[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:00.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.57,0:00:04.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where we left off in the last\Nvideo, Toussaint L'Ouverture
Dialogue: 0,0:00:04.10,0:00:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had just been betrayed, on some\Nlevel, first by some of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:09.25,0:00:13.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,his right-hand men, because\Nthey joined the side of
Dialogue: 0,0:00:13.31,0:00:16.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leclerc-- or essentially they\Ngave up rebelling against
Dialogue: 0,0:00:16.02,0:00:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leclerc-- convinced that Leclerc\Nwasn't that bad, that
Dialogue: 0,0:00:18.75,0:00:21.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he had no intention of\Nreinstating slavery or taking
Dialogue: 0,0:00:21.85,0:00:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,away the civil rights of the\Nfreemen of African descent.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.10,0:00:28.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is another picture of\NLeclerc, right here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:28.96,0:00:31.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is Leclerc.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.82,0:00:35.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he had to essentially give\Nup his arms. He went to
Dialogue: 0,0:00:35.41,0:00:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,negotiate with Leclerc, Leclerc\Nimprisoned him, put
Dialogue: 0,0:00:38.59,0:00:41.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,him on a boat, and sent him to\NFrance and he died the next
Dialogue: 0,0:00:41.15,0:00:42.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,year in 1803.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:42.12,0:00:43.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he was betrayed.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.37,0:00:50.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.23,0:00:53.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he really was, on a lot\Nof levels, one of the most
Dialogue: 0,0:00:53.57,0:00:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,important leaders not\Njust in Haitian
Dialogue: 0,0:00:56.40,0:00:57.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,history, but in general.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:57.50,0:01:00.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When he took power, as I said\Nbefore, he didn't take revenge
Dialogue: 0,0:01:00.99,0:01:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the white population.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.39,0:01:07.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He helped the economy of Haiti\Nget back up and running.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:07.84,0:01:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He actually helped defend\Nwhat is now Haiti, but
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.63,0:01:16.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saint-Domingue against the\NBritish Royal Navy.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:16.55,0:01:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I forgot to mention that.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:18.40,0:01:28.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Defended against the British\NNavy, which at the time was by
Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.30,0:01:30.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,far the dominant navy\Nin the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:30.85,0:01:33.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So this is what really earned\Nhis reputation as a great
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.96,0:01:37.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,general, on top of being a great\Nleader in terms of not
Dialogue: 0,0:01:37.62,0:01:40.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,exacting revenge, in terms of\Nnot having slash and burn
Dialogue: 0,0:01:40.62,0:01:44.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tactics, in terms of not just\Nravaging his enemies.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:44.43,0:01:48.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he was betrayed, and then\Njust to make it clear that
Dialogue: 0,0:01:48.58,0:01:54.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leclerc really does deserve\Ndevil horns of a sort--
Dialogue: 0,0:01:54.62,0:01:57.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,although we're about to meet\Nsomeone who deserves much
Dialogue: 0,0:01:57.34,0:01:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bigger devil horns, or maybe\Nthat he was actually the
Dialogue: 0,0:01:59.88,0:02:03.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,henchman for someone who\Ndeserves devil horns-- in May
Dialogue: 0,0:02:03.40,0:02:14.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of 1802, Napoleon signs a law\Nthat reinstates slavery where
Dialogue: 0,0:02:14.47,0:02:15.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has not disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:15.72,0:02:25.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:25.78,0:02:27.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so it was a little\Nbit ambiguous.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.72,0:02:30.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,There were some areas where\Nslavery had still not
Dialogue: 0,0:02:30.86,0:02:32.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,disappeared.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.25,0:02:39.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Those include the French\Ncolonies at Martinique, at
Dialogue: 0,0:02:39.43,0:02:43.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saint Lucia, at Tobago.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.62,0:02:47.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But in Haiti-- or\NSaint-Domingue, at that time--
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.09,0:02:48.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,things were a little\Nambiguous.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:48.68,0:02:52.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Had slavery truly disappeared,\Nor had it not disappeared yet?
