[Script Info]
Title: 
[Events]
Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text
Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.20,0:00:26.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Hello, everybody.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:26.80,0:00:29.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you for being here.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:29.89,0:00:33.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In childhood, I wrote dozens of poems,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:33.81,0:00:36.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in my poetry,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:36.28,0:00:40.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I tried to express my feelings\Nabout loneliness,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.97,0:00:43.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my questions about death,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:43.41,0:00:46.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,my unrequited love\Nfor 14-year-old girls.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:46.65,0:00:47.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Laughter)
Dialogue: 0,0:00:48.53,0:00:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Reading, listening, even thinking,
Dialogue: 0,0:00:50.72,0:00:55.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was mesmerized by the sounds\Nand the movements of words.
Dialogue: 0,0:00:55.68,0:00:58.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Words could be sudden, like "jolt,"
Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.59,0:01:02.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or words could be slow, like "meandering,"
Dialogue: 0,0:01:02.38,0:01:05.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,words could be silvery,\Nprickly to the touch,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:06.43,0:01:10.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by magic, words\Ncould create scenes and emotions.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:11.49,0:01:17.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Between poems,\NI did scientific experiments,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:17.00,0:01:20.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and these I conducted\Nin a little laboratory,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:20.10,0:01:24.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a homemade laboratory\Nthat I built off my second-floor bedroom,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:24.58,0:01:26.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,really, a large closet.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:26.36,0:01:31.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And there I hoarded resistors, capacitors,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:31.26,0:01:33.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,wire of various lengths,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:33.88,0:01:38.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,test tubes, beautiful pieces of glassware.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.17,0:01:41.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I loved my equipment;\NI loved to build things.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:41.33,0:01:42.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,By the age of 12,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.78,0:01:45.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I had built a remote-control device
Dialogue: 0,0:01:46.06,0:01:50.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that turned on the lights in any room\Nof the house from any other room.
Dialogue: 0,0:01:51.27,0:01:54.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,When my scientific projects went awry,
Dialogue: 0,0:01:55.56,0:02:00.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I could find certain fulfillment\Nin mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.67,0:02:01.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In geometry,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:01.66,0:02:07.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I loved the inexorable relationships\Nbetween lines and angles.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:07.74,0:02:10.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in algebra, I loved the abstraction -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:10.70,0:02:13.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I loved letting X's and Y's
Dialogue: 0,0:02:13.16,0:02:17.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,stand for the number\Nof nickels and pennies in a jar
Dialogue: 0,0:02:17.11,0:02:20.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then solving\Na connected set of equations
Dialogue: 0,0:02:20.99,0:02:23.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one logical step after the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.62,0:02:27.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I loved that shining purity\Nof mathematics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.59,0:02:29.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that precision.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:29.14,0:02:32.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I loved the certainty of mathematics.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:32.79,0:02:33.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In mathematics,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:33.79,0:02:36.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you were guaranteed an answer
Dialogue: 0,0:02:36.83,0:02:41.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,as clean and as crisp\Nas a new 20-dollar bill,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:41.67,0:02:43.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and when you found that answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:02:43.19,0:02:46.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you knew that you were right,\Nunquestionably right -
Dialogue: 0,0:02:47.43,0:02:51.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the area of a circle\Nis pi r-squared, period.
Dialogue: 0,0:02:53.74,0:02:56.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mathematics contrasted strongly
Dialogue: 0,0:02:56.40,0:03:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the ambiguities\Nand the contradictions of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:00.61,0:03:03.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The world of people confused me;
Dialogue: 0,0:03:03.20,0:03:06.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the world of people\Nhad no logic or certainty:
Dialogue: 0,0:03:06.83,0:03:13.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,My Aunt Jean continued to drive recklessly\Nin her little MG sports car
Dialogue: 0,0:03:13.59,0:03:15.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though everyone in the family
Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.26,0:03:18.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,told her that she would kill herself\Nin that car one day.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:19.15,0:03:24.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We had a wonderful woman named Blanche,\Nwho worked for our family for years.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:24.90,0:03:29.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Blanche had to leave her husband\Nafter he abused her,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.39,0:03:34.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then, for many years later,\Nspoke about him with affection.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.12,0:03:37.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So how does one reconcile\Nthese different worlds,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:37.79,0:03:40.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,these seeming contradictions?
