[Script Info] Title: [Events] Format: Layer, Start, End, Style, Name, MarginL, MarginR, MarginV, Effect, Text Dialogue: 0,0:00:00.00,0:00:15.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}34c3 intro{\i0} Dialogue: 0,0:00:15.02,0:00:19.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Herald: All right, so the next talk is Dialogue: 0,0:00:19.66,0:00:25.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,"Catch me if you can: Internet Activism in\NSaudi Arabia." Now I have one question for Dialogue: 0,0:00:25.51,0:00:31.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,you. Who has ever been in Saudi Arabia?\NLike, actually in the country. And no, Dialogue: 0,0:00:31.45,0:00:40.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Dubai is not Saudi Arabia. I see a couple\Nof hands, like three or something. That's Dialogue: 0,0:00:40.75,0:00:45.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually more than I thought. I'm\Nsurprised, because you cannot just get a Dialogue: 0,0:00:45.79,0:00:52.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,tourist visa for Saudi Arabia, even if you\Nwould like to go there. But our next Dialogue: 0,0:00:52.44,0:00:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,speaker, she has been in Saudi Arabia and\Nactually lived and worked there for two Dialogue: 0,0:00:58.43,0:01:08.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,years. So Miriam, also known to you maybe\Nas Noujoum, has quite some knowledge about Dialogue: 0,0:01:08.47,0:01:15.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the culture, people, and politics of this\Ncountry that seems quite foreign to us Dialogue: 0,0:01:15.65,0:01:21.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all. So we're all excited to hear Miriam\Nnow. Give her a nice applause, thanks. Dialogue: 0,0:01:21.68,0:01:28.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0} Dialogue: 0,0:01:28.26,0:01:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Noujoum: Thank you very much for the kind Dialogue: 0,0:01:29.75,0:01:34.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,introduction, and welcome everyone. I'm\Nsuper excited to talk to you today about Dialogue: 0,0:01:34.28,0:01:38.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,internet activism in Saudi Arabia. It's\None of my favorite subjects. I could go on Dialogue: 0,0:01:38.34,0:01:42.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and on for hours, but we just have half an\Nhour. So let's dive right into it. First I Dialogue: 0,0:01:42.57,0:01:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to show you what\NI want to tell you today about. First I Dialogue: 0,0:01:45.76,0:01:50.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to give you some basic information\Nabout Saudi Arabia. Then we are going to Dialogue: 0,0:01:50.38,0:01:56.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,look at Saudi Arabia's cybercrime law and\Nsee how it has affected activists in Dialogue: 0,0:01:56.06,0:02:00.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,recent years, and then I want to talk\Nabout internet censorship and how we can Dialogue: 0,0:02:00.88,0:02:05.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually measure it by running an OONI\Nprobe. And then finally, because I don't Dialogue: 0,0:02:05.29,0:02:09.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to leave you depressed I also want to\Nspend some minutes on talking about Dialogue: 0,0:02:09.74,0:02:18.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,positive things. The modern state of Saudi\NArabia was founded in 1932 by the Al Saud Dialogue: 0,0:02:18.02,0:02:23.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,family, who is still ruling to this very\Nday and it's an absolute monarchy and the Dialogue: 0,0:02:23.13,0:02:27.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,culture is dominated by an\Nultraconservative branch of Islam that is Dialogue: 0,0:02:27.01,0:02:31.54,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called Wahhabism and due to its riches\Nfrom the oil industry, the country is Dialogue: 0,0:02:31.54,0:02:37.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually quite modern when it comes to\Ncommodities and technology. And I'm going Dialogue: 0,0:02:37.09,0:02:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to throw some statistics at you. The total\Npopulation of Saudi Arabia is around 33 Dialogue: 0,0:02:42.77,0:02:49.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,million people and 75% of them are younger\Nthan the age of 30. And you can see here Dialogue: 0,0:02:49.61,0:02:55.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the population pyramids of Saudi Arabia\Ncompared with the population pyramid of Dialogue: 0,0:02:55.44,0:02:59.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Germany, and you get a very good idea what\Na country with a younger population looks Dialogue: 0,0:02:59.22,0:03:04.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,like versus a country with an older\Npopulation. And the young population of Dialogue: 0,0:03:04.08,0:03:08.55,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saudi Arabia is one of the factors why so\Nmany Saudis are active on social media Dialogue: 0,0:03:08.55,0:03:15.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,compared to other countries. Around 75% of\Nthe population are owning a smartphone and Dialogue: 0,0:03:15.67,0:03:21.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,35% are really active on social media, and\Nactive in this case means that they log in Dialogue: 0,0:03:21.18,0:03:29.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to their social media accounts at least\Nonce every month. 25% of the population Dialogue: 0,0:03:29.30,0:03:34.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are active users on Facebook and 20% of\Nthe population are active on Twitter, and Dialogue: 0,0:03:34.74,0:03:40.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saudi Twitter users account for 40% of all\NTwitter users and the whole Arab world, Dialogue: 0,0:03:40.88,0:03:45.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that's a lot of people. And if you\Ncan't remember any of these statistics Dialogue: 0,0:03:45.16,0:03:49.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,right now, never mind. The important thing\Nto take away from this is the population Dialogue: 0,0:03:49.24,0:03:52.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Saudi Arabia is\Nvery young and most of them are active on Dialogue: 0,0:03:52.47,0:03:56.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,social media and on the Internet. And now\Nthat we are all excited about the Dialogue: 0,0:03:56.43,0:04:00.