Dialogue: 0,0:02:52.60,0:02:54.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Apparently, slaves were\Nfree in Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:54.44,0:02:58.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it wasn't clear exactly what\Nthis meant for Haiti, but
Dialogue: 0,0:02:58.66,0:03:00.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at the same time, the\NHaitians didn't even
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.18,0:03:01.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,know this was happening.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:01.02,0:03:03.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was May of 1802.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.75,0:03:09.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But just to make things clear,\NNapoleon actually sent Leclerc
Dialogue: 0,0:03:09.50,0:03:13.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a secret memo to essentially\Nreinstate slavery when the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.63,0:03:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time was right.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:14.88,0:03:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:26.80,0:03:29.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So these guys, they\Nwere no jokers.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.54,0:03:31.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They knew the situation.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:31.02,0:03:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They knew that they needed the\Nhelp of some of Toussaint
Dialogue: 0,0:03:35.26,0:03:39.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,L'Ouverture's former generals,\Nformer right-hand men, in
Dialogue: 0,0:03:39.57,0:03:41.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,order to keep control\Nof Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.86,0:03:44.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But the intention the entire\Ntime was, when they have the
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.67,0:03:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,upper hand, to actually clamp\Ndown, reinstate slavery, and
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.09,0:03:53.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,take away the civil rights\Nof the freemen of color.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.35,0:03:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now these guys weren't\Nstupid either.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.00,0:03:58.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So you might remember\NDessalines.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:58.45,0:04:00.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was one picture of him.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.56,0:04:05.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was also a former slave, one\Nof Toussaint L'Ouverture's
Dialogue: 0,0:04:05.56,0:04:09.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right-hand men, very\Neffective general.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:09.56,0:04:12.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, as you remember, near the\Nend of the fight against
Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.84,0:04:15.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Leclerc, he gave up the fight\Nagainst Leclerc and to some
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.85,0:04:18.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,degree you could say he turned\Non Toussaint L'Ouverture.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:18.41,0:04:22.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But he and some of the other\Nformer followers of
Dialogue: 0,0:04:22.14,0:04:24.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,L'Ouverture saw the writing\Non the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:24.17,0:04:26.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They didn't even have to\Nintercept that secret memo.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:26.32,0:04:31.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They got word from Martinique\Nand Tobago and Saint Lucia
Dialogue: 0,0:04:31.75,0:04:35.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that slavery was being\Nreinstated.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:35.12,0:04:38.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The French at this time were not\Npeople that you wanted to
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.03,0:04:42.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,deal with or trust when it came\Nto issues of slavery.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.36,0:04:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Dessalines and his comrades\Nre-took up arms. And
Dialogue: 0,0:04:50.72,0:04:54.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dessalines was a very different\Ncharacter than
Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.21,0:04:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Toussaint L'Ouverture.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.08,0:04:59.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one similarity is that they\Nwere both very effective
Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.76,0:05:01.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,military men.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:01.22,0:05:05.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The big difference between the\Ntwo was that Dessalines was
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.39,0:05:06.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not one to hold back.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:06.90,0:05:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:12.38,0:05:17.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wasn't afraid to essentially\Ntake an eye for an
Dialogue: 0,0:05:17.66,0:05:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eye, so to speak.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:18.66,0:05:22.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So here you had Dessalines in\Ncharge of what was, I guess
Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.67,0:05:25.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you could call, the\Nslave rebel army.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:25.20,0:05:28.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then on the other side of\Nit, you have Leclerc with the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.80,0:05:33.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,40,000 troops that he showed\Nup, with Napoleon.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:33.54,0:05:37.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But lucky for Dessalines,\Nyellow fever--
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.83,0:05:38.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not lucky.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:38.66,0:05:40.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, people died\Nacross the board.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.91,0:05:46.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But this did really turn the\Ntide of war in favor of the
Dialogue: 0,0:05:46.90,0:05:49.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people of African descent\Non the island.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:49.37,0:05:58.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Yellow fever struck the island,\Nit killed Leclerc, and
Dialogue: 0,0:05:58.60,0:06:02.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it also took out twenty\Nsomething thousand-- or the
Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.00,0:06:06.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,number I read was 24,000-- of\Nthe actual French soldiers,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.67,0:06:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and another 8,000 were\Nhospitalized.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:08.43,0:06:11.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's 32,000 out of\Ncommission, so you're
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.27,0:06:15.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially only left\Nwith 8,000 soldiers.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.48,0:06:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So all of a sudden, it\Ncompletely turned the tide,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:17.91,0:06:22.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,completely changed the numbers\Nin terms of what types of
Dialogue: 0,0:06:22.53,0:06:27.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,forces the rebel army had\Nto fight against.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.37,0:06:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it wasn't all good at this\Npoint because Leclerc-- I
Dialogue: 0,0:06:32.03,0:06:35.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mentioned, I gave him little\Ndevil horns-- he was replaced
Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.11,0:06:41.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by someone who deserves very\Nbig devil horns named
