0:00:01.097,0:00:03.134
It was April, last year.

0:00:03.714,0:00:05.461
I was on an evening out with friends

0:00:05.485,0:00:07.238
to celebrate one of their birthdays.

0:00:07.677,0:00:10.070
We hadn't been all together[br]for a couple of weeks;

0:00:10.094,0:00:12.490
it was a perfect evening,[br]as we were all reunited.

0:00:13.220,0:00:14.473
At the end of the evening,

0:00:14.497,0:00:18.182
I caught the last underground train[br]back to the other side of London.

0:00:18.663,0:00:20.455
The journey was smooth.

0:00:20.479,0:00:21.987
I got back to my local station

0:00:22.011,0:00:24.038
and I began the 10-minute walk home.

0:00:25.159,0:00:27.523
As I turned the corner onto my street,

0:00:27.547,0:00:29.063
my house in sight up ahead,

0:00:29.596,0:00:30.980
I heard footsteps behind me

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that seemed to have[br]approached out of nowhere

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and were picking up pace.

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Before I had time to process[br]what was happening,

0:00:38.329,0:00:41.460
a hand was clapped around my mouth[br]so that I could not breathe,

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and the young man behind me[br]dragged me to the ground,

0:00:44.208,0:00:46.334
beat my head repeatedly[br]against the pavement

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until my face began to bleed,

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kicking me in the back and neck

0:00:50.596,0:00:52.248
while he began to assault me,

0:00:52.272,0:00:54.734
ripping off my clothes[br]and telling me to "shut up,"

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as I struggled to cry for help.

0:00:57.423,0:00:59.819
With each smack of my head[br]to the concrete ground,

0:00:59.843,0:01:02.773
a question echoed through my mind[br]that still haunts me today:

0:01:03.118,0:01:05.327
"Is this going to be how it all ends?"

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Little could I have realized,[br]I'd been followed the whole way

0:01:09.764,0:01:11.715
from the moment I left the station.

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And hours later,

0:01:12.966,0:01:16.510
I was standing topless and barelegged[br]in front of the police,

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having the cuts and bruises[br]on my naked body photographed

0:01:19.330,0:01:20.852
for forensic evidence.

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Now, there are few words to describe[br]the all-consuming feelings

0:01:25.219,0:01:28.424
of vulnerability, shame, upset[br]and injustice that I was ridden with

0:01:28.448,0:01:30.504
in that moment and for the weeks to come.

0:01:31.868,0:01:34.492
But wanting to find a way[br]to condense these feelings

0:01:34.516,0:01:36.838
into something ordered[br]that I could work through,

0:01:36.862,0:01:38.997
I decided to do what[br]felt most natural to me:

0:01:39.322,0:01:40.557
I wrote about it.

0:01:41.149,0:01:43.582
It started out as a cathartic exercise.

0:01:43.606,0:01:46.664
I wrote a letter to my assaulter,

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humanizing him as "you,"

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to identify him as part[br]of the very community

0:01:51.708,0:01:53.856
that he had so violently[br]abused that night.

0:01:54.991,0:01:57.265
Stressing the tidal-wave[br]effect of his actions,

0:01:57.289,0:01:58.505
I wrote:

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"Did you ever think[br]of the people in your life?

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I don't know who the people[br]in your life are.

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I don't know anything about you.

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But I do know this:

0:02:07.839,0:02:09.920
you did not just attack me that night.

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I'm a daughter, I'm a friend,

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I'm a sister, I'm a pupil,

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I'm a cousin, I'm a niece,

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I'm a neighbor;

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I'm the employee[br]who served everyone coffee

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in the café under the railway.

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And all the people who form[br]these relations to me

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make up my community.

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And you assaulted[br]every single one of them.

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You violated the truth that I[br]will never cease to fight for,

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and which all of these people represent:

0:02:32.239,0:02:35.509
that there are infinitely more[br]good people in the world than bad."

0:02:36.790,0:02:39.789
But, determined not to let[br]this one incident make me lose faith

0:02:39.813,0:02:42.526
in the solidarity in my community[br]or humanity as a whole,

0:02:42.550,0:02:47.028
I recalled the 7/7 terrorist bombings[br]in July 2005 on London transport,

0:02:47.052,0:02:50.452
and how the mayor of London at the time,[br]and indeed my own parents,

0:02:50.476,0:02:53.323
had insisted that we all get back[br]on the tubes the next day,

0:02:53.347,0:02:55.110
so we wouldn't be defined or changed

0:02:55.134,0:02:57.033
by those that had made us feel unsafe.

