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's something called BOLD imaging,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.09,0:04:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is Blood Oxygen\NLevel Dependent imaging.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.88,0:04:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When you're in an fMRI scanner,\Nyou're in a big magnet
Dialogue: 0,0:04:30.69,0:04:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's aligning your molecules\Nin certain areas.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:33.99,0:04:37.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When an area of the brain is active,\Nmeaning a neural area is active,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.73,0:04:39.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it gets blood flow shunted to that area.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.99,0:04:44.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That blood flow causes an increase\Nin local blood to that area
Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.37,0:04:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with a deoxyhemoglobin\Nchange in concentration.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.37,0:04:49.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Deoxyhemoglobin can be detected by MRI,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.55,0:04:51.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whereas oxyhemoglobin can't.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:51.43,0:04:53.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So through this method of inference --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:53.40,0:04:55.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're measuring blood flow,\Nnot neural activity --
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.97,0:04:58.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we say that an area of the brain\Nthat's getting more blood
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.73,0:05:02.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was active during a particular task,\Nand that's the crux of how fMRI works.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.30,0:05:06.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's been used since the '90s\Nto study really complex processes.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.22,0:05:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm going to review a study that I did,\Nwhich was jazz in an fMRI scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.15,0:05:13.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It was done with a colleague,\NAlan Braun, at the NIH.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.68,0:05:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a short video\Nof how we did this project.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:16.80,0:05:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Charles Limb: This is a plastic\NMIDI piano keyboard
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.60,0:05:21.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we use for the jazz experiments.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:21.41,0:05:23.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's a 35-key keyboard
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.99,0:05:26.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,designed to fit both inside the scanner,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.47,0:05:27.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be magnetically safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.83,0:05:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have minimal interference\Nthat would contribute to any artifact,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.70,0:05:34.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and have this cushion\Nso that it can rest on the players' legs
Dialogue: 0,0:05:34.64,0:05:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,while they're lying down in the scanner,\Nplaying on their back.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.62,0:05:40.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It works like this --\Nthis doesn't actually produce any sound.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.67,0:05:43.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It sends out what's called\Na MIDI signal --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.14,0:05:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or a Musical Instrument\NDigital Interface --
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.21,0:05:47.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,through these wires into the box\Nand then the computer,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:47.90,0:05:50.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which then trigger\Nhigh-quality piano samples like this.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.86,0:05:52.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.89,0:05:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I'm going to demo it for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:55.99,0:05:58.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm using two mirrors to see my fingers.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.22,0:06:01.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:20.77,0:06:22.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is improvized.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.73,0:06:38.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.73,0:06:40.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, so it works.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.40,0:06:42.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so through this piano keyboard,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.40,0:06:45.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have the means to take\Na musical process and study it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.17,0:06:48.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what do you do now that you have\Nthis cool piano keyboard?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.12,0:06:50.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can't just say,\N"It's great we have a keyboard."
Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.59,0:06:52.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We have to come up\Nwith a scientific experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.94,0:06:55.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The experiment\Nreally rests on the following:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.33,0:06:58.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens in the brain during something\Nthat's memorized and over-learned,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:58.100,0:07:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what happens in the brain\Nduring something
Dialogue: 0,0:07:01.18,0:07:03.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that is spontaneously\Ngenerated, or improvised,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.47,0:07:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a way that's matched motorically
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.31,0:07:08.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in terms of lower-level\Nsensory motor features?
