[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:07.10,0:00:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,OK, (Burmese) Hello.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:10.53,0:00:12.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My name is Min Thu Aung,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:12.33,0:00:15.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm trying to find a solution
Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.32,0:00:18.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to solve the problem\Nof online hate speech in Myanmar.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.67,0:00:22.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you might ask,\N"Why is this so important?"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:23.37,0:00:25.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,After all, hate speech \Nis nothing new, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.97,0:00:30.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Countries all over the world \Nhave experienced hate speech in some way.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.74,0:00:36.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as a country we have\Na lot of problems to solve.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:37.26,0:00:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I'll give you one. Healthcare.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:39.22,0:00:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need to improve our healthcare,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.84,0:00:44.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need to improve our education\Nour roads, electricity maybe -
Dialogue: 0,0:00:44.60,0:00:46.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of problems to solve.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.29,0:00:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why hate speech? And why now?\NWell, here's why.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:51.54,0:00:53.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As we know well,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:54.30,0:00:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back in August 2017, there\Nwas the Rohingya crisis of course.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.93,0:01:01.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The UN fact-finding mission
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.35,0:01:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,concluded that online\Nhate speech on Facebook
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.49,0:01:10.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was one of the main reasons\Nfor this crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:13.49,0:01:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is hate speech\Nthat divided communities
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.21,0:01:19.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and caused a refugee crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.60,0:01:22.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is hate speech that -
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.99,0:01:30.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really damaged our country's\Ninternational reputation,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.39,0:01:33.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also reduced
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.97,0:01:39.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the investment friendliness\Nof the country from a Western perspective.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.32,0:01:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It also is hate speech\Nthat one day will affect all of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.60,0:01:49.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, therefore, I believe\Nthat it's an important problem to solve.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:49.88,0:01:51.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Here's another reason:
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.21,0:01:54.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just last month,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.59,0:01:59.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,an LGBT librarian \Nat a private university in Yangon
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.65,0:02:05.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was forced to confess his status\Nin a case of workplace harassment.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:06.03,0:02:12.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This harassment continued online\Nwhere he experienced cyberbullying
Dialogue: 0,0:02:12.68,0:02:18.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also hate speech\Nbecause of his sexual orientation
Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.90,0:02:22.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and, tragically, he took his own life.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:22.22,0:02:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a big problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:24.00,0:02:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another reason.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:26.14,0:02:29.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Another reason is that the elections\Nare coming up in 2020.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.71,0:02:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Political parties now are already\Ntaking their positions,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:34.73,0:02:38.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and just like the US\Nelection in 2016 also,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:38.05,0:02:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we expect that hate speech\Ncould become, and fake news,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:40.98,0:02:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,could be a feature\Nof the elections in 2020.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:44.25,0:02:46.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's why I'm convinced\Nthat online hate speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:46.95,0:02:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in any democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.48,0:02:52.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is an important issue to solve,\Nand Myanmar is no exception.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.80,0:02:54.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It applies to Myanmar as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.30,0:02:58.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess we first need\Nto look at what is hate speech?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.24,0:03:00.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is the problem we're trying to solve?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.59,0:03:01.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What is free speech?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.84,0:03:05.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where does free speech end,\Nand where does hate speech begin?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.38,0:03:08.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And for that, we can rely on -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.57,0:03:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,international definitions\Nof hate speech and free speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.97,0:03:17.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So article 19 of the Universal\NDeclaration of Human Rights
Dialogue: 0,0:03:17.72,0:03:24.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also the International Covenant\Non Civil and Political Rights, ICCPR,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.19,0:03:27.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,says that free speech is the right\Nto hold any opinion you want
Dialogue: 0,0:03:27.69,0:03:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also to seek and receive\Ninformation in any way, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.76,0:03:35.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's quite clear. You can say\Nanything you want. That's free speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.10,0:03:39.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But article 20 of the ICCPR\Ngoes one step further.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.51,0:03:42.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It tells you where\Nyour free speech could be limited.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:43.82,0:03:46.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If your free speech includes\Nany propaganda for war,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.72,0:03:51.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any advocacy of national, racial,\Nor religious hatred
Dialogue: 0,0:03:51.21,0:03:56.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which incites discrimination,\Nincites hostility or violence,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.45,0:03:59.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then your free speech can be restricted.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:59.68,0:04:00.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's pretty clear.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:01.01,0:04:03.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But what does that mean\Nin normal language? That means ...