0:02:57.490,0:02:58.944
I told my attacker,

0:02:59.740,0:03:01.289
"You've carried out your attack,

0:03:01.313,0:03:03.453
but now I'm getting back on my tube.

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My community will not feel we are unsafe[br]walking home after dark.

0:03:07.453,0:03:09.156
We will get on the last tubes home,

0:03:09.180,0:03:11.014
and we will walk up our streets alone,

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because we will not ingrain[br]or submit to the idea

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that we are putting ourselves[br]in danger in doing so.

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We will continue[br]to come together, like an army,

0:03:18.814,0:03:21.761
when any member[br]of our community is threatened.

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And this is a fight you will not win."

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At the time of writing this letter --

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(Applause)

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Thank you.

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(Applause)

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At the time of writing this letter,

0:03:34.461,0:03:36.316
I was studying for my exams in Oxford,

0:03:36.340,0:03:38.724
and I was working[br]on the local student paper there.

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Despite being lucky enough to have[br]friends and family supporting me,

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it was an isolating time.

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I didn't know anyone[br]who'd been through this before;

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at least I didn't think I did.

0:03:47.283,0:03:50.777
I'd read news reports, statistics,[br]and knew how common sexual assault was,

0:03:50.801,0:03:52.858
yet I couldn't actually name[br]a single person

0:03:52.882,0:03:55.965
that I'd heard speak out[br]about an experience of this kind before.

0:03:55.989,0:03:57.926
So in a somewhat spontaneous decision,

0:03:57.950,0:04:00.946
I decided that I would publish[br]my letter in the student paper,

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hoping to reach out to others in Oxford

0:04:02.902,0:04:06.273
that might have had a similar experience[br]and be feeling the same way.

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At the end of the letter,

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I asked others to write in[br]with their experiences

0:04:09.937,0:04:11.629
under the hashtag, "#NotGuilty,"

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to emphasize that survivors of assault[br]could express themselves

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without feeling shame or guilt[br]about what happened to them --

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to show that we could all[br]stand up to sexual assault.

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What I never anticipated[br]is that almost overnight,

0:04:23.089,0:04:25.007
this published letter would go viral.

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Soon, we were receiving[br]hundreds of stories

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from men and women across the world,

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which we began to publish[br]on a website I set up.

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And the hashtag became a campaign.

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There was an Australian mother in her 40s[br]who described how on an evening out,

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she was followed to the bathroom

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by a man who went[br]to repeatedly grab her crotch.

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There was a man in the Netherlands

0:04:44.942,0:04:47.634
who described how he was date-raped[br]on a visit to London

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and wasn't taken seriously[br]by anyone he reported his case to.

0:04:50.564,0:04:53.998
I had personal Facebook messages[br]from people in India and South America,

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saying, how can we bring[br]the message of the campaign there?

0:04:57.173,0:04:59.971
One of the first contributions we had[br]was from a woman called Nikki,

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who described growing up,[br]being molested my her own father.

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And I had friends open up to me

0:05:04.343,0:05:07.436
about experiences ranging[br]from those that happened last week

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to those that happened years ago,[br]that I'd had no idea about.

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And the more we started[br]to receive these messages,

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the more we also started[br]to receive messages of hope --

0:05:16.317,0:05:18.792
people feeling empowered[br]by this community of voices

0:05:18.816,0:05:21.320
standing up to sexual assault[br]and victim-blaming.

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One woman called Olivia,

0:05:22.667,0:05:24.452
after describing how she was attacked

0:05:24.476,0:05:27.302
by someone she had trusted[br]and cared about for a long time,

0:05:27.326,0:05:29.724
said, "I've read many[br]of the stories posted here,

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and I feel hopeful that if so many[br]women can move forward,

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then I can, too.

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I've been inspired by many,

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and I hope I can be as strong[br]as them someday.

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I'm sure I will."

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People around the world began[br]tweeting under this hashtag,

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and the letter was republished[br]and covered by the national press,

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as well as being translated into several[br]other languages worldwide.

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But something struck me[br]about the media attention

0:05:51.040,0:05:52.651
that this letter was attracting.

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For something to be front-page news,

0:05:54.777,0:05:57.744
given the word "news" itself,

0:05:57.768,0:06:01.148
we can assume it must be something new[br]or something surprising.

0:06:01.172,0:06:03.398
And yet sexual assault[br]is not something new.

0:06:03.870,0:06:06.731
Sexual assault, along with other[br]kinds of injustices,

0:06:06.755,0:06:08.643
is reported in the media all the time.