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,widespread use of social media in Saudi\NArabia, let's have a look at Saudi Dialogue: 0,0:04:00.27,0:04:07.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arabia's cybercrime law. Saudi Arabia\Ncybercrime law was instated in 2007 and Dialogue: 0,0:04:07.46,0:04:12.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the law specifies what is seen as a\Ncybercrime and which crimes are met with Dialogue: 0,0:04:12.62,0:04:17.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,which punishments. And most of the\Narticles are just what you would expect Dialogue: 0,0:04:17.21,0:04:21.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,from the cybercrime law, but have a look\Nat article 6 at paragraph 1 that you can Dialogue: 0,0:04:21.90,0:04:29.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see here. It says there at the end that a\Ncyber crime is, like... actions on the Dialogue: 0,0:04:29.82,0:04:34.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Internet are considered a cyber crime if\Nthey are a threat to public order, Dialogue: 0,0:04:34.35,0:04:39.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,religious values, public morals, or\Nprivacy, and then article 7 focuses on Dialogue: 0,0:04:39.22,0:04:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cyber crimes in relation to terrorism, or\Nbeing active on the Internet in regards to Dialogue: 0,0:04:44.09,0:04:49.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,terrorism. And as you can probably\Nimagine, the problem here is that these Dialogue: 0,0:04:49.01,0:04:54.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are super vague terms that are not really\Ndefined, which means that any judge can Dialogue: 0,0:04:54.36,0:04:59.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,give his own interpretation of what he\Nthinks qualifies as a cyber crime, what he Dialogue: 0,0:04:59.15,0:05:07.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thinks is a threat to public safety or to\Npublic morals. In 2011 the cybercrime law Dialogue: 0,0:05:07.65,0:05:10.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was overhauled and the Saudi government\Nintroduced Dialogue: 0,0:05:10.58,0:05:15.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,new rules and regulations, so that now\Ninternet newspapers and also bloggers had Dialogue: 0,0:05:15.69,0:05:22.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to obtain a license from the Ministry of\NCulture and Information. And in 2014 the Dialogue: 0,0:05:22.41,0:05:26.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cybercrime law was overhauled once again,\Nso that now the Saudi authorities could Dialogue: 0,0:05:26.29,0:05:31.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also take legal action against social\Nnetworking sites like Twitter, because Dialogue: 0,0:05:31.39,0:05:37.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they would allow accounts to be active\Nthat would supposedly promote adultery, Dialogue: 0,0:05:37.66,0:05:43.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,homosexuality, and atheism. And Saudi\Nauthorities are also trying to regulate Dialogue: 0,0:05:43.10,0:05:48.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the content of YouTube channels. And now\Nyou would think that something that is Dialogue: 0,0:05:48.34,0:05:54.79,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called cybercrime law is used to actually\Nchase and catch and convict the bad guys, Dialogue: 0,0:05:54.79,0:06:02.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and the cybercrime law actually does that.\NIn July this year a Saudi man was Dialogue: 0,0:06:02.14,0:06:06.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sentenced to seven years in prison and a\Nten years travel ban because he was Dialogue: 0,0:06:06.46,0:06:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,supporting the terror organization Daesh,\Nalso called ISIS, and he had tried to Dialogue: 0,0:06:10.89,0:06:16.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,travel to Syria and also support the\Nfighting there. But he was also convicted Dialogue: 0,0:06:16.17,0:06:21.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of other charges. He was also convicted\Nof charges saying that he was preparing, Dialogue: 0,0:06:21.43,0:06:27.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,storing, and sending material that would\Nharm the public through his tweets. And Dialogue: 0,0:06:27.28,0:06:31.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also his tweets were supposedly insulting\Nthe Saudi rulers. His cell phone was Dialogue: 0,0:06:31.67,0:06:35.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,confiscated, his Twitter account was\Nclosed, and he is forbidden to tweet for Dialogue: 0,0:06:35.33,0:06:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,up to five years after his release from\Nprison. Now this is just one case, but up Dialogue: 0,0:06:40.98,0:06:46.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,until 2014 the Saudi religious police\Nclaimed that they had closed over 10,000 Dialogue: 0,0:06:46.48,0:06:50.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Twitter accounts and they had arrested\Nplenty of users because of religious and Dialogue: 0,0:06:50.95,0:06:56.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ethical violations. But some of the people\Nwho are prosecuted under the Saudi Dialogue: 0,0:06:56.34,0:07:00.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,cybercrime law are actually just liberal\Nactivists. They are young people who try Dialogue: 0,0:07:00.76,0:07:04.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to form a movement. They want to be\Noutspoken on the Internet. They want to Dialogue: 0,0:07:04.78,0:07:10.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,campaign and push for change. And now\Nwe're going to meet some of them. First up Dialogue: 0,0:07:10.89,0:07:15.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is Ashraf Fayadh. He is an artist and a\Npoet and he was arrested and sentenced Dialogue: 0,0:07:15.61,0:07:20.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because of apostasy, because of things\Nthat he supposedly said on Twitter and in Dialogue: 0,0:07:20.09,0:07:26.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,one of his books. And when police failed\Nto bring proof of his apostasy or atheism Dialogue: 0,0:07:26.25,0:07:31.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they said that he was arrested because he\Nwas smoking and wearing long hair. And it Dialogue: 0,0:07:31.28,0:07:37.99,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually suspected that he was arrested\Nbecause previously he had made a video of Dialogue: 0,0:07:37.99,0:07:42.67,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saudi religious police lashing a young man\Nin public, in his home town Abha, and he Dialogue: 0,0:07:42.67,0:07:46.