Dialogue: 0,0:04:03.73,0:04:06.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, in private\Nyou can say anything you want,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:06.97,0:04:09.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even if it's very controversial,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.34,0:04:12.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but if you use that same speech in public
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.13,0:04:17.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to incite any violence, any hostility \Nagainst specific groups of people,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.04,0:04:22.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then that can be considered hate speech,\Nand that can be offline or online.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.49,0:04:23.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's the same.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.63,0:04:28.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, how big is the problem, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.17,0:04:31.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think it's first important to note
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.76,0:04:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that social media and the internet\Nis not all about hate speech, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.37,0:04:41.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If anything, the UN in 2016 passed\Na resolution that says that the internet
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.37,0:04:47.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually required or actually allows\Nthe enjoyment of people's human rights.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:47.51,0:04:52.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's very important, and some countries\Nhave also even made internet access
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.26,0:04:54.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a constitutional right, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:04:55.68,0:04:59.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's not the internet and social media.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.43,0:05:01.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's not all about hate speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.77,0:05:06.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,However, in 2014, when most\Nof the Myanmar population
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.73,0:05:08.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,got access to the internet,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:08.62,0:05:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they also got access to a tool\Nwhich allowed them
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.41,0:05:17.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to access and express their views\Nto millions of people
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.02,0:05:18.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the first time in their lives.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.25,0:05:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Behind the veil of anonymity,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:23.07,0:05:27.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,users on Facebook realized\Nthat the speech they were using online
Dialogue: 0,0:05:27.88,0:05:29.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had consequences,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:29.38,0:05:31.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negative consequences for people offline.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.51,0:05:35.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And with 20 million users in Myanmar,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:35.21,0:05:37.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Facebook is effectively\Nthe internet, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.12,0:05:41.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think we all know that\Nin some way, shape, or form,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:41.93,0:05:45.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and therefore, for the rest of my talk\NI'm going to focus on Facebook
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.08,0:05:50.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as the main area where hate speech\Nexists online in Myanmar.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:51.01,0:05:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, concrete information or data\Non hate speech is hard to find.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:56.60,0:06:01.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,According to a survey done\Nby Myanmar mobile operator Telenor,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.02,0:06:04.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,back in 2016,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:04.35,0:06:08.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the survey found that around 28%\Nof the people surveyed
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.59,0:06:13.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,knew someone that had been cyberbullied,\Nand hate speech could be a part of it.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:13.93,0:06:17.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But actually, anecdotally,\Nwe know it's a big problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.62,0:06:22.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you look at any Facebook page\Nof news outlets in the country,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:23.19,0:06:27.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you will find in the comments\Nfollowing each article a lot of speech
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.38,0:06:31.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could be termed hate speech,\Nrelating to religion, relating to race,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.55,0:06:33.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,relating to other characteristics.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:33.93,0:06:36.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We also know, of course,\Nas I mentioned earlier,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:36.31,0:06:39.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the UN fact-finding mission also said
Dialogue: 0,0:06:39.15,0:06:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that hate speech on Facebook\Ncontributed to the Rohingya crisis.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:43.65,0:06:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So, in a nutshell,\Nit's a big problem, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.85,0:06:48.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this is not a new problem.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:49.32,0:06:54.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, countries in the West\Nhave used social media and the internet
Dialogue: 0,0:06:54.06,0:06:55.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,since the mid-nineties, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:55.51,0:06:57.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how are they tackling the problem?