Dialogue: 0,0:03:41.60,0:03:44.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, now having lived\Nin two communities,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:44.86,0:03:47.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the community of scientists\Nand the community of artists,
Dialogue: 0,0:03:47.96,0:03:49.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for many years -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.60,0:03:53.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I've worked both as a physicist\Nand as a novelist -
Dialogue: 0,0:03:53.75,0:03:57.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I have tentative answers\Nto some of these questions.
Dialogue: 0,0:03:57.74,0:04:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So I wanted to tell you this morning\Na little bit about what I've learned
Dialogue: 0,0:04:02.84,0:04:07.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about the different ways that scientists\Nand artists approach the world -
Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.51,0:04:13.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their different versions of truth\Nand also some of the many similarities.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:15.14,0:04:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A big distinction that I have found\Nbetween physicists and novelists
Dialogue: 0,0:04:19.19,0:04:23.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or, I should say, more generally,\Nbetween scientists and artists
Dialogue: 0,0:04:23.45,0:04:27.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is in what I will call\N"the naming of things."
Dialogue: 0,0:04:27.84,0:04:29.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Roughly speaking,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.71,0:04:32.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scientist tries to name things
Dialogue: 0,0:04:32.53,0:04:36.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the artist tries\Nto avoid naming things.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:37.29,0:04:38.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,To name a thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:38.69,0:04:41.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've gathered it, you've distilled it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:41.05,0:04:42.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've purified it,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:42.10,0:04:43.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you've put a box around the thing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:43.78,0:04:45.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and said what's in the box is the thing
Dialogue: 0,0:04:45.95,0:04:48.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and what's not in the box\Nis not the thing.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.45,0:04:52.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Consider, for example,\Nthe word "electron,"
Dialogue: 0,0:04:52.94,0:04:56.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which is a type of subatomic particle.
Dialogue: 0,0:04:56.69,0:04:58.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As far as we know,
Dialogue: 0,0:04:58.47,0:05:02.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of the zillions of electrons\Nin the universe are identical;
Dialogue: 0,0:05:02.07,0:05:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's only a single kind of electron.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:05.09,0:05:07.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And to a modern physicist,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.10,0:05:11.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the word electron\Nmeans a particular equation -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:11.28,0:05:13.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's called the Dirac equation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:13.83,0:05:19.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And that equation summarizes everything\Nthat we know about electrons:
Dialogue: 0,0:05:19.11,0:05:24.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the precise energy of electrons in atoms\Nas they orbit the nucleus,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:24.93,0:05:28.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the deflections of electrons\Nin magnetic fields -
Dialogue: 0,0:05:28.92,0:05:32.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all of that can be predicted\Nto many decimal places
Dialogue: 0,0:05:32.73,0:05:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with great accuracy by the Dirac equation.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.42,0:05:40.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every object in the physical universe
Dialogue: 0,0:05:40.57,0:05:44.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the scientist wants to be able to name\Nwith this kind of precision.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:45.59,0:05:48.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For scientists,\Nit's a feeling of comfort,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:50.18,0:05:52.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a feeling of power,
Dialogue: 0,0:05:52.37,0:05:54.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a sense of control
Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.41,0:05:58.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to be able to name things in this way.
Dialogue: 0,0:05:59.95,0:06:06.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The concepts that the artist\Ndeals with cannot be named.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.60,0:06:11.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The novelist might use a word\Nlike "love" or like "fear,"
Dialogue: 0,0:06:11.25,0:06:14.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but those words don't really convey\Nthat much to the reader.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:15.05,0:06:19.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,For one thing, there are\Na thousand different kinds of love:
Dialogue: 0,0:06:19.67,0:06:21.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's the love\Nthat you feel for a mother
Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.67,0:06:24.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who writes you every day\Nyour first summer away from home
Dialogue: 0,0:06:24.80,0:06:26.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,at summer camp;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:26.61,0:06:31.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there is the love that you feel for a man\Nor a woman that you've just made love to;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.48,0:06:34.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's the love\Nthat you feel for a friend
Dialogue: 0,0:06:34.50,0:06:38.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who calls you right\Nafter you've split up from your spouse;
Dialogue: 0,0:06:38.46,0:06:40.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on and on.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:41.68,0:06:44.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But it's not just\Nthe many different kinds of love
Dialogue: 0,0:06:44.30,0:06:48.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that prevent the novelist\Nfrom truly naming the thing,
Dialogue: 0,0:06:48.57,0:06:52.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it's that the particular situation
Dialogue: 0,0:06:52.93,0:06:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that creates the particular ache of love.
Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.43,0:07:00.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That particular situation\Nmust be shown to the reader -
Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.61,0:07:05.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not named but shown\Nthrough the actions of characters.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:05.68,0:07:08.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And if love is shown rather than named,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:08.96,0:07:13.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,then each reader will experience it\Nin her own individual way,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:13.64,0:07:19.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each reader will draw on her own\Nadventures and misadventures with love.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:19.50,0:07:24.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Every electron is identical,\Nbut every love is different.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:25.74,0:07:30.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The novelist doesn't want to try\Nto eliminate these differences,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:30.21,0:07:33.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doesn't want to try to distill\Nthe meaning of love
Dialogue: 0,0:07:33.04,0:07:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,so that there is only a single meaning,\Nas in the Dirac equation,
Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.22,0:07:41.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because such a distillation is impossible
Dialogue: 0,0:07:41.00,0:07:44.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and even an attempt at such a distillation
Dialogue: 0,0:07:44.52,0:07:51.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would destroy that magical, delicate,\Nparticipatory creative act
Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.32,0:07:55.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that happens when a good reader\Nreads a good book.
Dialogue: 0,0:07:55.23,0:08:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In a sense a novel is not completed\Nuntil it is read by a reader
Dialogue: 0,0:08:01.21,0:08:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and every reader completes the novel\Nin a different way.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:06.49,0:08:12.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, there's another phenomena\Nthat's closely related to naming,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:12.56,0:08:17.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is framing problems\Nin terms of questions with answers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:18.99,0:08:24.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We scientists work by breaking the world\Ndown into smaller and smaller pieces
Dialogue: 0,0:08:24.38,0:08:30.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until we have what we call\Nwell-posed problems
Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.83,0:08:33.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that have clear and definite answers.
Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.15,0:08:38.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It might take five years, it might take\Na hundred years to find the answer,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.13,0:08:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but at any given moment of time,
Dialogue: 0,0:08:40.36,0:08:43.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,each scientist is working on something
Dialogue: 0,0:08:43.15,0:08:46.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he or she feels\Nhas a definite answer;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:46.35,0:08:50.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for example, one such question might be:
Dialogue: 0,0:08:50.69,0:08:54.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Where in a living organism\Nare the instructions stored
Dialogue: 0,0:08:54.10,0:08:56.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to create a new organism?
Dialogue: 0,0:08:56.08,0:08:58.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is a well-posed problem\Nwith a definite answer;
Dialogue: 0,0:08:58.78,0:09:02.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it was answered in the 1800s and 1900s.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:04.37,0:09:08.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But artists often don't care\Nwhat the answer is
Dialogue: 0,0:09:08.57,0:09:14.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because often answers - definite answers -\Ndon't exist in the arts;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:15.26,0:09:18.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the arts are complicated
Dialogue: 0,0:09:18.22,0:09:23.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by the intrinsic ambiguities\Nand self-contradictions of people.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:24.05,0:09:25.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This is one of the reasons
Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.29,0:09:30.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why the characters in a good novel\Ncan be debated endlessly,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.19,0:09:35.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,why God held the apple in front of Eve\Nand then forbade her to eat it.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:36.59,0:09:37.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In the arts,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:37.59,0:09:41.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there are many, many interesting questions\Nthat don't have answers,
Dialogue: 0,0:09:41.97,0:09:48.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,such as "Does God exist?"\Nor "What is the nature of love?"
Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.29,0:09:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or "Would we be happier\Nif we live to be a thousand years old?" -
Dialogue: 0,0:09:51.50,0:09:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and I'm grouping the arts\Nand the humanities together here.