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had then posted that video online. And a\Nlot of people think that this is the real Dialogue: 0,0:07:46.96,0:07:51.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,reason why he was arrested. And his\Nsentence has changed many times in Dialogue: 0,0:07:51.66,0:07:56.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,different appeal courts, from four years\Nin prison and eight hundred lashes, to a Dialogue: 0,0:07:56.05,0:08:00.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,death sentence because of the supposed\Napostasy, and then back to eight years in Dialogue: 0,0:08:00.49,0:08:05.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,prison and eight hundred lashes. And\NAmnesty International classifies Fayadh as Dialogue: 0,0:08:05.64,0:08:11.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a prisoner of conscience. As far as I\Nknow, he is still in prison today. Hamza Dialogue: 0,0:08:11.94,0:08:16.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Kashgari is also young poet and a writer.\NHe was arrested because of three tweets Dialogue: 0,0:08:16.70,0:08:19.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that he had written about a fictive\Nmeeting with the Dialogue: 0,0:08:19.13,0:08:25.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Prophet Mohammed. He was accused of\Nblasphemy or apostasy as well, to which Dialogue: 0,0:08:25.53,0:08:30.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the penalty is usually death under sharia\Nlaw. He tried to leave the country and Dialogue: 0,0:08:30.50,0:08:34.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,claim asylum in New Zealand, but he was\Ncaught at Kuala Lumpur Airport and he was Dialogue: 0,0:08:34.82,0:08:38.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,brought back to Saudi Arabia and arrested,\Nand he was held in prison for two years Dialogue: 0,0:08:38.94,0:08:44.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,without trial. And similar to the case of\NAshraf Fayadh, the accusation of apostasy Dialogue: 0,0:08:44.09,0:08:49.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,is actually highly suspicious to be an\Nexcuse, because Kashkari was very publicly Dialogue: 0,0:08:49.09,0:08:53.14,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,outspoken on the internet and social\Nmedia. He had supported the Arab Spring. Dialogue: 0,0:08:53.14,0:08:57.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was supporting pro-democracy movements\Nin Saudi Arabia. He had criticized Dialogue: 0,0:08:57.83,0:09:02.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,authorities about mishandling the Jeddah\Nflat disaster and other issues. And he was Dialogue: 0,0:09:02.84,0:09:09.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,released in October 2013. Mariam Al Otaibi\Nis a young Saudi woman who was arrested Dialogue: 0,0:09:09.17,0:09:13.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because she was very active in the\Nmovement against the male guardianship Dialogue: 0,0:09:13.62,0:09:17.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,system. And she was very active in the\Nmovement to abolish the system. As you Dialogue: 0,0:09:17.84,0:09:22.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see, in Saudi Arabia,\Nevery woman has to have a male guardian. Dialogue: 0,0:09:22.59,0:09:25.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And even when they are a grown ups, when\Nthey are adults. And why is that a Dialogue: 0,0:09:25.81,0:09:30.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,problem? Without the permission, or the\Nconsent, of their male legal guardians, Dialogue: 0,0:09:30.22,0:09:34.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women cannot go to university, they cannot\Ntake up jobs, they can't go see the Dialogue: 0,0:09:34.72,0:09:38.74,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,doctor, they can't leave the country and a\Nlot of other things. And the Guardian can Dialogue: 0,0:09:38.74,0:09:43.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,be their father, husband, uncle, brother,\Nor even their son. And activist in Saudi Dialogue: 0,0:09:43.88,0:09:48.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arabia have fought for a very long time to\Nabolish this male guardianship system. And Dialogue: 0,0:09:48.97,0:09:52.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here you can see the Twitter account of\NMariam Al Otaibi. You can see that she has Dialogue: 0,0:09:52.76,0:09:58.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,almost 50,000 followers. And here, in her\NTwitter bio, you see one of the core Dialogue: 0,0:09:58.83,0:10:03.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,hashtags of the movement in which she is\Nactive, and it's an Arabic hashtag and it Dialogue: 0,0:10:03.51,0:10:08.60,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,translates to "Saudi women want the\Nabolishment of the guardianship system." Dialogue: 0,0:10:11.44,0:10:16.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Mariam actually herself tried to flee her\Nabusive brothers and her father, and she Dialogue: 0,0:10:16.08,0:10:18.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,moved to a different city to live her own\Nlife. And then Dialogue: 0,0:10:18.47,0:10:23.91,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was arrested at her workplace because\Nher father had filed a runaway report. But Dialogue: 0,0:10:23.91,0:10:30.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,very soon, the charges against her changed\Nfrom being a runaway to disruption of Dialogue: 0,0:10:30.66,0:10:35.26,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,public order because of her activism on\NTwitter. And her house was searched and Dialogue: 0,0:10:35.26,0:10:39.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her cellphone and her laptop were\Nconfiscated. And after 104 days in Dialogue: 0,0:10:39.48,0:10:44.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,detention without trial, she was released\Nin July this year. And her release was Dialogue: 0,0:10:44.27,0:10:49.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,actually deemed a very big success and a\Nvictory by Saudi feminists because she was Dialogue: 0,0:10:49.41,0:10:53.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,released from prison without the presence\Nor the permission of a male guardian, Dialogue: 0,0:10:53.59,0:10:58.