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.44,0:06:42.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rochambeau.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:42.69,0:06:45.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:45.31,0:06:48.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Not to be confused with his\Nfather, who goes by the same
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.77,0:06:52.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,name who was a hero of the\NAmerican Revolution.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.38,0:06:56.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He fought for France on the\Nside of the Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.81,0:07:00.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he, as far as I can tell,\Nseemed like a decent guy.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.04,0:07:03.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But his son was really evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:03.57,0:07:06.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there are very few people\Nin history that you can say
Dialogue: 0,0:07:06.69,0:07:08.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are unambiguously evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.99,0:07:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He is one of them.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.70,0:07:15.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now that he was kind of\Ndesperate, his forces were
Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.09,0:07:19.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ravaged by yellow fever, he's\Ngoing against a fairly
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.12,0:07:25.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,aggressive enemy, he did things\Nlike-- let me write
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.99,0:07:28.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these down because\Nthey are evil.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:28.18,0:07:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would bury African--\Nor I guess I
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.04,0:07:34.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,should say African Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:34.07,0:07:37.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would bury former slaves, or\Npeople of African descent--
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.60,0:07:44.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bury in, bury alive in\Npits of insects.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.98,0:07:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:47.96,0:07:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He would boil people\Nalive in molasses.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:50.44,0:07:58.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:58.58,0:08:01.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I read one account that says\Nthat at one point he held a
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.65,0:08:07.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ball where he invited all of\Nthe prominent mixed-race
Dialogue: 0,0:08:07.67,0:08:11.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,people to a party essentially at\Nhis place and at the stroke
Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.63,0:08:12.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of midnight he announced\Nthat all of the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.92,0:08:14.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,men are to be murdered.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:14.17,0:08:18.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.98,0:08:22.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The only bounds on his cruelty\Nwas the people that he could
Dialogue: 0,0:08:22.71,0:08:26.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,get his hands on, especially the\Npeople of African descent.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:26.00,0:08:30.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The one positive of his cruelty\Nis that he for the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.48,0:08:36.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,first time really unified the\Npopulation of African descent
Dialogue: 0,0:08:36.55,0:08:37.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the island.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:37.42,0:08:49.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he unified both the slaves,\Nthe former slaves, and the
Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.28,0:08:50.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,mixed-race.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.53,0:08:56.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.53,0:09:03.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the same time,\Nwe're now in 1803.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:03.16,0:09:05.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And, I've said it before, we're
Dialogue: 0,0:09:05.09,0:09:06.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still at war with Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:06.34,0:09:11.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:11.12,0:09:14.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Britain is-- and I've\Nmentioned it before-- they had
Dialogue: 0,0:09:14.50,0:09:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the most dominant navy\Nin the world.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.00,0:09:25.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.60,0:09:30.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This guy, despite how evil and\Nhow cruel he was, he needed
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.20,0:09:33.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reinforcements from Napoleon\Nif he had to take on
Dialogue: 0,0:09:33.21,0:09:34.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dessalines.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.36,0:09:37.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let me be very\Nclear about this.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.39,0:09:40.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dessalines, as I mentioned, he\Nwas not hesitant to take an
Dialogue: 0,0:09:40.80,0:09:42.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eye for an eye.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:42.15,0:09:47.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In one incident, Rochambeau\Nburied 500 rebel prisoners
Dialogue: 0,0:09:47.67,0:09:52.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,alive, then Dessalines went and\Nhung 500 French prisoners.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.79,0:09:55.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So he wasn't someone\Nto kind of shy away
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.60,0:09:58.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from, I guess, blood.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.54,0:10:01.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And this is very different\Nto Toussaint L'Ouverture.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.61,0:10:02.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's kind of a lesson.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:02.47,0:10:05.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,If you are fighting an enemy,\Nif you get rid of the more
Dialogue: 0,0:10:05.98,0:10:13.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reasonable leaders of your\Nenemy, you might end up
Dialogue: 0,0:10:13.85,0:10:18.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,getting maybe a leader more\Nsimilar to yourself and your
Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.05,0:10:22.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cruelty, if you betrayed the\Nmore reasonable ones.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.62,0:10:25.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But anyway, enough\Nof my commentary.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:25.33,0:10:27.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the stage is set.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:27.47,0:10:28.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,War with Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.34,0:10:31.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Britain owns the seas,\Nespecially the Caribbean.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:31.94,0:10:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This guy needs reinforcements\Ngoing against a very strong
Dialogue: 0,0:10:37.90,0:10:42.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,leader of the former\Nslave rebels.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:42.16,0:10:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But Napoleon, he's known to\Nbe one to cut his losses.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:45.89,0:10:47.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He did it with his\Ntroops in Egypt.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:47.38,0:10:49.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He's really not someone who\Nreally cares, I think, about