Dialogue: 0,0:06:59.20,0:07:03.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I will show the way\Nthat they are tackling this problem,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.23,0:07:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,based on this framework\Nof the four solutions for hate speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:09.11,0:07:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, let's look at\Nthe state solution which is -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.13,0:07:20.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the governments regulate\Nand control speech online and offline.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.33,0:07:23.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,One example of this\Nis actually in Germany.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:23.28,0:07:26.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They passed an act which\Nhas been called the "Facebook Act,"
Dialogue: 0,0:07:27.32,0:07:32.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which requires Facebook\Nto remove any law-breaking content
Dialogue: 0,0:07:32.48,0:07:34.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,within 24 hours of been told.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.92,0:07:36.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If they don't do this,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:36.20,0:07:39.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then they could be fined\Nup to 50 million euros.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:39.75,0:07:43.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just in July this year,\NFacebook was fined 2 million euros
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.00,0:07:46.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for breaking some part of this law.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.74,0:07:52.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this law is actually been described\Nas one of the most severe ways
Dialogue: 0,0:07:52.74,0:07:55.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that the government\Nand regulators around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.81,0:07:58.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have limited hate speech online.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.58,0:08:01.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I know that France is also looking\Nat a similar law as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:02.76,0:08:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So civil societies, the NGOs\Nand rights groups in Germany
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.69,0:08:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have actually criticized this law,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:09.19,0:08:13.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,saying that it could actually\Nreduce free speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:13.84,0:08:16.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could actually lead to censorship.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.33,0:08:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Why is that?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:17.69,0:08:21.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, Facebook can be fined\Nif there's any law-breaking content.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:21.26,0:08:26.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Facebook could proactively\Nremove content that some people
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.71,0:08:30.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,might not even consider to be hate speech,\Nso that could lead to censorship.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.28,0:08:32.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, in a country like Germany,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:32.10,0:08:37.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a very advanced democracy,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.05,0:08:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if there's criticism\Nfor this kind of a law,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:39.54,0:08:41.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in a newer democracy
Dialogue: 0,0:08:41.10,0:08:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,where legislative, executive\Nand judicial capacity are still limited,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.82,0:08:49.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and freedom of the press\Nis still also limited,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.62,0:08:52.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this kind of a law is extremely risky.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:52.41,0:08:55.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But some countries\Nare looking at the solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:55.98,0:08:57.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Let's look at the social media solution.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.98,0:09:00.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is where platforms,\Nsuch as Facebook,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:00.60,0:09:02.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,remove content proactively,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.15,0:09:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regardless of whether\Nthere are laws or not.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.88,0:09:09.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, this solution is actually\Nquite active in a sense
Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.05,0:09:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Facebook has a few thousand\Ncontent moderators around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.32,0:09:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that review content that has been flagged\Nby users as hate speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.67,0:09:21.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or as another kind\Nof non-compliant content.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:21.99,0:09:24.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Also in Myanmar,\NI understand that Facebook
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.22,0:09:28.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has a hundred or so content moderators\Nin Myanmar language,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:28.65,0:09:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I also understand that Facebook
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.37,0:09:35.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in the longer term looking at using\Nartificial intelligence, or "AI,"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.27,0:09:39.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to help detect and review hate speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:39.75,0:09:43.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This can be really fast and scalable,\Nbut under three conditions.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.58,0:09:47.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Number one: that these content moderators\Nactually can distinguish
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.51,0:09:51.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between free speech\Nand hate speech without bias.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.51,0:09:53.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In an unbiased fair way. Number one.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:54.02,0:09:58.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Number two: the way\Nthat hate speech is expressed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.65,0:10:01.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from time to time actually changes, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.13,0:10:04.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The way it's expressed today\Nand expressed next week may be different.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:04.46,0:10:06.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's important that content moderators
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.42,0:10:10.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually keep up to date with the way\Nthat hate speech is expressed online.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.43,0:10:11.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the second condition.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:12.06,0:10:15.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third one is that Facebook\Nis investing in AI.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:15.48,0:10:19.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, it's important that this AI\Nis actually trained well
Dialogue: 0,0:10:19.94,0:10:25.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the decisions made by users\Nand also by content moderators,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:26.26,0:10:32.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that the AI can make its own decisions\Naccurately at a later point in time.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.22,0:10:36.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, this solution\Ncan be quite expensive for Facebook.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:36.77,0:10:39.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Lots of content moderators,\Nlots of new technology, lots of AI -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:40.21,0:10:43.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but I don't think Facebook, frankly,\Nhas a choice but to invest in this.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.10,0:10:45.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They need to invest in this,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.81,0:10:50.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so it's not seen as a place\Nfor hate speech and fake news
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.83,0:10:52.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,online in the future.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:52.45,0:10:57.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So we may have heard\Nof the Cambridge Analytica scandal