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.18,0:07:10.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have here what we call the paradigms.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.80,0:07:14.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There's a scale paradigm, which is playing\Na scale up and down, memorized,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:14.32,0:07:16.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then there's improvising on a scale,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:16.08,0:07:18.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,quarter notes, metronome, right hand --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:18.14,0:07:19.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,scientifically very safe,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.73,0:07:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but musically really boring.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:22.03,0:07:25.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Then there's the bottom one,\Nwhich is called the jazz paradigm.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.03,0:07:27.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we brought professional\Njazz players to the NIH,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.45,0:07:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had them memorize\Nthis piece of music on the lower-left,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.43,0:07:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is what you heard me playing --
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.27,0:07:34.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we had them improvise\Nto the same chord changes.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.79,0:07:36.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if you can hit\Nthat lower-right sound icon,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.02,0:07:39.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's an example\Nof what was recorded in the scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.87,0:07:43.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:04.60,0:08:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.63,0:08:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the end, it's not the most\Nnatural environment,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.07,0:08:10.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they're able to play real music.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:10.100,0:08:12.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've listened to that solo 200 times,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.99,0:08:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I still like it.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.20,0:08:16.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the musicians\Nwere comfortable in the end.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.61,0:08:18.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We first measured the number of notes.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.45,0:08:21.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Were they playing more notes\Nwhen they were improvising?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.14,0:08:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was not what was going on.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.75,0:08:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then we looked at the brain activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.76,0:08:26.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I will try to condense this for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.59,0:08:30.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are contrast maps that are showing\Nsubtractions between what changes
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.09,0:08:33.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you're improvising\Nvs. when you're doing something memorized.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:33.21,0:08:35.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In red is an area that's active\Nin the prefrontal cortex,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.02,0:08:37.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the frontal lobe of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.51,0:08:39.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in blue is this area\Nthat was deactivated.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.71,0:08:42.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we had this focal area\Ncalled the medial prefrontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:08:42.61,0:08:43.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that went way up in activity.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.02,0:08:47.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had this broad patch of area\Ncalled the lateral prefrontal cortex
Dialogue: 0,0:08:47.27,0:08:48.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that went way down in activity,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:48.82,0:08:50.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll summarize that for you.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.34,0:08:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are multifunctional\Nareas of the brain,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.47,0:08:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these are not the jazz areas of the brain.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.65,0:08:56.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They do a whole host of things
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.60,0:08:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have to do with self-reflection,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.48,0:09:00.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,introspection, working memory etc.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.86,0:09:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Really, consciousness is seated\Nin the frontal lobe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.38,0:09:05.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we have this combination
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.43,0:09:08.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of an area that's thought to be involved\Nin self-monitoring, turning off,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.91,0:09:11.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this area that's thought\Nto be autobiographical,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.39,0:09:12.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or self-expressive, turning on.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:12.95,0:09:15.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We think, at least in this preliminary --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.05,0:09:17.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's one study; it's probably wrong,\Nbut it's one study --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.82,0:09:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.89,0:09:21.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we think that at least\Na reasonable hypothesis
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.64,0:09:22.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that, to be creative,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.83,0:09:25.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you should have this weird dissociation\Nin your frontal lobe.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.73,0:09:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One area turns on,\Nand a big area shuts off,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.28,0:09:31.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you're not inhibited,\Nyou're willing to make mistakes,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:31.24,0:09:33.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that you're not constantly\Nshutting down
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.43,0:09:35.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of these new generative impulses.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:35.38,0:09:39.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now a lot of people know that music\Nis not always a solo activity --
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.95,0:09:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sometimes it's done communicatively.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.09,0:09:43.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The next question was:
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.30,0:09:45.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What happens when musicians\Nare trading back and forth,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:45.90,0:09:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,something called "trading fours,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.53,0:09:50.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is something they do\Nnormally in a jazz experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:50.38,0:09:51.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a 12-bar blues,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.82,0:09:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I've broken it\Ndown into four-bar groups,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:53.95,0:09:55.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so you would know how you would trade.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.79,0:09:58.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We brought a musician\Ninto the scanner, same way,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.30,0:09:59.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had them memorize this melody
Dialogue: 0,0:09:59.73,0:10:02.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then had another musician\Nout in the control room
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.32,0:10:04.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,trading back and forth interactively.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:07.84,0:10:09.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is another video\NI'll show you of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:09.96,0:10:11.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.02,0:10:12.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a musician, Mike Pope,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.62,0:10:15.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of the world's best bassists\Nand a fantastic piano player.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.67,0:10:21.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:21.41,0:10:23.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's now playing the piece\Nthat we just saw