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.97,0:10:50.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the individual.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:50.50,0:10:54.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He cares much more about\Nhis ego and his power.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:54.28,0:10:55.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Napoleon leaves\Nthem hanging.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.91,0:11:02.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.79,0:11:03.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Napoleon saw the writing\Non the wall.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.80,0:11:06.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He wouldn't be able to get\Nthrough the British fleet.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:06.66,0:11:08.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And at the same time, Napoleon's\Nfighting all of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.46,0:11:09.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these wars in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:09.55,0:11:11.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As you remember, the whole\NFrench Revolution was
Dialogue: 0,0:11:11.72,0:11:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,precipitated by France\Nbeing broke.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:14.09,0:11:17.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So Napoleon, not only does he\Ngive up on this guy-- and he
Dialogue: 0,0:11:17.01,0:11:19.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially got what he\Ndeserved-- Napoleon gives up
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.40,0:11:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on maintaining all of their\Ncolonies or any major presence
Dialogue: 0,0:11:23.91,0:11:25.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the Western Hemisphere.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.15,0:11:30.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So essentially to raise funds,\NNapoleon also sells Louisiana
Dialogue: 0,0:11:30.32,0:11:31.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to the Americans.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:31.35,0:11:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now when I say Louisiana, I'm\Nnot talking about just the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:34.30,0:11:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,state of Louisiana in its\Npresent state, which
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.93,0:11:37.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is about that big.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.90,0:11:39.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's actually where\NI was born.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:39.80,0:11:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We're talking about the whole--\Nthis is like 1/3 of
Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.08,0:11:44.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United States today.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.18,0:11:45.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Sold all of this.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:45.58,0:11:48.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.14,0:11:51.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he was clearly desperate.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.78,0:11:56.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He sold it for $15 million,\Nor that's the
Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.33,0:12:03.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,equivalent of F60 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:03.35,0:12:06.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I've been told, in today's\Nmoney, that would be on the
Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.22,0:12:10.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,order of $10 billion.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:10.48,0:12:13.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,You know, if someone said for\N$10 billion, you could own 1/3
Dialogue: 0,0:12:13.72,0:12:15.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the land of the United\NStates, you would say that's a
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.47,0:12:16.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,pretty good deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:16.85,0:12:19.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,$10 billion in today's money.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.10,0:12:23.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So $15 million 1803, $10 billion\Ntoday, that's still
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.12,0:12:24.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not a lot of money, but\Nhe was desperate.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:24.73,0:12:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He realized that he couldn't\Nmaintain control of something
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.66,0:12:30.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,halfway around the world when\NBritain owned the seas and he
Dialogue: 0,0:12:30.92,0:12:34.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was busy having his own\Ntroubles in Europe.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.30,0:12:36.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So the Americans got\Na good deal.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:36.41,0:12:38.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And frankly, if he didn't sell\Nit to the Americans, either
Dialogue: 0,0:12:38.58,0:12:40.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the British or the Americans\Ncould have probably
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.86,0:12:43.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,just taken it anyway.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:43.89,0:12:48.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So being left to hang to dry\Nby Napoleon, Dessalines is
Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.51,0:12:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,able to destroy Rochambeau\Nand essentially declare
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.23,0:13:00.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,independence for\NSaint-Domingue.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.41,0:13:09.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And it 1804, January 1.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.25,0:13:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dessalines declares independence\Nfor, and he names
Dialogue: 0,0:13:13.83,0:13:17.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the new country Haiti, which\Nis the indigenous peoples'
Dialogue: 0,0:13:17.56,0:13:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,name for the island.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.64,0:13:21.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It means land of\Nthe mountains.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.01,0:13:26.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now I want to just leave with\None note, because you may or
Dialogue: 0,0:13:26.38,0:13:27.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,may not be aware.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.10,0:13:32.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Haiti is still a very, very,\Nvery, very poor country.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.03,0:13:35.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And besides, after Dessalines,\Nthey had many, many, many--
Dialogue: 0,0:13:35.23,0:13:38.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and eventually, I'll do videos\Non it-- rounds of one dictator
Dialogue: 0,0:13:38.62,0:13:39.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,after another.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:39.28,0:13:41.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And the people have really\Nbeen through a lot.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:41.12,0:13:42.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But I just want to make it clear\Nthat they really got
Dialogue: 0,0:13:42.88,0:13:45.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,started off on a\Nhorrible foot.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.33,0:13:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Because even though Dessalines\Ndeclared independence in 1804,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:51.66,0:13:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the French did not recognize\NHaiti until
Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.23,0:14:04.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,1805-- sorry- 1825.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.73,0:14:08.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And you might say, well, who\Ncares about recognition?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.49,0:14:11.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Who cares what the former\Ncolonial masters think?