Dialogue: 0,0:10:57.48,0:10:58.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on Facebook.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.92,0:11:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that if this hate speech issue\Nis not solved on Facebook,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.10,0:11:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it could become\Nthe next Cambridge Analytica,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:05.55,0:11:09.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which could potentially be detrimental\Nfor Facebook if they don't invest.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:10.50,0:11:14.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, looking at a third way,\Nthe self solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.59,0:11:19.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is where each of us actually\Nindividually take responsibility
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.70,0:11:22.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for what we post, what we share,\Nwhat we like online.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.70,0:11:26.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are three ways this can happen.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:26.24,0:11:29.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Number one is through formal education.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:29.42,0:11:32.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So online curriculum,\Nonline training, online safety
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.44,0:11:34.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,being part of the national curriculum.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.26,0:11:35.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's the first way.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:35.28,0:11:37.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second way is through\Ninformal training.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.33,0:11:38.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So for people outside of school,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:38.89,0:11:42.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they can be trained\Nby mass awareness programs,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.63,0:11:46.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by government on TV,\Non radio, in newspapers.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.97,0:11:48.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's another way.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.35,0:11:51.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the third way is that we could train\Npeople on Facebook itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.46,0:11:55.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I have to say that Myanmar
Dialogue: 0,0:11:55.68,0:11:58.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually making\Nsome progress in this regard,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.52,0:12:02.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so the Myanmar mobile operator\NTelenor, for example,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.54,0:12:06.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has actually trained 300,000\Nstudents on hate speech
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.38,0:12:10.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and online safety in the last\Ntwo-and-a-half years,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.54,0:12:14.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this has been done collaborating\Nwith the Ministry of Education,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.30,0:12:17.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with civil society group MIDO
Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.88,0:12:21.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and with training provider KMD as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.53,0:12:23.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All four partnering together.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.26,0:12:32.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Of course, we also know that online safety\Nis in the national curriculum in the UK,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:32.43,0:12:35.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in Germany, in Singapore,\Nand Sweden for example.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:35.70,0:12:39.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is a solution that could work,\Nlong-term is probably required,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:39.96,0:12:42.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but because it requires behavioral change,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:42.82,0:12:45.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we have to change the way\Nwe think, the way we act.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:45.85,0:12:49.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That takes time, and therefore,\Nit cannot be acting alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:50.24,0:12:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And last but not least,\Nthe civil society solution:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:54.47,0:12:59.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so this is where NGOs work together\Nto actually determine what hate speech is,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.14,0:13:02.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in Myanmar, this has been quite\Nan important part of reducing hate speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:03.01,0:13:06.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So there have been a number\Nof campaigns done by civil society.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:06.68,0:13:11.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Panzagar campaign by MIDO,\Nfor example, is one example.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.39,0:13:14.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The Myanmar Institute\Nfor Peace and Security
Dialogue: 0,0:13:14.57,0:13:16.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has an online hate speech tracker,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.61,0:13:20.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and there's been a lot of media literacy\Nand fact-checking campaigns
Dialogue: 0,0:13:20.88,0:13:22.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,organized by civil society as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:22.70,0:13:25.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Civil society are very active\Nand they will remain active
Dialogue: 0,0:13:25.42,0:13:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe going forward.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.22,0:13:28.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Oops!
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.80,0:13:30.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So what's the answer for us in Myanmar?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:30.95,0:13:34.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can we actually apply\Nthe learning from around the world
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.02,0:13:36.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and create our own solution?
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.81,0:13:39.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, let's use the same framework again.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.08,0:13:41.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And as I mentioned, the state solution -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.83,0:13:44.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so having laws to regulate hate speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:44.58,0:13:47.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,maybe it's a little early\Nfor that in Myanmar.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.27,0:13:51.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I do think though that Facebook\Ncould play a much more prominent role.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.83,0:13:55.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They need to hire more content moderators\Nfamiliar with Myanmar language
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.29,0:13:57.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also even the ethnic languages.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:57.57,0:14:00.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The second thing is we need\Nbetter content moderators:
Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.92,0:14:03.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,content moderators\Nthat can keep up-to-date
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.51,0:14:05.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the way that hate speech\Nis expressed online.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:05.86,0:14:08.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Content moderators\Nthat can distinguish clearly
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.49,0:14:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between free speech and hate speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.90,0:14:16.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and content moderators whose decisions\Nare reviewed regularly,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.32,0:14:20.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and as used as a way to train future\Ncontent moderators as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:23.24,0:14:25.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think that Facebook cannot act alone.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:25.46,0:14:27.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They need to partner\Nclosely with civil society,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:28.00,0:14:31.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and civil society can help Facebook\Nspot new trends in hate speech
Dialogue: 0,0:14:31.92,0:14:35.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and also help train and support\Nthe content moderators,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:35.77,0:14:37.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that they work hand in hand.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.31,0:14:40.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's in the short term.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:40.88,0:14:43.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the medium term,\NI mentioned earlier that I believe AI