Dialogue: 0,0:10:24.45,0:10:26.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a little better than I wrote it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.20,0:10:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) CL: Mike, come on in.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.99,0:10:29.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mike Pope: May the force be with you.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:29.78,0:10:31.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Nurse: Nothing in your pockets, Mike?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.57,0:10:33.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MP: No. Nothing's in my pockets.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.38,0:10:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: You have to have the right\Nattitude to agree to do it.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.18,0:10:46.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:46.46,0:10:48.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of fun, actually.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.30,0:10:49.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.92,0:10:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now we're playing back and forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:51.64,0:10:53.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's in there.\NYou can see his legs up there.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.88,0:10:55.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.25,0:10:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I'm in the control room here,\Nplaying back and forth.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.46,0:11:05.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:07.93,0:11:09.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Music ends)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.80,0:11:13.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Mike Pope:\NThis is a pretty good representation
Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.17,0:11:14.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of what it's like.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.98,0:11:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it's good that it's not too quick.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.00,0:11:19.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The fact that we do it over and over again
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.60,0:11:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lets you acclimate to your surroundings.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.83,0:11:26.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the hardest thing for me\Nwas the kinesthetic thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.52,0:11:29.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,looking at my hands through two mirrors,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.80,0:11:31.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laying on my back,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.80,0:11:34.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and not able to move at all\Nexcept for my hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.50,0:11:36.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That was challenging.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.40,0:11:37.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But again --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.75,0:11:41.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were moments, for sure --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:41.56,0:11:42.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.59,0:11:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there were moments of real, honest-to-God\Nmusical interplay, for sure.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.29,0:11:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: At this point,\NI'll take a few moments.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:50.31,0:11:52.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what you're seeing here --
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.22,0:11:54.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm doing a cardinal sin in science,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.32,0:11:56.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is to show you preliminary data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.15,0:11:57.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one subject's data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:57.93,0:11:59.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is, in fact, Mike Pope's data.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:59.70,0:12:01.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what am I showing you here?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:01.20,0:12:05.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he was trading fours with me,\Nimprovising vs. memorized,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:05.74,0:12:08.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his language areas lit up,\Nhis Broca's area,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:08.51,0:12:10.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the inferior frontal gyrus on the left.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.49,0:12:13.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He had it also homologous on the right.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.43,0:12:16.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is an area thought to be\Ninvolved in expressive communication.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.61,0:12:18.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This whole notion\Nthat music is a language --
Dialogue: 0,0:12:18.76,0:12:21.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe there's a neurologic\Nbasis to it after all,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.08,0:12:24.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we can see it when two musicians\Nare having a musical conversation.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.46,0:12:26.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we've done this on eight subjects now,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.76,0:12:28.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we're getting all the data together,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:28.71,0:12:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hopefully we'll have something\Nto say about it meaningfully.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.56,0:12:34.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when I think about improvisation\Nand the language, what's next?
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.83,0:12:37.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rap, of course, rap -- freestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.70,0:12:40.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've always been fascinated by freestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.47,0:12:41.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let's play this video.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.01,0:12:44.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) Mos Def: Brown skin I be,\Nstanding five-ten I be
Dialogue: 0,0:12:44.87,0:12:46.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rockin' it when I be, in your vicinity
Dialogue: 0,0:12:46.92,0:12:48.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whole-style synergy, recognize symmetry
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.96,0:12:51.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go and try to injure me,\Nbroke 'em down chemically
Dialogue: 0,0:12:51.32,0:12:53.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Ain't the number 10 MC,\Ntalk about how been I be
Dialogue: 0,0:12:53.77,0:12:56.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Styled it like Kennedy,\Nlate like a 10 to three
Dialogue: 0,0:12:56.19,0:12:59.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When I say when I be,\Ngirls say bend that key cut
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.64,0:13:01.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: So there's a lot of analogy
Dialogue: 0,0:13:01.48,0:13:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between what takes place\Nin freestyle rap and jazz.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.96,0:13:06.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There are a lot of correlates\Nbetween the two forms of music,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.90,0:13:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think, in different time periods,\Nin lot of ways,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.37,0:13:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rap serves the same social function\Nthat jazz used to serve.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.22,0:13:14.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how do you study rap scientifically?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.14,0:13:17.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And my colleagues think I'm crazy,\Nbut I think it's very viable.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.30,0:13:18.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is what you do:
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.55,0:13:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have a freestyle artist come\Nand memorize a rap
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.32,0:13:22.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that you write for them,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.57,0:13:25.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that they've never heard before,\Nand then you have them freestyle.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.02,0:13:28.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I told my lab members\Nthat I would rap for TED,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.46,0:13:30.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they said, "No, you won't."