Dialogue: 0,0:14:11.18,0:14:12.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But until they recognized them,\Nthey were essentially
Dialogue: 0,0:14:12.89,0:14:14.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,embargoing Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.05,0:14:16.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They weren't allowing\Nany trade to
Dialogue: 0,0:14:16.00,0:14:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually go on with Haiti.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.74,0:14:20.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it was really on the\Nfront of a barrel gun.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.13,0:14:27.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in order to be recognized,\NHaiti had to agree to F90
Dialogue: 0,0:14:27.03,0:14:33.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,million of debt to France.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.71,0:14:39.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:39.29,0:14:42.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to be clear how much\Nmoney this is, here's a small
Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.68,0:14:50.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,island-- or half of an island--\Nof newly freed slaves
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.44,0:14:55.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they were forced to owe\NFrance-- and this actually was
Dialogue: 0,0:14:55.33,0:14:58.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,further reinforced\Nby the United
Dialogue: 0,0:14:58.85,0:15:00.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,States and Great Britain.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:00.14,0:15:03.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it goes to show you, even\Nformer enemies can kind of
Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.46,0:15:06.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,agree when it comes to\Na oppressing small
Dialogue: 0,0:15:06.21,0:15:08.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,impoverished islands.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.10,0:15:14.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But they had to owe France the\Nequivalent of 1 and 1/2 times
Dialogue: 0,0:15:14.09,0:15:18.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,what the United States paid for\Nthe Louisiana Purchase.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.24,0:15:19.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This was F60 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:19.53,0:15:20.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They got all of Louisiana.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:20.72,0:15:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now France is telling Haiti,\Nyou owe us F90 million.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:24.83,0:15:28.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or that's roughly the equivalent\Nof $14 or $15
Dialogue: 0,0:15:28.47,0:15:33.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,billion in today's terms. And\Nthis is for a population of
Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.58,0:15:36.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,essentially half a million\Nfreed slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:36.23,0:15:37.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's kind of a horrendous\Namount of debt.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.97,0:15:41.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to be clear, this\Nwasn't like the crazy
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.29,0:15:46.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,colonials in the early 19th\Ncentury, forcing to do this.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:46.15,0:15:58.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This debt was not paid off with\Nthe interest until 1947.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.72,0:16:00.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They were continuing\Nto pay the debt.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.48,0:16:05.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And just to add insult to\Ninjury, the reason for the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.58,0:16:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,debt, they claim, was\Nfor lost property.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.74,0:16:12.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's why France claimed\Nthat Haiti owed them the
Dialogue: 0,0:16:12.42,0:16:13.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,money, for lost property.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:13.78,0:16:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:17.69,0:16:20.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where, included in the\Nlist of lost property
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.84,0:16:23.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was land and slaves.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.30,0:16:26.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Essentially, now that you've got\Nyour freedom, you owe us a
Dialogue: 0,0:16:26.86,0:16:31.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ton of money for us losing\Nthe rights to own you.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:31.48,0:16:32.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So it's just insult to injury.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:32.89,0:16:34.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And actually, I was shocked the\Nfirst time I learned this
Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.81,0:16:38.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,number, that they were forced to\Ncontinue to pay debts from
Dialogue: 0,0:16:38.31,0:16:43.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one poor country, one small poor\Ncountry, right over here,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:43.36,0:16:46.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they had to continue to pay\Ndebts to a Western developed
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.83,0:16:53.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,nation until 1947, essentially\Nto buy their freedom.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:53.20,0:16:53.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,