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But through the campaign,

0:06:10.376,0:06:12.983
these injustices were framed[br]as not just news stories,

0:06:13.007,0:06:16.325
they were firsthand experiences[br]that had affected real people,

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who were creating,[br]with the solidarity of others,

0:06:18.723,0:06:20.814
what they needed[br]and had previously lacked:

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a platform to speak out,

0:06:22.259,0:06:25.711
the reassurance they weren't alone[br]or to blame for what happened to them

0:06:25.735,0:06:29.364
and open discussions that would help[br]to reduce stigma around the issue.

0:06:29.388,0:06:33.056
The voices of those directly affected[br]were at the forefront of the story --

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not the voices of journalists[br]or commentators on social media.

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And that's why the story was news.

0:06:40.239,0:06:42.346
We live in an incredibly[br]interconnected world

0:06:42.370,0:06:44.270
with the proliferation of social media,

0:06:44.294,0:06:47.927
which is of course a fantastic resource[br]for igniting social change.

0:06:47.951,0:06:50.678
But it's also made us[br]increasingly reactive,

0:06:50.702,0:06:54.089
from the smallest annoyances[br]of, "Oh, my train's been delayed,"

0:06:54.113,0:06:58.484
to the greatest injustices of war,[br]genocides, terrorist attacks.

0:06:58.508,0:07:02.006
Our default response has become[br]to leap to react to any kind of grievance

0:07:02.030,0:07:04.178
by tweeting, Facebooking, hastagging --

0:07:04.202,0:07:06.854
anything to show others[br]that we, too, have reacted.

0:07:07.798,0:07:10.111
The problem with reacting[br]in this manner en masse

0:07:10.135,0:07:13.056
is it can sometimes mean[br]that we don't actually react at all,

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not in the sense of actually[br]doing anything, anyway.

0:07:15.553,0:07:17.291
It might make ourselves feel better,

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like we've contributed[br]to a group mourning or outrage,

0:07:19.890,0:07:21.852
but it doesn't actually change anything.

0:07:21.876,0:07:23.040
And what's more,

0:07:23.064,0:07:24.868
it can sometimes drown out the voices

0:07:24.892,0:07:26.990
of those directly[br]affected by the injustice,

0:07:27.014,0:07:28.593
whose needs must be heard.

0:07:29.780,0:07:33.633
Worrying, too, is the tendency[br]for some reactions to injustice

0:07:33.657,0:07:35.254
to build even more walls,

0:07:35.278,0:07:38.640
being quick to point fingers[br]with the hope of providing easy solutions

0:07:38.664,0:07:39.857
to complex problems.

0:07:40.328,0:07:42.867
One British tabloid,[br]on the publication of my letter,

0:07:42.891,0:07:44.420
branded a headline stating,

0:07:44.444,0:07:48.101
"Oxford Student Launches[br]Online Campaign to Shame Attacker."

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But the campaign never[br]meant to shame anyone.

0:07:52.237,0:07:55.384
It meant to let people speak[br]and to make others listen.

0:07:56.186,0:07:59.600
Divisive Twitter trolls were quick[br]to create even more injustice,

0:07:59.624,0:08:02.574
commenting on[br]my attacker's ethnicity or class

0:08:02.598,0:08:04.835
to push their own prejudiced agendas.

0:08:05.381,0:08:08.842
And some even accused me[br]of feigning the whole thing

0:08:08.866,0:08:10.972
to push, and I quote,

0:08:10.996,0:08:14.810
my "feminist agenda of man-hating."

0:08:14.834,0:08:15.896
(Laughter)

0:08:15.920,0:08:17.080
I know, right?

0:08:17.104,0:08:19.969
As if I'm going to be like,[br]"Hey guys! Sorry I can't make it,

0:08:19.993,0:08:22.358
I'm busy trying to hate[br]the entire male population

0:08:22.382,0:08:23.767
by the time I'm 30."

0:08:23.791,0:08:24.929
(Laughter)

0:08:24.953,0:08:27.001
Now, I'm almost sure

0:08:27.025,0:08:29.997
that these people wouldn't say[br]the things the say in person.

0:08:30.021,0:08:32.783
But it's as if because they might[br]be behind a screen,

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in the comfort in their own home

0:08:34.390,0:08:35.541
when on social media,

0:08:35.565,0:08:38.219
people forget that what[br]they're doing is a public act --

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that other people will be reading it[br]and be affected by it.

0:08:41.043,0:08:43.772
Returning to my analogy[br]of getting back on our trains,

0:08:44.640,0:08:47.473
another main concern I have[br]about this noise that escalates

0:08:47.497,0:08:49.373
from our online responses to injustice

0:08:49.397,0:08:52.872
is that it can very easily slip[br]into portraying us as the affected party,

0:08:52.896,0:08:54.916
which can lead to a sense of defeatism,

0:08:54.940,0:08:58.659
a kind of mental barrier to seeing[br]any opportunity for positivity or change

0:08:58.683,0:09:00.258
after a negative situation.