Dialogue: 0,0:14:43.83,0:14:45.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,artificial intelligence,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:45.06,0:14:48.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is a very important part\Nin reducing hate speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:49.00,0:14:54.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So with more content moderators,\Ncollaboration with civil society,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.96,0:14:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I believe that these -
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.66,0:15:02.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,decisions made by content moderators
Dialogue: 0,0:15:02.10,0:15:05.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should be used\Nto train the AI of Facebook,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:05.37,0:15:12.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such that posts can be flagged, reviewed,\Nand maybe even taken down one day,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:12.16,0:15:14.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,consistently in line\Nwith international standards
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.81,0:15:16.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of freedom of expression,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:16.87,0:15:20.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that we're not relying\Non human moderators only.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.21,0:15:22.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because human moderators to moderate -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:22.95,0:15:27.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,well, 100 to even 500 content moderators\Nto moderate 20 million people's speech,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:27.61,0:15:29.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's a bit difficult.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.30,0:15:31.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We need a technical solution as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:32.31,0:15:33.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the long term though,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.99,0:15:37.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I think hate speech\Ncan really only be reduced
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.49,0:15:41.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,if we change the way we think as a people.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.69,0:15:43.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that can be done in two ways I think:
Dialogue: 0,0:15:43.65,0:15:46.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,First, I think there should\Nbe mandatory online safety training,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.83,0:15:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,including on hate speech\Non Facebook itself.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:49.70,0:15:54.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,New users should be required\Nto actually go to an online safety course
Dialogue: 0,0:15:54.90,0:15:56.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before they use Facebook.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.39,0:15:59.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Existing users, like probably you and me,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.11,0:16:06.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should take annual recertification\Nin Facebook's Community Guidelines,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:06.51,0:16:08.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which include online safety\Nand hate speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.48,0:16:11.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And until we complete \Nthat recertification,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:11.76,0:16:13.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the account should be locked.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.29,0:16:18.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We should be forced to go through\Nthis training every year by Facebook, OK?
Dialogue: 0,0:16:18.71,0:16:21.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Second thing is I believe it's important
Dialogue: 0,0:16:21.20,0:16:25.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to have an online safety course\Nin our national curriculum.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:25.56,0:16:29.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,With that, I'm pleased to announce\Nthat on 12th of July, just last week,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.40,0:16:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Telenor Myanmar and international NGO\NPlan International signed an agreement
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.77,0:16:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to explore including online safety\Nin the national curriculum,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.37,0:16:43.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,together with the Ministry of Education.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.49,0:16:44.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're working on this.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:45.44,0:16:48.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if it works well, we will be educating
Dialogue: 0,0:16:48.79,0:16:52.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,millions of our children every year
Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.87,0:16:57.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on how to be responsible\Ndigital citizens online,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:57.72,0:17:02.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,avoiding hate speech, and using\Nsocial media in a positive way.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:04.86,0:17:06.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I believe that -
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.30,0:17:10.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,platforms, Facebook\Nand its content moderators,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:10.93,0:17:14.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,its AI, civil society, educators,\Nall working together
Dialogue: 0,0:17:14.79,0:17:17.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,can significantly reduce hate speech,\Nbut what about you?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:17.71,0:17:18.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What can you do?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.98,0:17:20.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,How can you be a part of the solution?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:21.15,0:17:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or have you been a victim\Nof hate speech yourself?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.09,0:17:29.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, here are four tips to reduce\Nhate speech and what you can do.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.51,0:17:31.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The first one's obvious, right?
Dialogue: 0,0:17:31.60,0:17:33.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Avoid hate speech yourself.\NThat's a given.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.82,0:17:38.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Secondly, don't share or like\Nany post or comments
Dialogue: 0,0:17:38.77,0:17:41.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that contain hate speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:41.87,0:17:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sometimes hate speech\Ncan appear as fake news,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.25,0:17:46.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as jokes on Facebook as well.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.79,0:17:53.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So be careful not to share, not to like,\Nand not to comment on these posts either.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:53.94,0:17:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You can also report any instance\Nof hate speech directly to Facebook,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.80,0:18:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that their content moderators\Ncan review and quickly take down
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.44,0:18:03.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,any hate speech quickly.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:04.53,0:18:07.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And last but not least,\Nif you have been a victim yourself,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.87,0:18:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you're able to now report\Nto the cybercrime police in Naypyidaw.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.43,0:18:16.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They now have about 100 officers\Nthat are looking at this issue.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.22,0:18:19.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Again, 100 officers for 20 million users.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:19.45,0:18:21.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's still a bit small,\Nbut it's a good start.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:21.72,0:18:25.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But you can also call on them,\Nor alternatively,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:25.02,0:18:27.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,report the issue to your local\Npolice station as well,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:27.54,0:18:30.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for assistance if you\Nare a victim of hate speech.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.57,0:18:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now, I think for this solution,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:32.64,0:18:35.100,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for hate speech to be reduced\Nin Myanmar long-term,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.100,0:18:39.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we all need to be part of this solution,\Nand that starts now.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:39.05,0:18:40.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you so much everyone.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:40.45,0:18:42.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)