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because usually how it works is if a woman\Nis released from prison, her male guardian Dialogue: 0,0:10:58.07,0:11:02.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has to pick her up. If he doesn't do that\Nshe just stays in detention. But she was Dialogue: 0,0:11:02.95,0:11:08.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,released just like that. And here you can\Nsee two designs of the Saudi artist Dialogue: 0,0:11:08.09,0:11:13.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,MsSaffaa. On the left you see a poster\Nthat she designed to support the release Dialogue: 0,0:11:13.12,0:11:18.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of Mariam Al Otaibi from prison.\NThe hashtag says "We are all Miriam Al Dialogue: 0,0:11:18.49,0:11:22.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Otaibi." And on the right you see another\Ndesign that she did, that is very famous Dialogue: 0,0:11:22.39,0:11:25.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,for the movement to\Nabolish the mayor guardianship system, Dialogue: 0,0:11:25.95,0:11:33.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and this hashtag says "I am my own\Nguardian." Loujain AlHathloul is another Dialogue: 0,0:11:33.24,0:11:37.68,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,young Saudi woman who was arrested in\NDecember 2014 when she was trying to drive Dialogue: 0,0:11:37.68,0:11:42.73,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,her car over the border from the United\NArab Emirates to Saudi Arabia. Shortly Dialogue: 0,0:11:42.73,0:11:46.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,before, she had tweeted "follow me on\NTwitter to find out what will happen at Dialogue: 0,0:11:46.49,0:11:51.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the border." And she had for a very long\Ntime been active in the woman to drive Dialogue: 0,0:11:51.11,0:11:56.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,movement. That means that she had already\Nposted videos of herself driving in Saudi Dialogue: 0,0:11:56.22,0:12:02.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arabia online, showing how she was defying\Nthe ban on women driving. She live-tweeted Dialogue: 0,0:12:02.06,0:12:06.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,this whole experience of being detained at\Nthe border. Her passport was confiscated. Dialogue: 0,0:12:06.81,0:12:11.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Her friend and lawyer, who came to her\Nsupport, was also arrested, and ultimately Dialogue: 0,0:12:11.83,0:12:17.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,she was released after 73 days without\Ntrial. Raif Badawi is probably the Dialogue: 0,0:12:17.82,0:12:21.56,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activists that most of you have heard of,\Nbecause Amnesty International did a huge Dialogue: 0,0:12:21.56,0:12:26.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,campaign to support his release, and also\Nhis wife is very active, publicly, to Dialogue: 0,0:12:26.24,0:12:31.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,work for his release. He is a writer and\Nan activist, and he was arrested in 2012. Dialogue: 0,0:12:31.80,0:12:37.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,He was charged of insulting Islam through\Nelectronic channels and he was brought to Dialogue: 0,0:12:37.02,0:12:41.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,court on several charges, including\Napostasy, and as you already know by now, Dialogue: 0,0:12:41.57,0:12:48.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the death penalty is included when you are\Ncharged of apostasy. And similar to Ashraf Dialogue: 0,0:12:48.44,0:12:52.61,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Fayadh, his sentence was changed multiple\Ntimes in different appeal courts and Dialogue: 0,0:12:52.61,0:12:55.03,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,eventually\Nhe was sentenced to 10 years in prison Dialogue: 0,0:12:55.03,0:13:00.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a fine and thousand lashes, of which\Nonly the first 50 were administered, Dialogue: 0,0:13:00.58,0:13:05.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,probably because of international\Nattention and outrage. And what got Raif Dialogue: 0,0:13:05.51,0:13:11.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Badawi in trouble in the first place was\Nsetting up a website that was called Free Dialogue: 0,0:13:11.06,0:13:16.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saudi Liberals. In court he was accused of\Nsetting up a website that undermines Dialogue: 0,0:13:16.48,0:13:21.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,general security, ridiculing Islamic\Nreligious figures, and going beyond the Dialogue: 0,0:13:21.47,0:13:27.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,realm of obedience. And he was told that\Nhis website would violate Islamic values Dialogue: 0,0:13:27.25,0:13:32.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and propagates liberal thought. And the\Ncourt ordered his website to be closed and Dialogue: 0,0:13:32.42,0:13:36.32,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he is still in prison today. \NThe last activist that Dialogue: 0,0:13:36.32,0:13:40.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,we are going to look at is Muhammad Salih\NAl Bajadi. He was, prior to his arrest, Dialogue: 0,0:13:40.72,0:13:45.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also very politically active. In 2009, for\Nexample, he managed a website that was Dialogue: 0,0:13:45.76,0:13:50.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,called "monitor of human rights in Saudi\NArabia." And he is also the co-founder of Dialogue: 0,0:13:50.72,0:13:55.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a Saudi Arabian human rights organization\Ncalled "the Saudi Civil and Political Dialogue: 0,0:13:55.34,0:14:00.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Rights Association." He was also arrested.\NHis office was searched. And Amnesty Dialogue: 0,0:14:00.23,0:14:04.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,International labeled him a prisoner of\Nconscience as well. And they said that he Dialogue: 0,0:14:04.51,0:14:09.96,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,was held solely for the peaceful exercise\Nof his rights to freedom of expression, Dialogue: 0,0:14:09.96,0:14:14.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assembly, and association. But in court,\Nhowever, he was charged with insurrection Dialogue: 0,0:14:14.88,0:14:19.25,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,against the ruler, instigating\Ndemonstrations, and speaking with foreign Dialogue: 0,0:14:19.25,0:14:22.