0:09:01.092,0:09:03.327
A couple of months[br]before the campaign started

0:09:03.351,0:09:04.792
or any of this happened to me,

0:09:04.816,0:09:06.562
I went to a TEDx event in Oxford,

0:09:06.586,0:09:08.521
and I saw Zelda la Grange speak,

0:09:08.545,0:09:10.806
the former private secretary[br]to Nelson Mandela.

0:09:10.830,0:09:12.975
One of the stories[br]she told really struck me.

0:09:13.755,0:09:15.824
She spoke of when[br]Mandela was taken to court

0:09:15.848,0:09:17.438
by the South African Rugby Union

0:09:17.462,0:09:20.013
after he commissioned[br]an inquiry into sports affairs.

0:09:20.037,0:09:21.188
In the courtroom,

0:09:21.212,0:09:24.203
he went up to the South African[br]Rugby Union's lawyers,

0:09:24.227,0:09:25.387
shook them by the hand

0:09:25.411,0:09:27.854
and conversed with them,[br]each in their own language.

0:09:27.878,0:09:29.218
And Zelda wanted to protest,

0:09:29.242,0:09:31.149
saying they had no right to his respect

0:09:31.173,0:09:33.448
after this injustice they had caused him.

0:09:33.837,0:09:35.549
He turned to her and said,

0:09:36.324,0:09:40.453
"You must never allow the enemy[br]to determine the grounds for battle."

0:09:41.900,0:09:43.610
At the time of hearing these words,

0:09:43.634,0:09:45.902
I didn't really know why[br]they were so important,

0:09:45.926,0:09:49.287
but I felt they were, and I wrote them[br]down in a notebook I had on me.

0:09:49.311,0:09:51.808
But I've thought about this line[br]a lot ever since.

0:09:52.198,0:09:54.715
Revenge, or the expression of hatred

0:09:54.739,0:09:56.675
towards those who have done us injustice

0:09:56.699,0:09:59.713
may feel like a human instinct[br]in the face of wrong,

0:09:59.737,0:10:01.651
but we need to break out of these cycles

0:10:01.675,0:10:04.783
if we are to hope to transform[br]negative events of injustice

0:10:04.807,0:10:06.510
into positive social change.

0:10:06.906,0:10:08.079
To do otherwise

0:10:08.103,0:10:11.382
continues to let the enemy[br]determine the grounds for battle,

0:10:11.406,0:10:12.592
creates a binary,

0:10:12.616,0:10:15.120
where we who have suffered[br]become the affected,

0:10:15.144,0:10:17.524
pitted against them, the perpetrators.

0:10:18.143,0:10:20.013
And just like we got back on our tubes,

0:10:20.037,0:10:23.073
we can't let our platforms[br]for interconnectivity and community

0:10:23.097,0:10:25.169
be the places that we settle for defeat.

0:10:27.072,0:10:30.588
But I don't want to discourage[br]a social media response,

0:10:30.612,0:10:33.279
because I owe the development[br]of the #NotGuilty campaign

0:10:33.303,0:10:34.847
almost entirely to social media.

0:10:34.871,0:10:37.396
But I do want to encourage[br]a more considered approach

0:10:37.420,0:10:39.543
to the way we use it[br]to respond to injustice.

0:10:39.567,0:10:42.018
The start, I think,[br]is to ask ourselves two things.

0:10:42.042,0:10:44.574
Firstly: Why do I feel this injustice?

0:10:44.598,0:10:46.904
In my case, there were[br]several answers to this.

0:10:46.928,0:10:49.161
Someone had hurt me and those who I loved,

0:10:49.185,0:10:52.085
under the assumption they[br]wouldn't have to be held to account

0:10:52.109,0:10:54.022
or recognize the damage they had caused.

0:10:54.046,0:10:56.954
Not only that, but thousands[br]of men and women suffer every day

0:10:56.978,0:10:58.696
from sexual abuse, often in silence,

0:10:58.720,0:11:02.272
yet it's still a problem we don't give[br]the same airtime to as other issues.

0:11:02.296,0:11:04.816
It's still an issue many people[br]blame victims for.

0:11:04.840,0:11:08.122
Next, ask yourself: How,[br]in recognizing these reasons,

0:11:08.146,0:11:09.822
could I go about reversing them?

0:11:10.183,0:11:13.771
With us, this was holding my attacker[br]to account -- and many others.