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.13,0:13:31.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then I thought --
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.36,0:13:32.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.70,0:13:38.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.45,0:13:39.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But here's the thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.75,0:13:42.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With this big screen,\Nyou can all rap with me. OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.68,0:13:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what we had them do
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.54,0:13:47.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was memorize this lower-left\Nsound icon, please.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.16,0:13:50.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is the control condition.\NThis is what they memorized.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.08,0:13:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Memory, thump.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:52.14,0:13:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: Thump of the beat in a known repeat
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.30,0:13:57.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rhythm and rhyme, they make me complete
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.03,0:13:59.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The climb is sublime when I'm on the mic
Dialogue: 0,0:13:59.12,0:14:01.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spittin' rhymes that hit you\Nlike a lightning strike
Dialogue: 0,0:14:01.70,0:14:02.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Search.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:02.89,0:14:05.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: I search for the truth\Nin this eternal quest
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.26,0:14:07.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My passion's not fashion,\Nyou can see how I'm dressed
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.01,0:14:09.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Psychopathic words in my head appear
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.00,0:14:12.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whisper these lyrics only I can hear
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.26,0:14:13.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Art.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:13.46,0:14:16.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: The art of discovering\Nand that which is hovering
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.11,0:14:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Inside the mind of those unconfined
Dialogue: 0,0:14:18.00,0:14:20.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All of these words keep\Npouring out like rain
Dialogue: 0,0:14:21.00,0:14:23.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I need a mad scientist to check my brain
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.76,0:14:25.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.09,0:14:32.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:34.27,0:14:36.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guarantee you\Nthat will never happen again.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.47,0:14:38.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.43,0:14:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So now, what's great\Nabout these free-stylers,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.64,0:14:42.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they will get cued different words.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.53,0:14:43.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They don't know what's coming,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.100,0:14:45.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they'll hear something off the cuff.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.94,0:14:47.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Go hit that right sound icon,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.37,0:14:50.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there will be cued three square words:\Nlike, not and head.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.12,0:14:52.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He doesn't know what's coming.\NComputer: Like.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:52.29,0:14:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Freestyler: I'm like some kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.09,0:14:56.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,extraterrestrial, celestial scene
Dialogue: 0,0:14:56.34,0:14:59.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Back in the days, I used to sit\Nin pyramids and meditate
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.20,0:15:01.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With two microphones -- Computer: Head
Dialogue: 0,0:15:01.40,0:15:02.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hovering over my head
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.76,0:15:04.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See if I could still listen,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.14,0:15:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,spittin' off the sound
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.46,0:15:06.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,See what you grinning
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.66,0:15:09.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I teach the children\Nin the back of the classroom
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.11,0:15:11.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,About the message of apocalyptical
Dialogue: 0,0:15:11.53,0:15:12.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Not.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.72,0:15:15.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not really though,\N'cause I've got to keep it simple
Dialogue: 0,0:15:15.37,0:15:16.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,instrumental
Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.00,0:15:19.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Detrimental playing Super Mario
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.00,0:15:23.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,boxes [unclear] hip hop
Dialogue: 0,0:15:23.18,0:15:24.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Stop.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.62,0:15:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: It's an incredible\Nthing that's taking place.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.96,0:15:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's doing something\Nneurologically remarkable.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.21,0:15:31.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Whether or not you like\Nthe music is irrelevant.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:31.55,0:15:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Creatively speaking,\Nit's just a phenomenal thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.97,0:15:36.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a short video\Nof how we do this in a scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.51,0:15:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[fMRI of Hip-Hop Rap]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:38.05,0:15:39.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.21,0:15:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) CL: We're here with Emmanuel.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.01,0:15:43.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: That was recorded\Nin the scanner, by the way.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.34,0:15:45.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Video) CL: That's Emmanuel\Nin the scanner.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.00,0:15:48.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's just memorized a rhyme for us.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.04,0:15:51.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,[Control Condition Memorized Verses]
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.25,0:15:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Emmanuel: Top of the beat with no repeat
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.50,0:15:57.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rhythm and rhyme make me complete
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.50,0:16:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Climb is sublime when I'm on the mic
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.50,0:16:03.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Spittin' rhymes that'll hit you\Nlike a lightning strike
Dialogue: 0,0:16:03.30,0:16:04.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Computer: Search.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.48,0:16:06.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I search for the truth\Nin this eternal quest
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.76,0:16:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'm passing on fashion;\Nyou can see how I'm dressed
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.36,0:16:12.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,CL: I'm going to stop that there;\Nso what do we see in his brain?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.45,0:16:14.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is four rappers' brains.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.13,0:16:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we do see language areas lighting up,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:16.19,0:16:17.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but then, eyes closed --
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.50,0:16:20.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when you are freestyling vs. memorizing,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.84,0:16:22.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've got major visual areas lighting up.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.02,0:16:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You've got major cerebellar activity,\Nwhich is involved in motor coordination.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.73,0:16:30.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You have heightened brain activity\Nwhen you're doing a comparable task,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.11,0:16:33.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when that one task is creative\Nand the other task is memorized.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.09,0:16:35.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very preliminary,\Nbut I think it's kind of cool.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:35.90,0:16:38.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To conclude, we've got\Na lot of questions to ask,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.23,0:16:41.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and like I said, we'll ask questions\Nhere, not answer them.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.16,0:16:44.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But we want to get at the root\Nof what is creative genius neurologically,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:44.63,0:16:47.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I think, with these methods,\Nwe're getting close.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.22,0:16:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I think, hopefully\Nin the next 10, 20 years,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:49.54,0:16:51.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you'll see real, meaningful studies
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.46,0:16:54.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that say science has to catch up to art,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.50,0:16:56.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and maybe we're starting now to get there.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.91,0:16:58.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for your time.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:58.93,0:17:02.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)