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,media channels. And\Nhe was sentenced to four years in prison Dialogue: 0,0:14:22.98,0:14:29.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and a five-year ban on foreign travels.\NNow, even if you don't see yourself as an Dialogue: 0,0:14:29.65,0:14:33.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activist, if you are active on social\Nmedia in Saudi Arabia you can find Dialogue: 0,0:14:33.95,0:14:38.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,yourself the center of unwanted attention\Nin just a second. There are some Dialogue: 0,0:14:38.06,0:14:42.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,conservatives who would flat-out think\Nthat being on Twitter is a sin in and of Dialogue: 0,0:14:42.59,0:14:47.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,itself, as you can see here. And just\Nthree month ago, actually, Saudi Dialogue: 0,0:14:47.90,0:14:54.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,authorities urged citizens to monitor each\Nother and to report posts on social media Dialogue: 0,0:14:54.27,0:14:59.41,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that would harm the state's reputation. So\Nas you can imagine, that leads to a huge Dialogue: 0,0:14:59.41,0:15:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,level of self-censorship. When I was\Nliving and working in Saudi Arabia, I once Dialogue: 0,0:15:03.85,0:15:08.87,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talked to a work contact and I asked him\Nwhy he wasn't more active on Twitter, and Dialogue: 0,0:15:08.87,0:15:13.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,he said the first day that he had signed\Nup on Twitter, he had received a direct Dialogue: 0,0:15:13.33,0:15:17.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,message by a person he didn't know, and\Nthe message just said "welcome. We are Dialogue: 0,0:15:17.98,0:15:25.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,watching you." And when you live in Saudi\NArabia and you don't use a VPN or TOR all Dialogue: 0,0:15:25.18,0:15:29.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the time you inevitably run across a\Nwebsite that is blocked at some point. For Dialogue: 0,0:15:29.85,0:15:33.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,me, for example, that was the search\Nengine StartPage. When I was trying to Dialogue: 0,0:15:33.78,0:15:39.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,access that page, I would land on a site\Nthat would look like this. And Saudi Dialogue: 0,0:15:39.70,0:15:42.97,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,authorities are hosting\Na firewall which blocks access to Dialogue: 0,0:15:42.97,0:15:48.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thousands of websites. Actually the Saudi\Nauthorities, they openly acknowledge that Dialogue: 0,0:15:48.49,0:15:53.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,widespread filtering takes place, and they\Nwould say that it targets pornographic, Dialogue: 0,0:15:53.31,0:15:58.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Islam related, human rights, and political\Nsites. And as you can imagine, criticism Dialogue: 0,0:15:58.44,0:16:04.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the royal family and of Islamic\Nteachings is generally not tolerated. Now, Dialogue: 0,0:16:04.69,0:16:09.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,rewind three years. Three years ago at\NCongress I ran into a guy named Arturo, Dialogue: 0,0:16:09.70,0:16:14.39,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and he told me how he and his friends were\Nworking on this OONI project, and they Dialogue: 0,0:16:14.39,0:16:19.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were running probes all over the world to\Nmeasure the extent of filtering and Dialogue: 0,0:16:19.59,0:16:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Internet censorship in different\Ncountries. And so we teamed up and we did Dialogue: 0,0:16:24.10,0:16:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some measuring in Saudi Arabia. And OONI\Nstands for Open Observatory of Network Dialogue: 0,0:16:30.06,0:16:34.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Interference. And I would very much like\NArturo to come on stage for a few minutes Dialogue: 0,0:16:34.51,0:16:40.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and to tell you himself what OONI is all\Nabout, and how running that probe in Saudi Dialogue: 0,0:16:40.21,0:16:41.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arabia worked. Dialogue: 0,0:16:41.24,0:16:42.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arturo: Thank you Miriam Dialogue: 0,0:16:42.08,0:16:47.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0} Dialogue: 0,0:16:47.33,0:16:52.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arturo: So, yeah. As\N??? three years ago we met and Dialogue: 0,0:16:52.02,0:16:56.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I was already working at the time on this\Nproject ??????????? for the Open Dialogue: 0,0:16:56.49,0:17:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Observatory of Network Interference. What\Nwe do is we're a community mass project Dialogue: 0,0:17:02.16,0:17:05.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess that does network\Nmeasurements with Dialogue: 0,0:17:05.12,0:17:09.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,??? of what we\Ncall "network interference" or "network Dialogue: 0,0:17:09.37,0:17:13.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,?????????." That can be a sign of internet\Ncensorship or surveillance Dialogue: 0,0:17:13.36,0:17:18.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And we do this for a variety of different\N????????? look into the blocking of Dialogue: 0,0:17:18.75,0:17:24.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,websites such as the one we saw in the\Nprevious slide in Saudi Arabia. But also Dialogue: 0,0:17:24.10,0:17:29.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,whether or not circumvention tools like\Ntor, VPNs work or do not work or whether Dialogue: 0,0:17:29.28,0:17:35.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or not and how instant messaging apps are\Nblocked or not blocked around the world Dialogue: 0,0:17:35.06,0:17:40.48,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and we do this through some apps that can\Nbe installed either on your mobile phone Dialogue: 0,0:17:40.48,0:17:46.28,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,or on your computer and these are run by\Ntens of thousands of volunteers around the Dialogue: 0,0:17:46.28,0:17:51.50,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,world to gather evidence of internet\Ncensorship around the world. Dialogue: 0,0:17:52.100,0:17:58.