0:11:13.795,0:11:16.401
It was calling them out[br]on the effect they had caused.

0:11:16.425,0:11:19.159
It was giving airtime[br]to the issue of sexual assault,

0:11:19.183,0:11:22.544
opening up discussions amongst friends,[br]amongst families, in the media

0:11:22.568,0:11:24.209
that had been closed for too long,

0:11:24.233,0:11:26.590
and stressing that victims[br]shouldn't feel to blame

0:11:26.614,0:11:27.885
for what happened to them.

0:11:27.909,0:11:31.227
We might still have a long way to go[br]in solving this problem entirely.

0:11:31.251,0:11:32.402
But in this way,

0:11:32.426,0:11:35.737
we can begin to use social media[br]as an active tool for social justice,

0:11:35.761,0:11:37.859
as a tool to educate,[br]to stimulate dialogues,

0:11:37.883,0:11:40.568
to make those in positions[br]of authority aware of an issue

0:11:40.592,0:11:43.113
by listening to those[br]directly affected by it.

0:11:44.112,0:11:48.582
Because sometimes these questions[br]don't have easy answers.

0:11:48.606,0:11:50.272
In fact, they rarely do.

0:11:50.715,0:11:53.979
But this doesn't mean we still[br]can't give them a considered response.

0:11:54.370,0:11:56.574
In situations where[br]you can't go about thinking

0:11:56.598,0:11:58.693
how you'd reverse[br]this feeling of injustice,

0:11:58.717,0:12:01.371
you can still think,[br]maybe not what you can do,

0:12:01.395,0:12:02.944
but what you can not do.

0:12:03.681,0:12:07.373
You can not build further walls[br]by fighting injustice with more prejudice,

0:12:07.397,0:12:08.559
more hatred.

0:12:08.894,0:12:12.736
You can not speak over those[br]directly affected by an injustice.

0:12:13.121,0:12:17.100
And you can not react to injustice,[br]only to forget about it the next day,

0:12:17.124,0:12:19.432
just because the rest[br]of Twitter has moved on.

0:12:20.078,0:12:24.265
Sometimes not reacting[br]instantly is, ironically,

0:12:24.289,0:12:26.683
the best immediate course[br]of action we can take.

0:12:27.919,0:12:31.729
Because we might be angry, upset[br]and energized by injustice,

0:12:32.219,0:12:34.522
but let's consider our responses.

0:12:35.413,0:12:38.649
Let us hold people to account,[br]without descending into a culture

0:12:38.673,0:12:41.459
that thrives off shaming[br]and injustice ourselves.

0:12:42.345,0:12:43.992
Let us remember that distinction,

0:12:44.016,0:12:46.214
so often forgotten by internet users,

0:12:46.238,0:12:48.678
between criticism and insult.

0:12:49.330,0:12:51.346
Let us not forget[br]to think before we speak,

0:12:51.370,0:12:53.787
just because we might[br]have a screen in front of us.

0:12:53.811,0:12:55.782
And when we create noise on social media,

0:12:55.806,0:12:58.124
let it not drown out the needs[br]of those affected,

0:12:58.148,0:13:00.589
but instead let it amplify their voices,

0:13:00.613,0:13:03.555
so the internet becomes a place[br]where you're not the exception

0:13:03.579,0:13:06.747
if you speak out about something[br]that has actually happened to you.

0:13:06.771,0:13:08.824
All these considered[br]approaches to injustice

0:13:08.848,0:13:11.544
evoke the very keystones[br]on which the internet was built:

0:13:12.317,0:13:14.572
to network, to have signal, to connect --

0:13:14.596,0:13:17.088
all these terms that imply[br]bringing people together,

0:13:17.112,0:13:18.335
not pushing people apart.

0:13:19.443,0:13:23.165
Because if you look up the word[br]"justice" in the dictionary,

0:13:23.977,0:13:25.243
before punishment,

0:13:25.267,0:13:28.543
before administration of law[br]or judicial authority,

0:13:29.529,0:13:30.775
you get:

0:13:30.799,0:13:32.911
"The maintenance of what is right."

0:13:33.794,0:13:37.560
And I think there are few things[br]more "right" in this world

0:13:37.584,0:13:39.320
than bringing people together,

0:13:39.344,0:13:40.646
than unions.

0:13:41.395,0:13:43.892
And if we allow social media[br]to deliver that,

0:13:43.916,0:13:47.854
then it can deliver a very powerful[br]form of justice, indeed.

0:13:48.477,0:13:49.706
Thank you very much.

0:13:49.730,0:13:56.615
(Applause)