Dialogue: 0,0:09:55.67,0:09:58.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,These are very interesting questions;
Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.46,0:10:01.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they provoke us,\Nthey stimulate our imagination,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:01.36,0:10:03.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they don't have clear\Nand definite answers
Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.76,0:10:05.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or maybe no answers at all.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:06.56,0:10:09.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,As the poet Rainer Maria Rilke wrote,
Dialogue: 0,0:10:10.58,0:10:16.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"We should learn to love\Nthe questions themselves
Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.46,0:10:21.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like locked rooms and like books\Nwritten in a very foreign tongue."
Dialogue: 0,0:10:22.30,0:10:28.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I have finally come to believe\Nthat we need both kinds of questions:
Dialogue: 0,0:10:28.68,0:10:33.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we need questions with answers\Nand we need questions without answers -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:33.87,0:10:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that both kinds of questions\Nare part of being human.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:38.68,0:10:41.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, I've been speaking\Nabout some of the differences
Dialogue: 0,0:10:41.20,0:10:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,between the sciences and the arts -
Dialogue: 0,0:10:43.10,0:10:47.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,let me say a little bit\Nabout some of the similarities.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:48.50,0:10:49.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The folklore
Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.50,0:10:55.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is that artists make up everything\Nand scientists don't make up anything.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:55.73,0:10:58.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, both views are false.
Dialogue: 0,0:10:59.05,0:11:03.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The imagination has always been important\Nin a great scientist.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:03.95,0:11:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And Albert Einstein\Nhad a phrase that he used -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.51,0:11:12.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he called it "the free invention\Nof the mind" in the sciences,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:12.46,0:11:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by that, the great scientist meant
Dialogue: 0,0:11:15.67,0:11:19.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we cannot discover\Nall of the truths of nature
Dialogue: 0,0:11:19.21,0:11:21.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,simply by observation and experiment,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:21.84,0:11:25.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that sometimes we have\Nto start with mental constructions
Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.34,0:11:28.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and then only later test those\Nagainst experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:11:28.25,0:11:32.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And one of the greatest examples\Nof Einstein's "free invention of the mind"
Dialogue: 0,0:11:32.40,0:11:36.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was his work on time,\Ncalled "the theory of special relativity."
Dialogue: 0,0:11:36.35,0:11:40.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And in that work, Einstein\Nbegins with the stunning postulate
Dialogue: 0,0:11:40.96,0:11:44.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that a light ray passes us\Nat the same speed
Dialogue: 0,0:11:44.35,0:11:46.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether we're running\Ntowards the light ray
Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.76,0:11:48.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or away from it -
Dialogue: 0,0:11:48.07,0:11:52.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it makes no sense based\Non our day-to-day experience,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:52.34,0:11:54.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it violates common sense,
Dialogue: 0,0:11:54.40,0:11:58.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and yet Einstein realized\Nthat our common sense could be in error
Dialogue: 0,0:11:58.93,0:12:02.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when it comes to the very\Nhigh speeds of a light ray,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.75,0:12:06.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he made this leap of the imagination.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:07.23,0:12:12.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,But scientists can't make up everything\Neven when they're developing new theories;
Dialogue: 0,0:12:12.37,0:12:15.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I mean, you can't put forth\Na new law of gravity
Dialogue: 0,0:12:15.55,0:12:18.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that says apples fall up instead of down -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:19.02,0:12:23.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's still a large body\Nof known experimental evidence
Dialogue: 0,0:12:23.14,0:12:25.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we have to accord with.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:25.27,0:12:27.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And I would argue that in the same way,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:27.66,0:12:33.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,there's a body of experimental evidence\Nthat the artist must accord with -
Dialogue: 0,0:12:34.04,0:12:40.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it is the large catalog of known behavior\Nin psychology of human beings
Dialogue: 0,0:12:40.31,0:12:41.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called human nature,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.70,0:12:47.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and those are the facts\Nthat the artist must accord with.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:47.82,0:12:51.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And let me give you an example\Nof what I'm talking about there.
Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.12,0:12:55.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose a novelist\Nhas created a character:
Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.38,0:12:59.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a man about 40 years old,\Nmarried with two children,
Dialogue: 0,0:12:59.88,0:13:02.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who's just attended a Christmas party.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:04.17,0:13:09.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Just for the sake of referring to him,\Nlet's call this fellow Gabriel.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:09.69,0:13:12.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, we learn at\Nthe beginning of the story
Dialogue: 0,0:13:12.27,0:13:14.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that Gabriel is not too sure of himself -
Dialogue: 0,0:13:15.25,0:13:18.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he worried when he first got\Ninto the Christmas party,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:18.40,0:13:21.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he worried that he had insulted\Nthe housekeeper's daughter,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.91,0:13:23.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a little bit later,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:23.50,0:13:27.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he's worrying that his after-dinner speech\Nis going to be condescending.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:28.55,0:13:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, anyway, the party ends.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:31.78,0:13:36.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gabriel and his wife Greta have left\Ntheir two children with a babysitter;
Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.76,0:13:40.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they've decided to spend the night\Nat a nearby hotel.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.23,0:13:43.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Greta's been very quiet\Nduring the evening.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:43.26,0:13:45.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they walk out of the house,
Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.11,0:13:47.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they begin walking on a path
Dialogue: 0,0:13:47.44,0:13:49.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,towards their hotel\Nin this little village.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.12,0:13:53.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's well after midnight now;\Nit's beginning to snow.
Dialogue: 0,0:13:54.47,0:13:58.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gabriel looks over at his wife\Nand admires her
Dialogue: 0,0:13:58.49,0:14:03.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and hopes that she still feels\Nin love with him
Dialogue: 0,0:14:03.88,0:14:07.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,even though she's had the drudgery\Nof house work and children.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:08.25,0:14:10.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So they reach their hotel,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:10.07,0:14:14.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they walk up\Nthis narrow curving stairway
Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.32,0:14:16.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that's lit only by candlelight,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:17.48,0:14:19.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and they enter their room,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:20.11,0:14:24.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and by this time, Gabriel is feeling\Na lot of desire for his wife, Greta.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:26.04,0:14:29.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And instead, she turns away from him\Nand she begins weeping.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:30.32,0:14:32.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And he asks her, "Why are you crying?"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:32.91,0:14:36.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she says that there was a sad song\Nsung at the Christmas party
Dialogue: 0,0:14:36.62,0:14:38.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that reminded her of a boy
Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.59,0:14:41.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that she used to know\Nlong ago in her youth,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:41.27,0:14:44.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a boy with large brown eyes.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:44.71,0:14:46.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,They used to go walking together.
Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.50,0:14:50.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gabriel feels a dread in his stomach,
Dialogue: 0,0:14:50.55,0:14:54.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he asks his wife,\N"Were you in love with this boy?"
Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.77,0:14:58.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And she says, "Yes,\Nwe were great together at the time."
Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.20,0:15:03.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And then Greta says, "He died at age 17."
Dialogue: 0,0:15:04.88,0:15:08.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"What did he die of\Nso young?" asks Gabriel.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:09.66,0:15:13.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"I think he died for me," says Greta,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.32,0:15:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and she begins sobbing all over again\Nand throws herself to the bed.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:18.89,0:15:21.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Well, this scene that I've just described,\Nas some of you know,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:21.94,0:15:26.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is the last scene of James Joyce's\Nfamous story The Dead,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:26.92,0:15:30.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the question is:\NHow will Joyce end the scene?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:30.64,0:15:34.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,What will be Gabriel's reaction\Nto his wife's confession?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:34.56,0:15:37.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Suppose that he shows no reaction -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:37.22,0:15:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would we as readers with our\Nlife experience believe that reaction?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:41.93,0:15:44.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, it would ring false.
Dialogue: 0,0:15:45.26,0:15:52.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Or suppose Gabriel feels superior\Nto this boy of the distant past,
Dialogue: 0,0:15:52.12,0:15:55.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this long dead boy,\Nand dismisses his wife's pain -
Dialogue: 0,0:15:55.57,0:15:57.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would we believe that reaction?