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,I guess I will not go too much into what\NOONI does because we actually have an Dialogue: 0,0:17:58.43,0:18:02.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,assembly on the third floor where you--\Ncalled the OONIverse and you are welcome Dialogue: 0,0:18:02.37,0:18:07.13,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to come by and we can tell you all about\Nit but also we have a longer presentation Dialogue: 0,0:18:07.13,0:18:13.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the third day at 2:30 in borg room and\Nthere I can go more into what OONI is Dialogue: 0,0:18:13.88,0:18:20.62,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,about and how we have been working with\Npeople like Miriam to collect sort of Dialogue: 0,0:18:20.62,0:18:25.22,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,undeniable evidence that internet\Ncensorship is happening but also how. Dialogue: 0,0:18:26.17,0:18:29.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Miriam: Perfect thank you very much. I\Nwould very much suggest that you go and Dialogue: 0,0:18:29.18,0:18:30.58,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,see that talk as well. Dialogue: 0,0:18:30.58,0:18:35.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0} Dialogue: 0,0:18:35.18,0:18:38.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So apart from the\Nwebsites that you would expect to be Dialogue: 0,0:18:38.18,0:18:42.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blocked in Saudi Arabia like porn and\Ngambling websites or the website of the Dialogue: 0,0:18:42.77,0:18:47.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Israeli Secret Service there are plenty of\Nother websites that are blocked and OONI Dialogue: 0,0:18:47.70,0:18:52.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,has compiled a very huge and comprehensive\Nlist of different websites that are Dialogue: 0,0:18:52.33,0:18:56.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,blocked in Saudi Arabia that you can find\Non their website and I brought you three Dialogue: 0,0:18:56.64,0:19:01.01,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,short examples just to show you what kind\Nof websites could be blocked. Dialogue: 0,0:19:01.01,0:19:05.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,On the left you always see the information\Nthat is provided on the OONI web page and Dialogue: 0,0:19:05.69,0:19:10.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,on the right side you see a screenshot of\Nthe actual web site that is blocked in Dialogue: 0,0:19:10.30,0:19:15.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saudi Arabia. So first up we have Al-\NManar, Al-Manar is a news media web site Dialogue: 0,0:19:15.93,0:19:22.11,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,with ties to Hezbollah. Second we have\Nbahai.org, the Bahai are a religious Dialogue: 0,0:19:22.11,0:19:26.65,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,group, they are a religious minority and\Nthey are oppressed in pretty much all of Dialogue: 0,0:19:26.65,0:19:31.12,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the Arab countries. You can see that\Nactually their website is also blocked in Dialogue: 0,0:19:31.12,0:19:36.53,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the United Kingdom and in Italy for\Nwhatever reason. And thirdly we have Dialogue: 0,0:19:36.53,0:19:40.92,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,proxify.com, it's just one of many\Nexamples of different websites that offer Dialogue: 0,0:19:40.92,0:19:46.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,services of anonymity and of\Ncircumvention. And now because I don't Dialogue: 0,0:19:46.05,0:19:50.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,want to leave you too depressed when you\Nleave this talk I also want to look at Dialogue: 0,0:19:50.37,0:19:55.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,some positive things that have happened as\Nwell because despite all this persecution Dialogue: 0,0:19:55.16,0:19:59.64,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that I have talked about up until now\Nactivists in Saudi Arabia have been able to Dialogue: 0,0:19:59.64,0:20:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,secure some very important victories in\Nthe past years and if you have followed Dialogue: 0,0:20:04.17,0:20:08.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the news lately a little bit then maybe\Nyou have noticed that a lot of things are Dialogue: 0,0:20:08.24,0:20:13.49,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,happening in Saudi Arabia, a lot of laws\Nand traditions are changing and because of Dialogue: 0,0:20:13.49,0:20:17.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time restraints I'm only focusing on two\Nissues here right now that I personally Dialogue: 0,0:20:17.69,0:20:22.19,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,find especially important.\NSo the first example are the Saudi Dialogue: 0,0:20:22.19,0:20:28.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,municipal elections in 2015 these were the\Nvery first elections when women in Saudi Dialogue: 0,0:20:28.85,0:20:33.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Arabia were allowed to actively and\Npassively participate in the elections and Dialogue: 0,0:20:33.85,0:20:40.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,in the end 20 women were elected to\Nmunicipal councils out of 2,000 seats that Dialogue: 0,0:20:40.29,0:20:45.23,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were open in these elections and women had\Nto overcome incredible hurdles to Dialogue: 0,0:20:45.23,0:20:50.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,participate or to be candidates. For\Nexample, organizations that were set up to Dialogue: 0,0:20:50.81,0:20:56.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,educate women about the elections to help\Nthem to run as candidates and to tell them Dialogue: 0,0:20:56.21,0:21:01.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,how to register these organizations were\Nforbidden. Female candidates weren't Dialogue: 0,0:21:01.17,0:21:06.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,allowed to hold public rallies, they were\Nnot allowed to give speeches online, in Dialogue: 0,0:21:06.86,0:21:10.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,TV, in public.\NThey were not allowed to post pictures of Dialogue: 0,0:21:10.35,0:21:15.78,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their faces put them on posters or post\Nthem anywhere really. So women were Dialogue: 0,0:21:15.78,0:21:21.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,basically confined to campaigning online\Nreally and especially registering as Dialogue: 0,0:21:21.93,0:21:26.93,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,candidates but also as voters was super\Nhard some women were flat-out denied being Dialogue: 0,0:21:26.93,0:21:32.33,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,registered without being given any reason\Nbut one problem that also the men actually Dialogue: 0,0:21:32.33,0:21:37.72,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,had one problem was that voters in order\Nto be registered they had to bring proof Dialogue: 0,0:21:37.72,0:21:42.42,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of their residency and they would usually\Nprove that by showing a rental contract. Dialogue: 0,0:21:42.42,0:21:45.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Now the problem is that women cannot\Nproduce a rental contract because their Dialogue: 0,0:21:45.86,0:21:50.29,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,names are not on these contracts but the\Nnames of their fathers or their husbands. Dialogue: 0,0:21:50.29,0:21:55.09,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,That's just one of the many problems they\Nhad and this is one example from YouTube Dialogue: 0,0:21:55.09,0:21:59.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because up until now I have talked a lot\Nabout Twitter but there's also a huge and Dialogue: 0,0:21:59.07,0:22:04.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,thriving and very important YouTube scene\Nin Saudi Arabia and the following video is Dialogue: 0,0:22:04.07,0:22:08.34,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,by a famous Saudi YouTube group and they\Nare called Telfaz11 and they have a Dialogue: 0,0:22:08.34,0:22:12.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,regular show that is called ??? and\Nthis clip is actually part from one of Dialogue: 0,0:22:12.85,0:22:18.86,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,their shows and they produced this video\Nmocking how women were organizing and how Dialogue: 0,0:22:18.86,0:22:23.81,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,women had to work so hard to just\Nparticipate in these elections while men Dialogue: 0,0:22:23.81,0:22:29.04,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,were just lazy and enjoying their\Nprivileges and now let's see if this Dialogue: 0,0:22:29.04,0:22:29.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,works. Dialogue: 0,0:23:55.13,0:24:04.35,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,So that's just one example. I like them\Nvery much because they have a very fine Dialogue: 0,0:24:04.35,0:24:08.70,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,sense of where the red lines are and how\Nmuch fun they can actually make of the Dialogue: 0,0:24:08.70,0:24:15.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government and of actual problems that\Npersevere in Saudi Arabia. And then we Dialogue: 0,0:24:15.38,0:24:21.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have another example, three months ago the\NSaudi King announced that he would lift Dialogue: 0,0:24:21.10,0:24:25.80,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the ban on women driving in Saudi Arabia\Nand starting from May next year women Dialogue: 0,0:24:25.80,0:24:29.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,would be for the first time ever be-- oh\Nnot for first time ever, for the first Dialogue: 0,0:24:29.95,0:24:34.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,time in a long time they would be allowed\Nto drive cars in Saudi Arabia, and Dialogue: 0,0:24:34.24,0:24:38.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,activists had campaigned for this change\Nthey had campaigned for the lift of the Dialogue: 0,0:24:38.90,0:24:43.77,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ban on women driving for a long time for\Nmany years that's a long story I don't Dialogue: 0,0:24:43.77,0:24:48.83,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,have that much time as I want to to talk\Nto you about it but we have one example Dialogue: 0,0:24:48.83,0:24:55.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,here one out of many and this is a music\Nvideo from 2013 and this went viral in Dialogue: 0,0:24:55.52,0:25:01.47,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Saudi Arabia and they were supporting the\Ncampaign by the women to drive movement Dialogue: 0,0:25:01.47,0:25:07.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,who were trying to get the ban lifted and\Nin their music video they are making fun Dialogue: 0,0:25:07.57,0:25:12.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the baseless arguments that were used\Nto justify the driving ban, why women were Dialogue: 0,0:25:12.38,0:25:19.07,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,not allowed to drive cars and the context\Nfor the fall of 2013 is that at this time, Dialogue: 0,0:25:19.07,0:25:23.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,a lot of women were defying the ban on\Nwomen driving, they were driving around, Dialogue: 0,0:25:23.40,0:25:26.69,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they were filming themselves while doing\Nit, they were posting all these videos Dialogue: 0,0:25:26.69,0:25:32.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,online a lot of women were arrested yet\Nmore women were driving around and yeah Dialogue: 0,0:25:32.31,0:25:37.18,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that was just one of the videos that came\Nout at that time, I also want to show it Dialogue: 0,0:25:37.18,0:25:37.95,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to you.\N Dialogue: 0,0:26:39.15,0:26:44.37,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,All right just wanted to show you this short \Nshort part but the whole video is really Dialogue: 0,0:26:44.37,0:26:54.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,ridiculous you have to look it up you're\Ngonna find it on YouTube. And so you know Dialogue: 0,0:26:54.02,0:26:58.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the story eventually after many years of\Nactivism the ban on women driving was Dialogue: 0,0:26:58.40,0:27:03.85,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,lifted just now. The work, the really hard\Nwork of all the activists is just one of Dialogue: 0,0:27:03.85,0:27:08.21,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,many aspects why it was lifted but we have\Nto appreciate this and here you see some Dialogue: 0,0:27:08.21,0:27:14.27,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of the reactions of women in Saudi Arabia\Nbeing super happy about this development. Dialogue: 0,0:27:14.27,0:27:22.