Dialogue: 0,0:15:57.87,0:16:00.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,No, we wouldn't believe that either,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:00.03,0:16:04.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because we know that Gabriel\Nis too insecure a character for that.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:05.48,0:16:08.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The ending that Joyce\Nactually writes is this:
Dialogue: 0,0:16:10.38,0:16:15.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Gabriel realizes that his wife\Nhas always loved this long dead boy
Dialogue: 0,0:16:15.94,0:16:20.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,more than she's ever\Nloved him, her husband,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:20.32,0:16:23.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he also realizes\Nthat he's never loved any woman
Dialogue: 0,0:16:23.51,0:16:28.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with the passion that she has just\Ndemonstrated for this boy.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:29.56,0:16:33.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And all he can do after these realizations
Dialogue: 0,0:16:33.87,0:16:36.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is sag against the windowpane,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:36.93,0:16:40.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,listening to the breathing\Nof his wife as she sleeps,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.36,0:16:45.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watching her as if he and she\Nhad never been man and wife.
Dialogue: 0,0:16:46.52,0:16:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,We believe this ending;\Nwe know that it's true even in fiction
Dialogue: 0,0:16:51.66,0:16:54.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because it accords\Nwith our life experiences,
Dialogue: 0,0:16:54.99,0:17:01.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with our understanding of human nature,\Nand it causes us anguish.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.75,0:17:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both the scientist and the artist\Nare seeking truth.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:08.31,0:17:09.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,In seeking truth,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.43,0:17:12.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,both the scientist\Nand the artist must invent.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:12.68,0:17:15.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both kinds of invention are important.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:15.59,0:17:20.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Both kinds of invention must be tested\Nagainst experiment.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:20.40,0:17:25.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The tests of the scientist's invention\Nare more definitive;
Dialogue: 0,0:17:25.50,0:17:27.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter how beautiful\Na scientific theory is,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:27.99,0:17:32.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it has a terrible vulnerability -\Nit can be proven false.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:32.78,0:17:39.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,A writer's characters or story\Ncannot be proven definitively wrong,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:39.63,0:17:45.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,but they can ring false\Nand thus lose their power with the reader,
Dialogue: 0,0:17:45.19,0:17:49.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and in this way, the novelist\Nis constantly testing his fiction
Dialogue: 0,0:17:49.62,0:17:53.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the accumulated\Nlife experiences of his readers.
Dialogue: 0,0:17:57.78,0:18:01.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,The scientists and the artists\Nthat I have known
Dialogue: 0,0:18:01.21,0:18:04.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have at least one more thing in common:
Dialogue: 0,0:18:05.46,0:18:07.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they do what they do because they love it
Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.56,0:18:11.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and because they cannot imagine\Ndoing anything else -
Dialogue: 0,0:18:11.77,0:18:13.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this is a compulsion.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.41,0:18:16.71,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This compulsion is\Nboth a blessing and a burden.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:16.71,0:18:17.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,It's a blessing
Dialogue: 0,0:18:17.74,0:18:20.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the creative life\Nis a beautiful life
Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.66,0:18:22.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's not given to all of us,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:23.16,0:18:26.20,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and it's a burden\Nbecause when the call comes,
Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.20,0:18:30.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,it can be unrelenting\Nand it can drown out the rest of life.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:31.38,0:18:33.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This mixed blessing and burden
Dialogue: 0,0:18:33.82,0:18:37.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must be the sweet hell\Nthat Walt Whitman referred to
Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.13,0:18:42.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when he realized at a young age\Nthat he was destined to be a poet -
Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.50,0:18:46.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Never more shall I escape,"\Nwrote Whitman.
Dialogue: 0,0:18:46.46,0:18:48.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,This mixed blessing and burden
Dialogue: 0,0:18:48.98,0:18:53.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,must be why a visitor\Nto the young Einstein's apartment in Bern
Dialogue: 0,0:18:53.78,0:18:58.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,found the physicists rocking\Nthe cradle of his son with one hand
Dialogue: 0,0:18:58.98,0:19:02.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and doing mathematical\Ncalculations with the other.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:02.36,0:19:03.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Thank you.
Dialogue: 0,0:19:03.93,0:19:05.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,(Applause)\N