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And so final thoughts, what can we learn\Nfrom all of this? I would say one thing Dialogue: 0,0:27:22.15,0:27:25.45,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that we can learn from it is the\Ngovernment is not your friend. Whatever Dialogue: 0,0:27:25.45,0:27:31.38,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,technology is at their disposal they will\Nuse and they will not only use it to catch Dialogue: 0,0:27:31.38,0:27:35.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,terrorists and put them in prison but they\Nwill also use that technology or these Dialogue: 0,0:27:35.46,0:27:41.08,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,laws to also persecute activists for\Nexample or anybody whom they label as Dialogue: 0,0:27:41.08,0:27:46.36,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,terrorists because of this really vague\Nterms and the cybercrime law. And that is Dialogue: 0,0:27:46.36,0:27:49.52,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,also why it's really important\Nthat we don't let the government put Dialogue: 0,0:27:49.52,0:27:53.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,backdoors in our safety-- like in our\Nsoftware anywhere because the wisdom the Dialogue: 0,0:27:53.89,0:27:57.59,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government is not your friend applies to\Npretty much every government really if you Dialogue: 0,0:27:57.59,0:27:58.76,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,think about it. Dialogue: 0,0:27:58.76,0:28:05.15,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0} Dialogue: 0,0:28:05.15,0:28:08.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And also you have heard\Nhow the Saudi government changes laws and Dialogue: 0,0:28:08.66,0:28:12.90,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,seemingly becomes more modern and more\Nliberal and tries to appease the young Dialogue: 0,0:28:12.90,0:28:18.66,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,population but you have to keep in mind\Nthat they are still super autocratic, it's Dialogue: 0,0:28:18.66,0:28:22.31,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,still an absolute monarchy and I don't\Nthink that this will change anytime soon Dialogue: 0,0:28:22.31,0:28:28.24,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,no matter how many news we get next year\Nabout like women-- the first woman becomes Dialogue: 0,0:28:28.24,0:28:32.84,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,Minister of Foreign Affairs or Saudi Crown\NPrince gives a speech about the importance Dialogue: 0,0:28:32.84,0:28:37.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,of freedom of religion for the economy or\Nsomething like this. But still, the Dialogue: 0,0:28:37.16,0:28:40.98,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,government is trying to appease the\Nyounger generation and the younger folks Dialogue: 0,0:28:40.98,0:28:44.89,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that is at least something and I think\None of the important aspects here is, how Dialogue: 0,0:28:44.89,0:28:49.02,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,do they know with what they can appease\Nthe young generation? Well they know it Dialogue: 0,0:28:49.02,0:28:53.94,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,because the young people keep telling them\Non social media all the time and they go Dialogue: 0,0:28:53.94,0:28:59.46,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to jail over and over for speaking their\Nminds for pushing for change and we have Dialogue: 0,0:28:59.46,0:29:04.17,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,to acknowledge this as the victory and the\Nsacrifice that it is and it also shows us Dialogue: 0,0:29:04.17,0:29:08.51,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,that it makes sense to keep speaking up\Nand to tell the government what it is that Dialogue: 0,0:29:08.51,0:29:12.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they want and what it is that they want to\Nchange and to keep up the pressure because Dialogue: 0,0:29:12.75,0:29:17.75,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,the rule of the royal family rests on a\Nrather unstable religious legitimation so Dialogue: 0,0:29:17.75,0:29:22.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,they have to make an effort to stay in the\Ngood graces of the population because they Dialogue: 0,0:29:22.16,0:29:26.10,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,certainly don't want to see another Arab\NSpring in their country. Dialogue: 0,0:29:26.10,0:29:30.06,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,And now I'm hoping that you can take away\Nsomething from this talk and that it has Dialogue: 0,0:29:30.06,0:29:34.44,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,helped to-- helped you to see the Saudis\Nin a different light so that next time Dialogue: 0,0:29:34.44,0:29:38.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,when someone talks to you about Saudi\NArabia and how they are all rich beheading Dialogue: 0,0:29:38.43,0:29:43.63,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,bigots you can tell them well, not all\NSaudis and then you think of the activists Dialogue: 0,0:29:43.63,0:29:47.88,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,and that you appreciate the hard work that\NSaudi activists are doing on the ground Dialogue: 0,0:29:47.88,0:29:53.30,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,all the time. There's a lot more I would\Nlike to tell you but time is up. If you Dialogue: 0,0:29:53.30,0:29:57.57,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,are interested in this kind of subject\Ncheck out some of these talks I saw the Dialogue: 0,0:29:57.57,0:30:02.16,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,talk "Tightening the net in Iran", it was\Nsuperb, go and watch it online, see the Dialogue: 0,0:30:02.16,0:30:06.82,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,video, go and see the OONI talk also and\Nlastly I would say thank you very much for Dialogue: 0,0:30:06.82,0:30:08.43,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,your time and your attention. Dialogue: 0,0:30:08.43,0:30:12.40,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}applause{\i0} Dialogue: 0,0:30:12.41,0:30:17.05,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,{\i1}34c3 outro{\i0} Dialogue: 0,0:30:17.05,0:30:34.00,Default,,0000,0000,0000,,subtitles created by c3subtitles.de\Nin the year 2018. Join, and help us!